ASUNTOS RELATIVOS A LA EJECUCIÓN DEL CONTRATO .1 SUBCONTRATOS

In previous stages of the project, the design of the dictionary has been completed. It now has a unique meta-entry structure which serves as a template for specific verbal entries, and a list of tags, adapted to the TEI59 standards, which are used to

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define the different sub-lexical structures integrated in the minimal verbal definition: the event structure, the argument structure, the thematic structure, and the qualia structure.

The level of the event structure (ES) encodes the event type; according to the GL, this level of representation encodes the aspectual features of the predicate in terms of sub-events, which are the essential, temporally and hierarchically organized parts of events. The combination of sub-events gives rise to different kinds of events. In the GL, there are three kinds of events: states, processes, and transitions. Fernández Lagunilla & De Miguel (2000) and De Miguel & Fernández Lagunilla (2004, 2007) modify this classification and propose the existence of eight kinds of ESs for Spanish. DICEMTO follows this classification, whose distinctions are useful to account for the behavior of verbs in periphrasis and non-literal meaning expressions. For example, the ES of the verb venir ‘come’ is the following:

(14) T2 [A3 [A → (P)] A2 [A → (S)]

According to the structure in (14), venir denotes a transition (T) between two achievement sub-events (A3 and A2), which, thus, consist of two phases: the head, which denotes the change of location, and a subsequent phase, which can be optionally visualized. Each achievement event, in turn, consists of two phases: on the one hand, the first sub-event of A3 is a simple achievement (A): Juan vino de

Bilbao (a Madrid) ayer ‘ uan came from Bilbao (to Madrid) yesterday’, which

expresses that Juan {left/stoped being in} Bilbao yesterday; it can be followed by a process (P): Juan vino a Madrid por Burgos ‘ uan came to Madrid via Burgos’, which expresses that Juan went to Madrid via Burgos. On the other hand, the first sub- event of A2 is a simple achievement (A): Juan vino a Madrid ayer ‘ uan came to Madrid yesterday’, which expresses that uan {arrived/started being in} Madrid yesterday; and it can be followed by a state (S), which can be highlighted thanks to the aspectual clitic se: Juan se vino a Madrid hace dos meses, which expresses that Juan has been living in Madrid for two months.

The argument structure (AS) specifies the number of arguments required by the verb, and how they are realized syntactically. The thematic structure (TS) encodes the semantic function or θ-roles of the predicate arguments. The qualia structure (QS) encodes inherent semantic features of the arguments, such as [OBJECT],

[EVENT], [INFORMATION], [INSTITUTION], and [CONTAINER]. This information is related

to the properties of the real world entity denoted by the nouns. Its linguistic relevance was justified above (in sections 1 and 2), when explaining the difference between plato ‘dish’ and fuente ‘platter’, which are different kinds of [CONTAINER];

película ‘film’, which can be either an [ENTITY WITH TEMPORAL EXTENSION] or the

[PHYSICAL OBJECT] which contains it; and convent ‘convent’, which can be either a

[BUILDING] or an [INSTITUTION]. 3.3.3. Modifications and idioms

The basic premise of this dictionary is that the definitions proposed for motion verbs, by interacting properly with feature lexical agreement processes, account for their use in non-literal meaning combinations. For instance, venir ‘come’, when combined with subjects that cannot be involved in motion (information encoded in

their QS), loses the part of its ES which encodes the motion and gets reduced to the initial phase, where the change of state occurs.60 This is the reason why it comes to mean ‘start to occur, arise, emerge’ when combined with subjects typed as [TEMPORAL UNITY], like mañana ‘morning’, noche ‘night’, día ‘daytime’, and primavera

‘spring’, or as [EVENT], like muerte ‘death’, tormenta ‘storm’, lluvia ‘rain’, desgracia

‘misfortune’, problema ‘problem’, auxilio ‘assistance’, calma ‘calm’, soledad ‘isolation’, and satisfacción ‘satisfaction’, as in Ya viene el día ‘The daytime is coming’ or in the Spanish example in (12c), Parece que viene tormenta del lado de la sierra ‘A storm seems to be coming from the direction of the mountains’.61 This sense is integrated into the section “Modificaciones” (‘Modifications’). The user can access the glossed translations to other languages dealt with in the project through the links attached to the Spanish examples.

