CAPÍTULO 3: MARCO CONTEXTUAL
3. Casos de cooperativas de pequeños productores y sus efectos sobre la competitividad
1 – Overall R&D investment in transport in 2008 The overall R&D investments dedicated to transport research in the EU from all public funders and industry exceeded € 43.5 billion in 2008. From a modal perspective, road transport takes by far the largest share with more than € 33 billion followed by civil aeronautics (€ 6.3 billion), rail (€ 1.2 billion) and waterborne transport (€ 0.9 billion).
This is complemented by R&D investments in transport services, transport infrastructure and ITS.
Note that the figures do not necessarily fully reflect the innovation capacities of the different actors as there are significant differences in the level of spillovers, e.g. between civil and military applications and different transport sub-sectors.
2- Funders of transport R&D
Transport research funding is dominated by corporate R&D investments (90.4% of the total), in particular from road transport industries, while public funds from EU Member States account for 8.2% and those from the EU through FP7 for 1.4%.
However, the role of public R&D investments is very heterogeneous between the different transport modes. While it is comparably low in the automotive sector (5% of the total) as a whole, which is also due to the fact that the total investments of this sector are by far most elevated of all modes, its role is much more pronounced in other modes. Public funds account for 25% for aviation, 22% for rail and 34% for waterborne.
3- Distribution of R&D investments
The R&D investment distribution varies widely across modes. While more than 80% of the corporate R&D investment is allocated to the automotive industry, the situation is somewhat different for the public funds. Nevertheless, still around three quarter of total public funds from Member States and EU FP7 are dedicated to road and air transport. The latter mode also receives the largest part of FP7 funds with almost 55% of the total. The importance of public funds in research on cross-modal issues, infrastructure and socio-economic question should be noted.
Road
Figure 42: Total transport R&D investment (2008) Note: the category 'Other' includes infrastructure construction, service providers, ITS as well as some cross-modal research. However, ITS-related research clearly oriented to a mode is allocated within the mode.
0%
Figure 43: Percentage of public/corporate R&D investments by mode
Note: a breakdown for the category 'Other' has not been displayed as uncertainties are considered too elevated.
0%
Road Air Rail Waterborne Other (cross
modal, infrastructure Corporate R&D
Public MS R&D EU FP7 (EC funding)
Figure 44: Percentage of R&D investments by source of funds
4- R&D efforts for GHG emissions reduction Despite the uncertainties associated with such an analysis, it was estimated that roughly one third of the total transport R&D investment from industry and public funders is allocated to technologies that can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (yet in some cases also including some other environmental research).
For the road sector, the part dedicated to R&D focusing on GHG emission reduction technologies is one third, rising to some 40% when also including technologies to reduce the emissions of air pollutants. It is also around one third in aviation, but this figure may already include some R&D focusing on other environmental issues, such as reduction of noise or air pollutant emissions. For rail, this part is more limited with around 20%, whereas it is higher for waterborne transport (47%).
5- R&D in selected low-carbon vehicle technologies
For the automotive sector, a further breakdown of research efforts into three technology groups has been performed. From this it becomes obvious that within the GHG emission reduction R&D efforts, and herewithin focusing on engine technologies, the largest focus of industrial research lies on the optimisation of conventional internal combustion engines. Electric vehicles (including hybrids) are the most relevant field of developing non-conventional engine technologies. Fuel cell vehicles and biofuels show comparably lower industrial R&D investment.
R&D investment (€bn) R&D to GHG emissions reduction
Other R&D (e.g. safety, comfort)
* No estimates of public MS R&D to GHG emissions reduction (40%, 35% and 20% are assumed for air, maritime and rail respectively i.e. ranging between corporate and EU figures)
Figure 45: R&D investments dedicated to GHG emissions reduction (estimates for 2008)
Other GHG
Figure 46: R&D investments in selected low-carbon technologies (automotive sector only; estimates for 2008)
Total R&D R&D inv.
(€bn) R&D intensity Public MS (€bn)
EU FP7 (€bn) (€bn)
ICB- Automotive manufacturers (1) 53.1 4.4%
ICB- Automotive suppliers (2) 19.6 4.5%
ICB- Commercial vehicles & trucks (3) 6.8 2.9%
ICB- Automotive industry (1+2+3) 79.5 4.2%
ICB- Aerospace and defence (4) 15.6 4.1%
ICB- Industrial transportation (5) 0.4 0.3%
ICB- Transport (1+2+3+4+5) 95.5 4.0%
ICB- Automotive manufacturers (1) 20.9 4.9%
ICB- Automotive suppliers (2) 9.5 6.1%
ICB- Commercial vehicles & trucks (3) 2.4 3.6%
ICB- Automotive industry (1+2+3) 32.8 5.1%
BU- Automotive manufacturers 21.4 4.9%
Passenger cars 17.6 5.3%
Commercial vehicles (trucks, buses) 3.7 3.5%
BU- Automotive suppliers 10.3 6.0%
BU- Automotive sector 31.7 5.2% 1.4 0.1 33.3
Eurostat BERD (BES) DM 34- Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 21.4
BU- Conventional ICEs ~5-6 ~0.13 ~0.02 ~5-6
BU- Electric vehicles ~1.3-1.6 ~0.08 ~0.02 ~1.4-1.7
BU- H2/FC ~0.4 ~0.17 ~0.08 ~0.6
BU- Biofuels ~0.3 ~0.07 ~0.05 ~0.4
ICB- Aerospace and defence 7.5 5.9%
BU- Civil aeronautics 4.7 7.8% 1.3 0.3 6.3
Eurostat BERD (BES) DM 353- Manufacture of
aircraft and spacecraft 4.4
BU- Rail total 0.9 3.9% 0.2 0.03 1.2
Eurostat BERD (BES) DM 352- Manufacture of railway, tramway locomotives, rolling stock 0.4
BU- Waterborne total 0.6 3.2% 0.3 0.1 0.9
Shipbuilders 0.1 1.6%
Marine equipment manufacturers 0.5 4.1%
Eurostat BERD (BES) DM 351- Building and
repairing of ships and boats 0.2
ICB- Industrial transportation 0.4 0.3%
BU- Infrastructure construction 0.3 0.3% 0.4
BU- Transport service providers 0.7 0.3%
GBAORD NABS 02 04 - Transport systems 0.3
BU- Dedicated ITS companies 0.4 6.4%
ICB- Transport 40.8 4.5%
BU- Transport 39.4 3.9% 3.6 0.6 43.6
CROSS-MODAL
Table 11: Summary of results – Approximates for the year 2008 (rounded numbers)
Note: BU refers to the results of the bottom-up approach (in bold) – this constitutes the main set of data that has been used in the present report, whereas other information is considered as complementary; ICB follows the classification of the EU Scoreboard. Note that figures from the EU Scoreboard, Eurostat BERD and GBAORD are not comparable due to methodological differences (sectoral definition, allocation method, etc.). For ITS, only dedicated companies have been considered. Public ITS research investments are allocated to modes as they often clearly focus on one or several modes.
* The ICB category 'commercial vehicles and trucks' does not entirely focus on road as it also comprises manufacturers of rail cars, non-military ships and heavy agricultural and construction machinery. However, actual data show that the manufacturers of road commercial vehicles are dominant in that category in the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard.