Una agencia topológica entre el coexistir y el conservar

Capítulo V: Resultados

5.1. Una agencia topológica entre el coexistir y el conservar

………..……

[1 mark]

(c)

(c) State State one one observation observation if if an an aqueous aqueous solution solution of of Q Q is is added added to to sodium sodium carbonate carbonate solution.solution.

………..……

[1 mark]

(d)

(d) P P can can react react with with Q Q to to form form an an organic organic compound.compound.

(i)

(i) Write Write the the chemical chemical equation equation for for the the reactionreaction

……….………

(ii)

(ii) State State the the name name of of the the compound compound formedformed

………

[2 marks]

(e)

(e) (i) (i) State State the the name name of of Process Process I.I.

………

(iii)

(iii) Write Write the the chemical chemical equation equation for for this this reactionreaction

………..………

[2 marks]

(f)

(f) Alcohol, Alcohol, P P can can be be obtained obtained from from glucose.glucose.

(i)

(i) State State the the name name of of the the process process involved.involved.

……….………

(iii)

(iii) Write Write the the chemical chemical equation equation for for this this processprocess

……….………

[2 marks]

Alcohol, P Alcohol, P

C22HH55OHOH Hydrocarbon, R

Hydrocarbon, R

Carboxylic acid, Q Carboxylic acid, Q

CH33COOHCOOH Process I

Process I Process II

Process II

Glucose Glucose C

C66HH1212OO66

3. Diagram 3 shows the structure of olive oil.Diagram 3 shows the structure of olive oil.

H H

H ― C ― OOC(CH

H ― C ― OOC(CH22))77CHCH(CHCHCH(CH22))77CHCH33

H ― C ― OOC(CH

H ― C ― OOC(CH22))77CHCH(CHCHCH(CH22))77CHCH33

H ― C ― OOC(CH

H ― C ― OOC(CH22))77CHCH(CHCHCH(CH22))77CHCH33

H H

(a)

(a) (i) (i) State State the the name name of of the homologous series that olive oil belongs to.the homologous series that olive oil belongs to.

………

[1 mark]

(ii)

(ii) Circle Circle on on the the diagram, diagram, the the functional functional group group that that determines determines the the homologous homologous series series for for olive oil.

olive oil.

[1 mark]

(iii)

(iii) Write Write down down the the formulae formulae of of the the two two main main components components to to make make olive olive oiloil

………

[2 marks]

(b)

(b) Is Is olive olive oil oil a a saturated saturated or or unsaturated unsaturated compound? compound? Give Give a a reason.reason.

………

[2 marks]

(c)

(i)

(i) Name Name the the reactant, reactant, catalyst catalyst and and temperature temperature for for the the reaction reaction to to convert convert olive olive oil oil toto margarine.

margarine.

Reactant:………..………

Catalyst:………

Temperature:………..

(ii)

(ii) Name Name the the type type of of reaction reaction in in c(i).c(i).

………

[4 marks]

Diagram 3 Diagram 3

4. Diagram Diagram 4 4 shows shows the the conversioconversions ns of of organic organic compound compound A A to to another another substances,substances,CC22HH44Br Br 22

and C

and C22HH55OH through Processes A and C.OH through Processes A and C.

(a)

(a) What What is is meant meant by by organic organic compound?compound?

………...

(iii) Identify Identify a a functional functional group group of of compound compound A.A.

………...

(i) Suggest Suggest Reagent Reagent B.B.

………...[1 mark]

(iv) State State the the observation observation when when the the reaction reaction occurs.occurs.

………...

[1 mark]

(d)

(d) Substance Substance CC22HH55OH is OH is produced when produced when the compound A the compound A reacts with reacts with steam steam through Processthrough Process II.

II.

(i)

(i) Write Write the the equation equation to to show show the the reaction.reaction.

………...

(iii) State State one one condition condition to to carry carry out out Process Process II.II.

………..………...

[1 mark]

5. Table 5 below shows four types of industrial products immediately.Table 5 below shows four types of industrial products immediately.

