CAPITULO IV: APORTE/PROPUESTA
4.4 Desarrollo
4.4.3. Configuración
Epidemiological evidence with respect to cancer and cardiovascular disease cogently suggests that phytochemicals may play a sig-nificant part in protection against the devel-opment of these diseases. This association has been drawn from the strong correlation that exists between a high dietary intake of fruit and vegetables and a reduction in the inci-dence of these diseases, which has led nutri-tionists to investigate the components in fruits and vegetables (phytochemicals) that may confer this protection. Experimental evi-dence that phytochemicals influence many cellular mechanisms that may optimize health has highlighted the need to identify clearly which effects may be of greater health significance (Dreosti, 2000).
The rapid growth of apparent health foods, now frequently defined by the industry as nutraceuticals, have enormously impacted the consumers. The respective health benefits of nutraceuticals are based on science and
ethics, for health claims for functional foods, and presence of certain phytochemicals (Fig. 1.1). They are constituents of plants and have certain pharmacological and/or physi-ological effects in the ethno-medical treatment of various disorders. Traditionally, natural plant products have been the source for the search for new drugs by pharmaceutical companies. Phytochemicals play an impor-tant role in human health as antioxidants, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antispasmodic, chemopreven-tive, hepatoprotecchemopreven-tive, hypolipidaemic, neuro-protective, hypotensive agents, and help in preventing ageing, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer and heart diseases, induce apoptosis, diuretic, CNS stimulant, analgesic, protects from UVB-induced carcinogenesis, immu-nomodulator and carminative (Dillard and German, 2000; Packer and Weber, 2001;
Prakash and Gupta, 2009).
Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient pre-sent in red pepper and ginger, has anticarci-nogenic and antimutagenic effects. Curcumin, another polyphenolic phytochemical, acts as an anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive drug. In a study, tumour volumes in mice treated with genistein, dietary soy phyto-chemical concentrate, at 1%, or dietary soy protein isolate were decreased 40, 48 or 37%, respectively, as compared with the controls.
Genistein (5,7,4¢-trihydroxyisoflavone) is one of two major isoflavonoids in soy. In human breast cancer cells in culture, genistein has antiproliferative effects on mitogen-stimulated growth (Dixon and Ferreira, 2002; Prakash et al., 2007b). Soy isoflavonoid conjugates have chemopreventive activity in carcinogen-induced rat models of breast cancer.
Osteoporosis is related to multiple fac-tors including ageing, hormone deficiency and diet. Most of the studies suggest that phytoestrogens are somewhat effective in maintaining bone mineral density (BMD) in post-menopausal women and to allevi-ate osteoporosis and associallevi-ated disorders.
Evidence from several human studies dem-onstrates that certain dietary phytoestrogens can produce oestrogenic effects in post-menopausal women, including oestrogen-like effects on vaginal cytology and reductions in hot flushes. In post-menopausal women,
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death in the USA and Europe. Isoflavonoids or soy products/soy protein and flaxseed have the ability to lower total and LDL cholesterols and raise HDL cholesterol resulting in reduced risk of CVDs.
There is evidence to support the hypothesis that phytoestrogen consumption contributes to the lower incidence of CVDs in Asian countries and in vegetarians and that they may also be cardioprotective (Cherdshewasart et al., 2009; Al-Azzawi and Wahab, 2010;
Prakash and Gupta, 2011).
A large number of epidemiological stud-ies had shown that people who consume high amounts of isoflavonoids (phytoestrogens) in their diets have lower incidences of various types of cancers including breast, prostate and colon cancer. A high plasma concentra-tion of the mammalian lignan, enterolactone, is correlated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Similar correlations have also been found between dietary intakes of isoflavo-noids and lignans and thyroid, ovarian, and breast cancers in pre- and post-menopausal women. The incidence of hormone-dependent tumours is lower in Asia and eastern Europe where consumption of phytoestrogens is higher than western countries and amongst vegetarians. Breast, ovarian, prostate and colon cancer show a negative correlation with phytoestrogen intake when compared with mortality rates due to cancer. The epide-miological, animal and cell-line data suggest that phytoestrogens may play a protective role against the development of prostate and breast cancer. It has been reported that increased consumption of beans, lentils and peas, tomatoes and dried fruits was associ-ated with significantly decreased prostate cancer risk (Cherdshewasart et al., 2009;
Al-Azzawi and Wahab, 2010; Prakash and Gupta, 2011).
Diets rich in phytonutrients may supply a variety of phytoestrogens such as isofla-vones, resveratrol, lignans etc., capable of producing a range of pharmacological effects. In females, life is affected by a vari-ety of oestrogen-related conditions such as osteoporosis, cognitive and cardiovascular decline, increased risk of breast cancer and other symptoms that decrease the overall
quality of life. Phytoestrogens appear to have physiological effects in humans, with the most supportive data being related to the effects of soy protein supplements on lipids and lipoproteins and on vascular function.
Therefore, post-menopausal women who have the greatest breast cancer risk should be encouraged to increase their phytoestrogen intake (Cherdshewasart et al., 2009; Al-Azzawi and Wahab, 2010; Prakash and Gupta, 2011).
1.4 Conclusions
The use of medicinal plants by indigenous people to treat different ailments has a long history. Recently, the scientific data sup-ported the nutritional and medical impor-tance of phytonutrients/phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of several dis-eases. The ‘novel’ nutraceuticals of plant origin may evolve to be considered a vital aspect of dietary disease-preventive food components. Careful studies are necessary on the various phytochemicals for their roles in the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases. The resurgence of interest in these compounds will eventually lead to much-needed information on structure–function relationships.
The ever-widening choice of food ingre-dients makes it possible for food designers to provide food choices that meet the public’s expressed desire for healthy food. Other aspects of determining the role of phyto-chemicals in functional foods include con-sumer attitudes, any competitive advantage for manufacturers producing functional foods and identification of those areas of research needed to produce foods with the desired health effects. The future of nutra-ceuticals of both plant and animal origin holds exciting opportunities for the food industry to create novel food products. The food industry will need to persuade inves-tors of the potential for monetary rewards to be gained by investing in the value of nutra-ceuticals, and it will need to market the prod-ucts so as to capture the interest of and, perhaps most important, to please the tastes of consumers.
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© CAB International 2014. Phytochemicals of Nutraceutical Importance
20 (eds D. Prakash and G. Sharma)
2.1 Introduction
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the