Paso 3. Configurar Subversion
5 Usabilidad y accesibilidad del plugin Honey
5.2 Accesibilidad
1,053 MW
TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY
MAIN TURBINE SUPPLIERS
Vestas, Siemens, Goldwind, Nordex
WIND POWER SUPPLIES ELECTRICITY
65 GWEC – Global Wind 2015 Report
SOUT H AFRIC A
for renewable energy to the country According to CSIR, wind and solar power combined saved ZAR 4 billion from January to June 2015 Wind energy produced net savings of ZAR 1 8 billion and was also cash positive for Eskom by ZAR 300 million
KEY BARRIERS TO WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
Some remaining obstacles to the wind industry include: • The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) is the energy master
plan for the country out to 2030 It will be reviewed in 2016 and is likely to be heavily contested
• The extensive works to facilitate grid integration are under the responsibility of the country’s power utility, Eskom, who had previously subsided the associated costs However, these costs are now increasingly being transferred to project developers resulting in more costly projects Additionally, extended trans- mission and distribution works are needed, and the cost recovery rules for this are not yet transparent or consistent This issue is currently being addressed by the South African Renewable Energy Council through the Grid Code Advisory Committee
• The costs involved in tendering for the procurement programme are high and create a challenge for smaller players
• South Africa’s economy is stagnating, and exchange rate fluctuations cause challenges to the REIPPPP by exerting upward pressures on bid prices It also creates challenges for foreign investors hoping to evacuate hard currency from South African projects A change in the sovereign credit rating may impact the risk premium foreign investors require
OUTLOOK FOR 2016 AND BEYOND
The wind industry in South Africa is in a very rapid growth phase The country’s chronic power shortages mean that the REIPPP is likely to be expanded South Africa is moving towards a large wind industry with a domestic installed capacity in excess of 6,000 MW by 2020, if not sooner
With input from the South African Wind Power Association (SAWEA)
1 http://www wasaproject info/
2 http://www csir co za/media_releases/docs/Financial%20benefits%20of%20Wind%20 and%20PV%202015 pdf
Hopefield Wind Farm © Umoya Energy
TOTAL INSTALLED C APACI T Y
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 MW 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 10 10 570 1,053 Source: GWEC
Procured Utility-Scale Wind Energy Capacity (˜3 GW)
Planning/Financing Stage Approved/Under construction Operational 0 200 100 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Round 1 Procured Capacity (MW)
Round 2 Round 3 Round 4a Round 4b
634
563
676 686 787
MAIN MARKET DEVELOPMENTS IN 2015
D
uring 2015 Turkey added a record 956 MW of new wind power to the country’s electricity grid, bringing total capacity up to 4,694 MW spread over 113 wind farms Turkey’s installed capacity has grown at over 500 MW per year since 2010 and is expected to continue at about 1,000 MW per year in the coming years Overall, wind power supplied about 6% of Turkey’s electricity consumption in 2015The Turkish market at present has a large pipeline of projects The Turkish Wind Power Association estimates that under the current regulatory framework a total in- stalled capacity of about 10 GW will be reached within the next ten years, but it could be as high as 20 GW with the right amendments to the regulatory frame- work Turkey has become one of the leading players in the European wind market and globally, and was the 10th
largest annual market in 2015
Turkey’s wind resources are estimated at more than 48 GW from areas with >7 m/s wind speeds at 50 meters As of the end of 2015, the Aegean region (EGE) had the highest installed wind capacity with a total of 1,780 MW, followed by the Marmara region with 1,743 MW and the Mediterranean region (Akdeniz) with 717 MW
The Turkish wind market is dominated by local developers: the 685 MW currently under construction is divided between Türkerler (343 MW), Güriş (255 MW) and Bilgin Enerji (87 MW)
The leading players in the Turkish wind market are Polat Energy (551 MW), Demirer Holding (368 MW), Borusan EnBW (319 MW) and Bilgin Energy (312 MW), followed by Aksa Energy (269 MW)
Turkey is one of the fastest growing power markets in the world With very limited oil and gas reserves, Turkey is increasingly turning to renewable energy sources to improve its energy security, seeking to provide 30% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2023 However, to match rapidly growing energy demand, more invest- ments are needed
LATEST POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
Turkey’s Renewable Energy Law, which came into force in 2005 and was amended in 2010, sets the legal frame- work for the promotion of electricity generation from renewable sources The feed-in tariff for wind power is set at USD 7 3 cent/kWh (EUR 6 5 cent/kWh) for a period of ten years and will apply to power plants that come into operation before 31 December 2020 The law allows an additional bonus of up to USD 3 7 cent/kWh (EUR 3 3 cent/kWh) for up to five years for using locally manufactured components Wind power producers are also free to sell to the national power pool or engage in bilateral power purchase agreements
Additionally, another incentive is the 85% discount for the right of easement on State owned land for trans- portation and transmission This incentive applies to facilities that begin operations before 31 December 2020 The discount will apply during the first ten years after the establishment of the wind farm The amended law also allows for the construction of renewable energy projects in national and natural parks, protected regions, conserved forests, wildlife development zones, special environmental protection zones and natural protected areas, provided that the necessary permissions are ob- tained from the Ministry of Environment and/or regional protection boards
The Energy and Electricity Market Law, published in April 2013 and amended in December 2015, included a new Electricity Market License regulation which entered into force in November 2013
According to this regulation, wind projects that exceed 1 MW are required to obtain a generation license from Turkey’s Electricity Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA)
TURKEY
Installed capacity by Province in 2015 (MW)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Ege Marmara Akdeniz İç Anadolu Karadeniz Güneydoğu Anadolu 1,780 1,743 717 371 80 28 TUREB 2015 IN A NUTSHELL
956 MW
WIND CAPACITY ADDED