Type of industrial product

Type of industrial product ExampleExample CompositionComposition

Glass

Glass S S Silica, lead(II) oxideSilica, lead(II) oxide Polymer

Polymer Polyvinyl Polyvinyl chloride, chloride, PVCPVC Vinyl chlorideVinyl chloride Alloy

Alloy T T Copper and tinCopper and tin

U BricksBricks Silica, aluminium oxide and iron(III)Silica, aluminium oxide and iron(III) oxide

oxide

(a)

(a) State State the the name name of of the the type type of of industrial industrial productproduct U U ..

……….

[1 mark]

(b)

(b) (i) (i) State State the the name name of of the the type type of of glassglass S S ..

………..

(ii) Give

(ii) Give oneone charactericharacteristic of stic of glassglass S S ..

………..

(iii)

(iii) Give Give one one use use of of S S ..

………

[3 marks]

(c)

(ii)

(ii) PVC PVC is is used used to to make make water water pipes. pipes. Give Give an an advantage advantage of of using using PVC PVC as as water water pipes pipes asas compared to metal pipes.

compared to metal pipes.

……….

[2 marks]

(d)

(d) (i) (i) Draw Draw the the arrangement arrangement of of atoms atoms of of the the alloyalloy T T ..

(ii)

(ii) Name Name the the alloyalloy T T which has the given composition.which has the given composition.

………

(ii)

(ii) Name Name one one use use of of the the alloyalloy

……….

[2 marks]

Table 5 Table 5

6. The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap.The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap.

(a)

(a) (i) (i) State State the the name name of of the the process process used used to to produce produce soap.soap.

………..

[1 mark]

(ii)

(ii) Why Why is is sodium sodium chloride chloride added added to to the the reacting reacting mixture mixture during during the the preparation preparation of of thethe soap?

soap?

………..

[1 mark]

(iii)

(iii) Why Why the the soap soap is is formed formed rinsed rinsed with with water?water?

……….

[1 mark]

(iv)

(iv) A sA student tudent wants wants to preto prepare pare a a potassium potassium palmitate palmitate soap. soap. What alWhat alkali kali should should he he use?use?

………

[1 mark]

(v)

(v) Draw Draw the the structural structural formula formula for for sodium sodium palmitate palmitate in in the the space space providedprovided

[2 marks]

(vi)

(vi) One One of of the properties the properties of of soaps is soaps is that that they they can can form form lather with lather with water. water. What is What is thethe function of lather?

function of lather?

………

[1 mark]

(b)

(b) Diagram Diagram below below shows shows the the structural structural formula formula of of a a particle particle of of detergent.detergent.

(Tripalmitin) (Tripalmitin)

n n (i)

(i) Draw Draw the the hydrophobihydrophobi c c and and hydrophilic hydrophilic parts parts of of the the detergent detergent particle.particle.

(ii)

(ii) The The formula formula mass mass of of the the detergent detergent particles particles is is 330. 330. Calculate Calculate the the value value of of nn..

[Given that the relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, [Given that the relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, S = 32]

Na = 23, S = 32]

(iii) State

(iii) State oneone advantage of using detergent over soap.advantage of using detergent over soap.

………

[5 marks]

7. Table 7 shows the examples and side effects of modern medicine.Table 7 shows the examples and side effects of modern medicine.

Name

Name of of medicine medicine Side Side EffectsEffects

Amphetamine

Amphetamine Cause addiction, suspicious, fearful, aggressive, insomnia andCause addiction, suspicious, fearful, aggressive, insomnia and weight loss

weight loss Barbiturate

Barbiturate Cause addiction and deathCause addiction and death Cortisone

Cortisone Weight gains, high blood pressure, weak heart, blindness,Weight gains, high blood pressure, weak heart, blindness, children’s growth stunted, headache

children’s growth stunted, headache Table 7

Table 7 a.

a. State State the type the type of of modern medicine modern medicine in in Table 7Table 7 i.

i. Amphetamine: Amphetamine: ………

ii.

ii. Barbiturate: Barbiturate: ……….………….

iii.Cortisone: ………..

