ANÁLISIS AMOFHIT

To support the dataset from Brücker, Capuano and Marfouk (2013), there are newspaper articles, policies with expert perceptions and expert interviews in journals used which will be relevant in indicating the brain drain from a country. These expert perceptions are found in 11 newspaper articles from newspapers like BBC News, Express News Service, Foreign Affairs Review, Nu.nl, Orient News, The Economic Times, The Express, The South African, UNHCR, 4 expert interviews in journals like Geojournal, the Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis and Global Health Action journal, and 3 migration policies with expert perceptions from Asia Policy, Migration Policy Centre and AFD. These documents will only show the perceptions of the experts to support the answers found by using the dataset from Brücker, Capuano and Marfouk (2013). Stratified sampling is used and the newspaper articles are divided over the countries India, Syria and South Africa. From each country, at least 3 newspaper articles are used. These newspaper articles are selected on the basis of relevance with the topic of the brain drain related to globalization and the push/pull theory. The newspaper articles are found in Google by using the search terms: “Brain drain India”, “Brain circulation India”, “Reverse brain drain India”, “Brain drain South Africa”, “Brain circulation South Africa”, “Reverse brain drain South Africa”, “Brain drain Syria”, “Brain circulation Syria”, and “Reverse brain drain Syria”. As Google filters on relevance with the search terms, the first 10 pages of Google were analyzed. The newspaper articles were read and when the theoretical concepts of globalization and push/pull theory were applied, selected for this research. This is illustrated in the following example for the newspaper article from Petzer (2014) in The South African. The term “brain drain Syria” is used in Google and this newspaper article was on the first page on 16 March 2016 with 246.000 hits, when it was first retrieved. The newspaper article shows affection with the brain drain and the push/pull theory. It states for example

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that “While the pull factors have scarcely changed – South Africa is not very noticeably safer or more stable than it was in the peak emigration years – the financial situation abroad most definitely has” Petzer (2014 p2). The use of the term brain drain and the push/pull theory makes this newspaper article relevant for this research. By using this selection, 11 newspaper articles were left who had relevant information for this research. Also, for every country, a migration policy with expert perceptions is selected on the basis of relevance with the brain drain topic related to globalization and the push/pull theory. These are found in Google by using the search terms: “migration policy India”, “migration policy Syria”, and “migration policy South Africa”. As Google filters by relevance, the first 10 pages were analyzed. For every country, the migration policy with the most relevance to the topic and theories of this research is selected. For example the migration policy document of Kabwe-Segatti et al (2006) from AFD. The term “migration policy South Africa” is used and this migration policy document with expert perceptions was on the second page of Google on 20 December 2015 with 1.840.000 hits, when it was first retrieved. On the first page of Google some other documents showed affection with this research, but this document has much more depth than the documents on the first page. The documents shows for example job sectors which are affected by the brain drain, which can be seen in the following quotation: “The sectors most affected by the brain drain were found by the same survey to be education and health (59%), business services (47%), banking and finance (43%), information technology and industrial high tech (both 35%)” (Kabwe-Segatti et al, 2006 p 117). But this documents contains also statements related to globalization and the brain drain, for example “Some local government officials have seen this increasing diversity as a positive sign of their cities’ emergence as trading and cultural centers and as a broad endorsement of South Africa’s regional status. To further promote such regional and global integration, city planners in Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban have begun outlining strategies for recruiting and incorporating highly skilled migrants and refugees into urban socioeconomic networks” (Kabwe-Segatti et al, 2006 p167). These examples show the relation from the policy document with this research, as this research is based on the globalization theory and includes a sub question regarding the job sectors. 2 expert interviews in journals are selected for India and South Africa on the basis of their relevance with the brain drain topic related to globalization and the push/pull theory. As these expert interviews in journals are scientific, Google Scholar is used on the search terms: “Brain drain India”, “Brain drain South Africa”, “Brain drain Syria”, “Brain circulation India”, “Brain circulation South Africa”, “Brain circulation Syria”, “Reverse brain drain India”, “Reverse brain drain South Africa”, “Reverse brain drain Syria”, “Skilled migration India”, “Skilled migration South Africa”, and “Skilled migration Syria”. As Google Scholar filters on relevance, the first 10 pages were analyzed. By using this selection, many scientific articles showed up, including the 4 expert interviews in journal used for this research. The expert interviews in journals who shows affection with this research on the theories where selected. For example the

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expert interviews of Chacko (2007) in the Geojournal, which showed up on the first page of Google Scholar by using the term “Reverse brain drain India” with 31.900 hits when it was first retrieved. In this document, the terms globalization and push/pull theory are used. Examples are the statement of Behrman and Rondinelli (2002), who state that “in response to globalization, many cities develop specific cultures to woo high-tech professionals, investment and businesses” (Behrman and Rondinelli, 2002 in Chacko, 2007 p135) for globalization, and “The dual pulls of home and professional advancement have been successful in drawing high-skill professionals” (Chacko, 2007 p136) for the push/pull theory. These examples show the relation to the theories of this research as well as the third sub question about the motives of the high skilled migrants. As for Syria no relevant expert interviews in journals were found in for example the search term “reverse brain drain Syria” on the first 10 pages of Google Scholar with 6.440 hits, this country is disregarded in the expert interviews in journals. A sample of 11 newspaper articles, 4 expert interviews in journals and 3 migration policies with expert perceptions is chosen, to keep relevance with the research question of this thesis, as there are few relevant newspaper articles, expert interviews in journals and migration policies with expert perceptions related to the countries and job sectors, policies or motives yet. So, newspaper articles, expert interviews in journals and migration policies with expert perceptions related to the topic of brain drain, but without a relation to the theories or research question in this research are not included in the sample size. These articles were at first considered to include, but this would create a wide variety in quotations and it would make the research to broad. The expert interviews in journals and migration policies with expert perceptions are added to create at least a larger sample size. To generalize this research, future studies should investigate larger samples of newspaper articles, expert perceptions in policy documents and expert interviews in journals. This would be difficult for Syria, as there is not much written about Syria’s brain drain yet. This research will therefore also be a start for future research on Syria’s brain drain, hopefully larger samples of newspaper articles, expert interviews in journals and expert perceptions in migration policies will be available in the foreseeable future and confirm findings from this research.

The authors, size, status, date and time span of the documents are shown in table 1. This data collection scheme is created to cover all issues related to the research question and sub questions. Which job sectors high skilled migrants come from in India, Syria and South Africa are mainly covered in the newspaper articles and expert interviews in journals. Which migration policies the countries have are mainly covered by the expert perceptions in policy documents and the motives from high skilled migrants are mainly covered by the newspaper articles and expert interviews in journals.

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Author Documenttype Size (Pages)

Status Date Time span

ANP (2016) Newspaper Article 2 Final 11 Februari 2016 2010 - 2016 Bhagwati (2012) Newspaper Article 2 Final 30 January 2012 1950 - 2010 Cater (2015) Newspaper Article 2 Final 6 November 2015 1950 - 2014 Dutt (2011) Newspaper Article 4 Final 13 December

2011

1990 - 2011

Express News Service (2015)

Newspaper Article 6 Final 9 October 2015 2015 - 2015

Gutteridge (2015) Newspaper Article 15 Revised 5 October 2015 2014 - 2015 Kigotho (2013) Newspaper Article 4 Final 11 October 2013 2007 - 2013 NU.nl (2016) Newspaper Article 2 Final 15 March 2016 2016 - 2016 Petzer (2014) Newspaper Article 3 Final 15 January 2014 2002 - 2014 Redmond (2015) Newspaper Article 2 Final 28 September

2015

2015 - 2015

Sikora (2015) Newspaper Article 3 Final 22 December 2015

2011 - 2015

Chacko (2007) Expert interviews in the Geojournal

10 Final 26 May 2007 1970 - 2007

Varma & Kapur (2013) Expert interviews in the Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 17 Final 23 September 2013 1950 - 2013

Bidwell et al (2014) Expert interviews in the Global Health Action

journal

10 Final 28 July 2014 2003 - 2014

Taylor et al (2015) Expert interviews in the Global Health Action journal 8 Final 17 March 2015 1970 - 2015 Ganguly et al (2011) Expert perceptions in policy documents of Asia Policy 26 Final July 2012 1980 - 2012

MPC Team (2013) Expert perceptions in policy documents of the Migration Policy Centre 14 Final June 2013 1950 - 2013 Kabwe-Segatti et al (2006) Expert perceptions in policy documents of AFD 238 Final March 2008 1910 - 2008

Table 1: Data Collection Scheme.

The newspaper articles will support the dataset from Brücker, Capuano and Marfouk (2013) in indicating the problems within the countries relating to the brain drain. They also create a perspective with new facts and can be helpful in analyzing the job sectors and motives of the high skilled migrants.

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They describe the recent tendencies towards the brain drain in the different countries and are therefore useful in answering the research question and sub questions.

Expert perceptions in migration policies from India, Syria and South Africa will be analyzed to support the dataset from Brücker, Capuano and Marfouk (2013) in viewing the differences between the countries in dealing with the brain drain. The successes and failures of India will be compared to the failures of Syria and South Africa. The expert perceptions in the migration policies will explain the perspectives of the countries on the brain drain. Hence, whether they stimulate brain circulation or they try to prevent high skilled professionals from migrating in the first place. For example the building of high-tech cities in India compared to the JIPSA initiative from South Africa.

The expert interviews in journals are taken with high skilled Asian Indians and South Africans. They consist of summaries with the most important reasons for leaving their home country or to return to their home country. Also, many interviewed migrants who are still in a foreign country plan to return home one day. They still feel strongly committed to their home country. These expert interviews in journals will support the dataset of Brücker, Capuano and Marfouk (2013) in understanding first, the reason why high skilled migrants still have not returned to their home country or second, why they have returned already. The first will define the problems of India and South Africa and the second will define the factors that attract the high skilled migrants back.