Conclusiones

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(ii) Safety needs: safety and security needs for the avoidance of pain, fear, dangers and threats.

(iii) Belongingness and love needs: This need focused affiliation with people, affection, such as being wanted and loved by family and friends.

(iv) Self-esteem needs: These include self-respect, achievement attention and appreciation.

The second need is the Meta needs. This is the last stage of the Maslows hierarchy of needs. The meta needs are the needs for self-actualisation which involves personal growth rather than self-maintenance.

His believe was that the need system was ordered hierarchically. Needs at the lowest level must be fairly well satisfied before the needs at the next level become important.

Fig. 2.1: Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs

Self-actualisation Esteem needs

Belongingness and love needs Safety needs

Physiological needs

The fact that these needs must be met by any individual to survive, intending retirees may feel that leaving the job to retirement may cause some inadequacies because of decrease in income, social status, self-esteem and these may cause anxiety or apprehension on how these basic needs could be met in order to become fulfilled.

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change.

Le Doux (1986) explained emotion in a neurobiological term as a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organised in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. Emotion is also defined as a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts and behaviours.

Salovey and Mayer (1990) defined emotions as organised responses, crossing the boundaries of many psychological subsystems, including the physiological, cognitive, motivational and experiential systems. Their believe suggested that emotions typically arise in response to an event, either internal or external that has a positively or negatively valenced meaning for the individual. Emotions are important for survival, decision making, boundary setting, communication and unity. Emotions alert us when we feel uncomfortable with present situation. Emotions are the primary source of human energy, aspiration and drive, activating our innermost feelings and purpose in life and transforming them from things we think about to values we live.

The Biological Bases of Emotion

Emotion as opined by Greenberg and Snell (1997) includes an expressive or motor components, an experimental element, a regulatory component and a recognition or processing factor. They explored that the expressive or motor component houses the ability to express emotion through facial expressions, body posture and vocal tone. The experimental element is where one experiences feeling as a result of the awareness of cues from the central nervous system, feedback from one‟s facial expression and one‟s own interpretation of what is occurring around him or her. Thus, the regulatory components deals with reacting to the experienced emotion.

Individuals react very differently to the same emotion because of differences in their regulatory component. Salovey and Mayer (1990) defined emotions as organized responses, crossing the boundaries of many psychological subsystems, including the physiological, cognitive, motivational and experiential systems. They believe that emotions arise in response to an event, either internal or external that has a positively or negatively valence meaning for the individual. One‟s emotions do affect daily functioning along with reactions to events taking place.

The area of the brain known as the limbic system is central to emotional

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experience. The structures located within this system are involved in several aspects of emotion such as recognition of emotional expressions on the face, action tendencies and the storage of emotional memories (Greenberg & Snell, 1997).

Amygdala plays a particularly important role in regulating emotion. The amygdala‟s primary function is in the interpretation of incoming sensory information concerning survival and emotional needs. The information first goes to the thalamus and moves simultaneously to the amygdala and the cortex of the brain. It has been confirmed that the amygdala can store emotional memories unconsciously which in turn impact behaviour without ever coming into consciousness (Le Doux, 1995). The amygdala processes the information quickly and sends signals to the hypothalamus which in turn activates the autonomic nervous system.

The cortex processes the information more slowly, and this allows people to appraise or evaluate the event. Dawson, Panagiotides, Winger and Hill (1992) proposed that the frontal lobe is the regulator in the emotional process by guiding coping and control of emotional expression. The frontal cortex has a unique connection with the limbic system because it is the only neocortical safe where information processed in the system is represented.

It has been confirmed by Dawson, Panagiotides, Winger and Hill (1992) that the frontal cortex is where cognition and emotion connect. They also proposed that the frontal lobe is the regulator in the emotional process by guiding, coping and control of emotional expression.

Emotion has been viewed in different perspective by different theorists.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotion theory according to James and Lange states that within human beings is a response to experience in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration and dryness of the mouth. The consequences of these physiological events are summed up as emotion after being interpreted in the brain.

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The theory proposed that physiological changes are the sources of emotional feelings.

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion

These theorists argued against James-Lange theory regarding the physiological aspects of emotion. He said there is no mechanism to emotion but that emotion arises first and then stimulate typical behaviour. They confirmed that emotion is the result of one‟s perception of reaction or “bodily change”.

Schacheter-Singer Theory of Emotion

The theorists believed that two factors are responsible for emotional experience;

the physiological arousal and cognition based on external environment. That is an emotion-producing event causes physiological arousal and examining the environment to help in interpreting the event.

Fig. 2.2:Schacheter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Their theory purportedly showed that individuals can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state. Although this theory was criticized by many such as Reisenzein (1983) and Plutchik (1994).

Izard’s Theory of Emotion

His theory suggested two different kinds of emotion pathways are responsible for Perception of

emotion-arousing event

Physiological changes

Emotional experience

Physiological arousal

Cognitive label based on external environment

Emotional experience

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our feelings (Izard, 1989, 1991, 1993; Izard and Youngstrom, 1996). He explained that cognition is not necessary for the first kind of emotional experience, but that it is necessary for the second kind.

Izard‟s theory of emotion, which proposes two separates routes for the production of emotional experience.

Fig. 2.3:

Source: Izards Theory of Emotion Psychology 1999

He stated that there are nine innate and unique emotions which produce the main human motivational system. These emotions are interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, disgust, anger, shame, fear and contempt. He said all of them are discrete because of the facial and physical activities that follow these emotions. His theory was considered the most comprehensive theory of emotion in the 1970‟s.