[3 marks]

b. State State the the function function of of stimulant.stimulant.

………..……

[1 mark]

c. Why Why psychothepsychothe rapeutic drugs rapeutic drugs cannot cannot be be taken taken without doctor’s without doctor’s prescription?prescription?

………

………...…

[1 mark]

d. Name Name two two health problems health problems that can that can be treated be treated using cortisone?using cortisone?

……….

[2 marks]

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

ESSAY SECTION B ESSAY SECTION B 8.

8. (a) (a) Explain Explain briefly briefly what what is is meant meant by by ‘homologous ‘homologous series’series’

[5 marks]

(c) Diagram 8 Diagram 8 shows the structural formulae of shows the structural formulae of two organic compounds, W and two organic compounds, W and Z.Z.

(i)

(i) Name Name W and Z. W and Z. State the similarities and differences between W and State the similarities and differences between W and Z in Z in terms of their terms of their formulae.formulae.

(ii)

(ii) Compare physical properties W and Z in term Compare physical properties W and Z in term of solubility and smell.of solubility and smell.

(iii) A compound Y has the molecular formula and chemical properties similar to that of Z. Write the (iii) A compound Y has the molecular formula and chemical properties similar to that of Z. Write the

structural formula of Y and give one use of Y.

(iv)

(iv) Write the chemical equation to form Y Write the chemical equation to form Y and name the catalyst for the and name the catalyst for the reaction.reaction.

[10 marks]

9. Diagram 9 shows the conversions of several organic compounds.Diagram 9 shows the conversions of several organic compounds.

Diagram 9 Diagram 9 (a)

(a) Compound X comprises of Compound X comprises of 52.2% carbon, 34.8% oxygen and 13% 52.2% carbon, 34.8% oxygen and 13% hydrogen with a relative hydrogen with a relative molecular molecular mass of 46. Determine the molecular formula of compound X and draw its structural formula.

mass of 46. Determine the molecular formula of compound X and draw its structural formula.

[Relative atomic mass: H

[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, = 1, C = C = 12, 12, O = O = 16]16]

[5 marks]

(b)

(b) Describe an Describe an experiment to experiment to prepare ethyl prepare ethyl ethanoateethanoate

[6 marks]

(c)

(c) What type of reaction is required to change compound X into ethene and what are the conditionsWhat type of reaction is required to change compound X into ethene and what are the conditions required?

required?

[3marks]

(d)

(d) Explain how ethanoic acid Explain how ethanoic acid can coagulate latex. can coagulate latex. How can How can you prevent you prevent the coagulation process?the coagulation process?

[4 marks]

(e)

(e) Ethene can be Ethene can be converted into a converted into a polymer.polymer.

(i)

(i) What is What is a polymer?a polymer?

(ii)

(ii) Write the equatiWrite the equation for this procon for this process.ess.

[2 marks]

Compound

Compound X X Ethanoic Ethanoic acid acid Ethyl Ethyl ethanoateethanoate

Ethene

10.

10. (a) (a) Sulphur Sulphur dioxide, SOdioxide, SO22, is one of the by-products of the Contact Process., is one of the by-products of the Contact Process.

It can cause environmental pollution like acid rain.

Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in rain water to produce sulphurous acid Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in rain water to produce sulphurous acid

(i)

(i) Write the Write the chemical equation for the chemical equation for the reaction between sulphur dioxide gas reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and rain and rain water.water.

(ii)

(ii) State three effects State three effects of acid of acid rain to rain to the environment.the environment.

[4 marks]

(b)

(b) Diagram 10 showDiagram 10 shows an industry preparats an industry preparation of sulphuric acid by the Contacion of sulphuric acid by the Contact Process.t Process.

Diagram 10 Diagram 10 (i)

(i) Name Name the the compound compound X.X.

(ii)

(ii) Write the Write the chemical equation of the chemical equation of the reaction at stage reaction at stage II.II.

(iii)

(iii) The chemical equation below shows the The chemical equation below shows the reaction between sulphur and oxygen gasreaction between sulphur and oxygen gas at stage I.

at stage I.