Periphrastic uses such as those in (12b, c) are also included in the section “Modificaciones” of the theoretical module. In each case, the modification detected in the ES of the verb (and the resulting change of meaning) is indicated. For example, the periphrasis venir + gerund is defined as the focalization of the part of the event comprising the beginning and the central point, without referring to the end; and the periphrasis venir + participle is characterized as the focalization of the resulting state. These properties are constrained by the main verbs which can appear in these periphrases. Through the attached links, the user can again find translations into other languages.

Lastly, the section “Expresiones idiomáticas” (‘Idioms’) presents cases which cannot be explained automatically by means of regular processes of emptying or extending of the underspecified definition of the verb; their features require a higher degree of specification, as in venir a cuento ‘be applicable, relevant’ (lit. ‘come to story, tale’) or ir sobre ruedas ‘go well, like clockwork’ (lit. ‘go on wheels’), which are only acceptable in combination with non-human subjects, denoting respectively [INFORMATION] or [CONTENT] and [TOPIC] or [PROJECT]. Although the boundaries

between the meaning emptying and extension on the one hand and the transformation into an idiom on the other hand are not always precise, this analysis aims to distinguish quite clearly between both kinds of cases. In this section, too, the user can access through links to the translations into the other languages.

4. Conclusions

To conclude, DICEMTO is a theoretical dictionary project, based on a dynamic, generative, and compositional model of lexical organization. The different meanings of the motion verbs are integrated into lexical meta-entries; their different meaning

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This is a lexical agreement process similar to the one making llegar ‘arrive’ lose its change-of-state phase when combined with a non-dynamic subject, as shown above in section 2.2 in the analysis of llegar la carretera hasta la montaña ‘the road reaches the mountain’.

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This change of meaning is licensed by the assumption that events are not atomic entities; rather, they consists of phases or sub-events which can be focused on or remain hidden in context, in line with De Miguel & Fernández Lagunilla (2007). See Batiukova & De Miguel (2013) and De Miguel & Batiukova (2013) for details.

components are distributed among several levels of representation, whose interaction generates the varied meanings displayed by the verb in context.62 This “radically monosemic” view of the treatment of polysemy has interesting theoretical, descriptive, and cross-linguistic consequences.

References

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Almela, M.,; Cantos, P. &; Sánchez, A. (2013). “Collocation, Co-collocation, Constellation… Any Advances in Distributional Semantics”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 95, 231-240. Also in www.sciencedirect.com

Batiukova, O. (2006). “Restricciones subléxicas para la formación de oraciones medias: ampliando la interficie léxico-sintaxis”. In De Miguel, E. et al. (eds.). Estructuras Léxicas

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The definitions provided in DICEMTO only include the linguistic information which determines the syntactic behavior and semantic interpretation of the verb; the dictionary does not include encyclopedic information (cf. in this respect Batiukova and De Miguel’s works quoted in the footnote 18).

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ELUA. Monographic edition. 167-206.

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De Miguel, E. (2004b). “La formación de pasivas en español. Análisis en términos de la estructura de qualia y la estructura eventiva”. Verba Hispanica,. XII,. 107-129.

De Miguel, E. (2009). “La teoría del lexicón generativo”. In De Miguel, E. (ed.). Panorama de

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Sciences of Language and their Application to Second Language Teaching. Cambridge:

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percepción del tiempo en lengua y literatura’ (Ljubljana, 24-26 november 2011). Verba Hispanica. Monographic edition. Vol. XX/1. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana

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De Miguel, E. (2013). “La polisemia de los verbos soporte. Propuesta de definición mínima”. In Torner, S. &; Bernal. E. (eds.). Los verbos en el diccionario. Anexos Revista de

Lexicografía. Vol. 20. 67-109.

De Miguel, E. (2014). “La lexicología en España. Tendencias y proyectos en curso”. In García Pérez, R. (dir.). La lexicologie en Espagne: de la lexicologie à la lexicographie. Cahiers de

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De Miguel, E. &; Fernández Lagunilla, M. (2004). “Un enfoque subeventivo de la relación entre predicados secundarios y adverbios de manera”. Revue Romane. 39, 1. 24-44.

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Fernández Lagunilla, M. &; De Miguel, E. (1999). “Relaciones entre el léxico y la sintaxis: adverbios de foco y delimitadores aspectuales”. Verba. 26. 97-128.

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