CURSOS IMPARTIDOS:
4. A LIANZAS Y RECURSOS
H1: There is a positive relation between earnings management and equity incentives. This hypothesis is tested using the following equation: DAi,t = α 0 + α1 ×Total INCENTIVE RATIO + Controls This relation is tested for both the CEO and the CFO over a sample period running from 1999 until 2009. The descriptive statistics of the regressions are presented in appendix 4a for the CEO and 4d for the CFO. The results of the empirical study presented in table 1 and 2 show a significant positive relation between discretionary accruals calculated with the linear Kothari model and the total equity incentive ratio. This relation is positive for both the CEO and the CFO, however the coefficient and the explanatory value of the CFO equity incentives are higher. The relation between absolute discretionary accruals total CEO equity incentives is rather weak and only significant at the 10% level. Because I use a 5% significance level I do not classify this as a significant positive relation. These findings can be explained by prior research discussed in chapter 5. Bergstresser and Philippon (2006) show a significant positive relation between CEO equity incentives and discretionary accruals calculated with the Jones model and modified Jones model over the period 1994‐2000. They find higher coefficients and the explanatory value for CEO equity incentives and equity incentives they find is much higher than the explanatory value found in this master’s thesis. This is possibly due to the different period used, as they measure the relation between their incentive ratio and discretionary accruals in the period prior to the major accounting scandals of the early 2000’s. The descriptive statistics discussed in chapter 7 show that the discretionary accruals over the sample period used by Bergstresser and Philippon (2006) are higher than the discretionary accruals in the sample period I used. That indicates that the use of discretionary accruals has declined. This is supported by the findings of Jiang et al. (2010). They find no positive relation between discretionary accruals and earnings management for a post‐ Sarbanes Oxley act sample, I find similar results to Jiang et al. (2010) for a post‐Sarbanes Oxley act sample, these results are discussed in section 8.5 The fact that my total sample
period contains this post‐Sarbanes Oxley act period could explain the fact that I do not find a 5% significant relation between absolute discretionary accruals and CEO equity incentives but that Bergstresser and Philippon (2006) do find a positive relation. Descriptive statistics in appendix 2 and 4 show that discretionary accrual levels are lower than the discretionary accruals Bergstresser and Philippon find and that discretionary accruals are lower in the post‐Sarbanes Oxley act sample than in the pre‐ Sarbanes Oxley act sample. This indicates that earnings management declines over the sample period I use. Hypothesis 1 is only partially accepted, the results show a significant positive relation between absolute discretionary accruals and the total CFO equity incentive ratio over the total sample period. I find no significant positive relation between absolute discretionary accruals and the total CEO equity incentives over the period 1999‐2009. 8.3 Hypothesis 2 The second hypothesis examined in this thesis is: H2: The positive relation between earnings management and equity incentives is stronger for CFO’s than for CEO’s. The second hypothesis is tested with the following equation: DAi,t = α 0 + α1 × INCENTIVE RATIO + Controls Different regressions are done with this formula, using both CEO and CFO data to be able to compare the differences between CEO and CFO’s. Regressions are performed for three sample periods, the pre‐Sarbanes Oxley act period from 1999 until 2001, the post‐ Sarbanes Oxley period from 2003 until 2009 and the total period from 1999 until 2009. As the hypothesis states, the relation between CFO equity incentives and earnings management is expected to be stronger than the relation between CEO equity incentives and earnings management. This relation is tested over three different periods, in two of those periods a significant relation is found between CFO equity incentives and earnings management. These are the total research period running from 1999 until 2009, and the period prior to the introduction of the Sarbanes Oxley act running from 1999 until 2001. For CEO total equity incentives I only find a significant positive relation in the pre‐ Sarbanes Oxley act period. In the pre‐Sarbanes Oxley act period I find a higher coefficient, higher t‐values and a higher adjusted R2 for the CFO than for the CEO equity
incentives; this is shown in table 1 and 2. In the period before the introduction of the Sarbanes Oxley act, the coefficient for the CFO is almost 3,5 times higher than the coefficient for the CFO.
Table 1 and 2 show a significant positive relation between absolute discretionary accruals and the total CFO equity incentives over the total research period, however this relation for the CEO is not significant at the 5% level. The second main columns of table 1 and 2 present the same relations for the period before the introduction of the Sarbanes Oxley act. The explanatory value in these relations is higher than explanatory value over the total period. In this period the coefficient and the explanatory value for the CFO are again higher than those for the CEO. This implies that for the CFO, the model explains more of the earnings management than for the CEO.
Table 1 and 2 also show the relation between the discretionary accruals and option‐ based equity incentives. I find a significant positive relation between discretionary accruals and the option‐based equity incentive. These relations have again higher coefficients and higher explanatory value for the CFO than for the CEO. This is despite the fact that the different incentive ratios of the CFO are much lower than the average incentive ratios of the CEO’s, as can be seen in the tables included in appendix 2. The results of this study indicate that these lower CFO incentives have a bigger influence on accrual accounting than the higher CEO incentives. This could be due to the fact that a CFO has a more direct influence on the accounting decisions than the CEO. These findings confirm the hypothesis that the positive relation between equity incentives and earnings management in this model is stronger for CFO equity incentives than for CEO equity incentives. These findings are in line with the findings of Jiang et al. (2010) who examine the relation between discretionary accruals calculated with the forward looking discretionary accrual model and equity incentives calculated with the incentive ratio as discussed in section 4.3. They also find that the CFO coefficient is about three times larger than the coefficient for the CEO in the period before the introduction of the Sarbanes Oxley act. The results found by Kim et al. (2011) point in the same direction as my results, they measure the relation between equity incentives and firm crash risk and find evidence for a positive relation between CFO equity incentives and crash risk. They find only a weak relation between CEO equity incentives and firm crash risk, similar to my results as I only find a positive relation between discretionary
accruals and CEO equity incentives in the pre‐Sarbanes Oxley act period, but no 5% significant relation in the total research period.