S + + OO22  SOSO22

Given that the relative atomic mass of S = 32, O = 16 and the molar volume of any gas is 24 Given that the relative atomic mass of S = 32, O = 16 and the molar volume of any gas is 24 dm

dm³³molmol^-1^-1at room temperature and pressure.at room temperature and pressure.

Calculate the maximum volume of sulphur dioxide gas produced if 48 g of sulphur is burnt Calculate the maximum volume of sulphur dioxide gas produced if 48 g of sulphur is burnt completely in oxygen gas.

completely in oxygen gas.

[6 marksmarks]]

(c)

(c) Brass is an Brass is an alloy of copper. Pure alloy of copper. Pure copper is ductile and malleable whereas copper is ductile and malleable whereas brass is stronger and harder brass is stronger and harder than copper.

(ii) Name the element Name the element which is added to which is added to copper to make brass. Explain copper to make brass. Explain why brass is strong why brass is strong and harder and harder than copper. Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of atoms in brass.

than copper. Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of atoms in brass.

[5 marksmarks]]

11.

11. (a) (a) Describe how sulphuric acid Describe how sulphuric acid is produced by is produced by the Contact process. Ythe Contact process. Your answer should our answer should include theinclude the equations for all the reactions that take place

equations for all the reactions that take place and the optimum condition required.and the optimum condition required.

[10 marks]

(b)

(b) Production of ammonia in Production of ammonia in industry is carried out by industry is carried out by the Haber process.the Haber process.

State the sources of nitrogen and hydrogen gases and the optimum conditions needed to increase State the sources of nitrogen and hydrogen gases and the optimum conditions needed to increase the rate of production of ammonia so that a maximum yield is obtained.

the rate of production of ammonia so that a maximum yield is obtained.

[6 marks]

(c)

(c) Explain how the properties of ceramics are useful in the manufacture of motor engines andExplain how the properties of ceramics are useful in the manufacture of motor engines and spacecraft.

Stage I Stage IIStage II Stage IIIStage III Stage IVStage IV

Oxygen Oxygen

Oxygen Oxygen ConcentratedConcentrated sulphuric acid sulphuric acid

Water Water

12. . Diagram Diagram 12.1 12.1 shows shows the the structural structural formula formula of of soap.soap.

Diagram 12.1 Diagram 12.1 (a)

(a) State State the the name name part part X X and and part part Y. Y. State State the the solubilitsolubilit y y of of each each parts parts in in water water and and grease.grease.

[ 4 marks]

(b)

(b) Diagram Diagram 12.2 12.2 shows shows a a set-up set-up of of apparatus apparatus when when a a student student carried carried out out two two experiments experiments to to investigateinvestigate the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in hard water.

the cleansing effect of soap and detergent on oily stained cloth in hard water.

Experiment Experiment

Arrangement of Arrangement of

apparatus apparatus

Experiment

Experiment I: I: Experiment Experiment II:II:

Observation

Observation Oily Oily stain stain remained remained Oily Oily stain stain disappeareddisappeared

Diagram 12.2 Diagram 12.2

Compare the cleansing effect between Experiment I and Experiment II.

Explain why there are differences in the observations. State the substance which is more suitable as a Explain why there are differences in the observations. State the substance which is more suitable as a cleansing agent to remove stain in hard water.

cleansing agent to remove stain in hard water.

[6 marks]

(c)

(c) Patient Patient X, X, Y Y and and Z Z are are suffering suffering from from dental dental pain, pain, pneumonia pneumonia and and depression respectively. depression respectively. What What are are thethe medicines that can be used to treat patients X, Y and Z ?

medicines that can be used to treat patients X, Y and Z ?

[3 marks]

Soap + hard water Soap + hard water

Part X X Part Part Y Y

(d)

(d) Based Based on on your your answer answer in in (c (c ),), (i)

(i) State State one one precaution precaution that that should should be be followed followed by by patient patient X X while while taking taking the the medicine. medicine. ExplainExplain why.

why.

[2 marks]

(ii)

(ii) Explain Explain why why patient patient Y Y must must complete complete the the whole whole course course of of the the medicine medicine prescribes prescribes to to him him eveneven if he feels b

if he feels b etter.etter.

[3 marks]

(iii)

(iii) State State two two side side effects effects of of the the medicine medicine taken taken by by patient patient Z.Z.

[2 marks]

ESSAY SECTION C ESSAY SECTION C 13(a)

13(a) TheThe diagramdiagrambelow shows the release of sulphur dioxide gas from the smokestack of a power station.below shows the release of sulphur dioxide gas from the smokestack of a power station.

Sulphur dioxide is always associated with the cause of acid rain. Describe how the sulphur dioxide affects Sulphur dioxide is always associated with the cause of acid rain. Describe how the sulphur dioxide affects the quality of environment.

the quality of environment.

Your description should include the following aspects:

  SoSourcurces es of of sulsulphuphur r diodioxixidede

  HealHealth th hazarhazards ds of of sulpsulphur hur dioxidioxidede

  FormFormatioation n of of acid acid rain rain and and its its effeeffects cts [10[10 marksmarks]]

(b)

(b) Samuel believes that brass is harder than copper. On the other hand, Kelly thinksSamuel believes that brass is harder than copper. On the other hand, Kelly thinks otherwise.

otherwise.

Based on the above argument, describe a laboratory experiment to show the hardness of brass compared Based on the above argument, describe a laboratory experiment to show the hardness of brass compared to copper. Explain the

to copper. Explain the results from the experiment.results from the experiment.

[10

[10 marksmarks]]

14.

14. (a) (a) Describe how Describe how sulphuric acid sulphuric acid is is produced by produced by the Cthe Contact process. ontact process. Your Your answer shouldanswer should include the equations for all the reactions that take place and the optimum

include the equations for all the reactions that take place and the optimum conditions

conditions required. required. [10[10 marksmarks]]

(b)(b) Production of ammonia in industry is carried out by the Haber process.Production of ammonia in industry is carried out by the Haber process.

State the sources of nitrogen and hydrogen gases and the optimum conditions needed to State the sources of nitrogen and hydrogen gases and the optimum conditions needed to increase the rate of production of ammonia so that a maximum yield is obtained.

increase the rate of production of ammonia so that a maximum yield is obtained.

[6 marksmarks]]

(c)

(c) Explain how the properties of ceramics are useful in the manufacture of motor Explain how the properties of ceramics are useful in the manufacture of motor engines

engines and and spacecraft. spacecraft. [4[4 marksmarks]]

PAPER 3 PAPER 3 15.

15. Diagram 15 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to compare the elasticity properties of Diagram 15 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to compare the elasticity properties of vulcanised rubber and unvulcanised rubber.

vulcanised rubber and unvulcanised rubber.

Diagram 15 Diagram 15

An experiment is carried out using weights of 10g, 20g and 30g to get the increase in length of the An experiment is carried out using weights of 10g, 20g and 30g to get the increase in length of the vulcanised rubber and the unvulcanised rubber.

vulcanised rubber and the unvulcanised rubber.

The table below shows the results obtained from the experiment.

Types

Types of of rubber rubber VulcanisedVulcanised rubber Length after stretching, I

Length after stretching, I22(cm) (cm) 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 12.0 12.0 16.0 16.0 20.020.0 Increase in length, I

Increase in length, I22 –I–I11(cm)(cm) Increase

Increase in in length length after after weight weight is is removed. removed. (cm) (cm) 8.5 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.014.0

(a)

(a) Complete Complete the the table table above above based based on on the the above above experimentexperiment. . [3[3 marksmarks]]

(b)

(b) State one hypState one hyp othesis for thothesis for th is experiment.is experiment.

……….

……….... [3

……….... [3 marksmarks]]

(c)

(c) Based Based on on the the information information above, above, complete complete the the following following table.table.

Name

(i) The way to manipulate variable:

………..

(ii) What to observe in the responding variable:

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