Pedagogía contextual La pedagog•a contextual se
CUADRO Nº 12 TEORÍAS COGNITIVAS
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Blood pressure status Controlled(N=18
7)
Uncontrolled(N=187
Variables Frequency (%) ) Frequency (%) χ2 P
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CONTROLLED BP GROUP UNCONTROLLED BP
GROUP
Variables
Overall Health HRQoL
Mean Score ± SD Test Statistic
Overall Health HRQoL
Mean Score ± SD Test Statistic
Vigorous Activity
<75minutes/week 3.83±0.729 t=-1.181 3.61±0.923 t=1.506
≥ 75minutes/week 4.09±0.302 p=0.239 3.90±0.568 P=0.518
Moderate Activity
< 50minutes/week 3.81±0.737 t=-1.355 3.61±0.938 t=-0.488
≥150minutes/week 4.00±0.568 p=0.177 3.70±0.750 p=0.061
B.M.I Status
Underweight 3.71±0.488 F=2.100 -
Normal 3.98±0.774 p=0.083 3.59±0.956 F=4.154
Overweight 3.92±0.528 3.59±0.763 p=0.003
Class 1 Obesity 3.59±0.894 3.66±1.132
Class 2 Obesity 3.85±.745 3.58±0.900
Class 3 Obesity 4.00±0.000 4.14±0.690
WC
Normal 3.91±0.588 t=0.999 3.61±0.825 t=-0.213
Abnormal 3.81±0.776 p=0.319 3.64±0.964 P=0.831
WHR
Normal 3.86±0.772 t=0.112 3.74±0.991 t=0.561
Abnormal 3.84±0.701 p=0.911 3.61±0.902 P=0.575
In the uncontrolled blood pressure group, there is significant statistical association between BMI status and overall health HRQoL. (F=4.154, p=0.003)
Table 11B: Association between lifestyle and anthropometric characteristics, and health satisfaction HRQoL among study participants
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CONTROLLED BP GROUP UNCONTROLLED BP GROUP Health
satisfaction
Health satisfaction
Variables
HRQoL Mean Score
±SD
Test Statistic HRQoL Mean Score
±SD
Test Statistic
Vigorous Exercise
<75minutes/week 3.49±0.986 t=-1.181 3.03±0.994 t=-0.519
≥ 75minutes/week 4.09±0.539 p=0.239 3.20±0.789 p=0.604
Moderate Activity
< 150minutes/week 3.41±0.999 t=-3.538 3.02±1.003 p=0.463
≥150minutes/week 4.06±0.619 p=0.001 3.17±0.874 t=-0.753 B.MI Status
Underweight 3.71±.756 F=0.970 -
Normal 3.52±1.027 p=0.425 3.24±1.071 F=0.404
Overweight 3.45±.953 3.06±0.902 p=0.805
Class1 Obesity 3.37±.942 2.78±0.988
Class 2 Obesity 4.10±.912 3.42±0.900
Class 3 Obesity 3.00±1.414 2.29±0.756
WC
Normal 3.45±-0.932 t=-0.802 3.14±0.926 t=1.040
Abnormal 3.57±1.000 p=0.424 2.98±1.018 p=0.300
WHR
Normal 3.60±.881 t=0.106 2.89±0.994 t=-0.692
Abnormal 3.51±.997 p=0.916 3.06±0.983 P=0.490
In the controlled blood pressure group, there is statistical significant association between moderate physical activity ≥150minutes/week and health satisfaction HRQoL (t=3.538, p=0.001).
Table 11 C: Association between lifestyle and anthropometric characteristics, and physical health domain HRQoL among study participants
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CONTROLLED BP GROUP UNCONTROLLED BP GROUP
Physical domain Physical domain
Variables
HRQoL Mean Score
±SD
Test Statistic HRQoL Mean Score
±SD
Test Statistic
Vigorous Activity
<75minutes/week 23.19±2.90 t=0.831 22.69±2.64 t=-0.246
≥ 75minutes/week 24.82±1.99 p=0.024 22.90±2.47 p=0.806
Moderate Activity
< 150minutes/week 23.20±2.92 t=-0.870 22.63±2.69 t=-0.832
≥150minutes/week 23.69±2.73 p=0.385 23.07±2.42 p=0.407
BMI Status
Underweight 23.52±0.98 F=3.009 22.88±2.64 F=0.910
Normal 22.86±1.86 p=0.020 22.68±2.84 p=0.459
Overweight 23.74±2.94 23.00±2.51
Class 1 Obesity 23.17±2.95 21.58±1.78
Class 2 Obesity 22.83±3.17 21.86±1.68
Class 3 Obesity 23.75±2.10 22.88±2.64
WC
Normal 22.99±3.17 t=-1.081 22.82±2.52 t=0.520
Abnormal 23.46±2.70 p=0.281 22.62±2.71 p=0.604
WHR
Normal 23.14±2.77 t=-0.319 22.89±2.13 t=-0.339
Abnormal 23.32±2.92 p=0.750 22.68±2.68 p=0.735
Among the controlled BP group, there is statistical significant association between vigorous physical activity ≥75minutes/ week and physical domain HRQoL (t=0.831, p=0.024); BMI status and physical domain HRQoL (F=3.009, p=0.020).
Table 11 D: Association between lifestyle and anthropometric characteristics, and psychological domain HRQoL among study participants
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CONTROLL BP GROUP UNCONTROL BP GROUP
Psychological domain
Psychological domain
Variable
HRQoL Mean Score ±SD
Test Statistic HRQoL Mean Score
±SD
Test Statistic
Vigorous Activity
<75minutes/week 22.93±3.15 t=0.202 22.13±2.83 t=-0.298
≥ 75minutes/week 22.73±3.32 p=0.840 22.40±1.65 p=0.766
Moderate Activity
< 150minutes/week 22.86±3.30 t=-0.475 22.09±2.85 t=-0.620
≥150minutes/week 23.16±2.38 p=0.635 22.43±2.43 p=0.536
BMI status
Underweight 24.43±1.51 F =1.887 -
Normal 23.37±2.92 p=0.990 21.55±3.06 F=0.850
Overweight 22.82±2.87 22.72±2.31 p=0.495
Class 1 Obesity 21.90±3.99 22.07±3.00
Class 2 Obesity 23.90±2.57 20.75±2.49
Class 3 Obesity 21.50±4.95 22.71±3.68
Waist
Circumference
Normal 23.01±3.17 t=0.331 21.58±2.79 t=-2.267
Abnormal 22.86±3.16 p=0.741 22.51±2.72 p=0.025
WHR
Normal 23.31±3.25 t=0.831 21.05±3.08 t=-1.817
Abnormal 22.82±3.14 p=0.407 22.27±2.73 p=0.071
There is significant statistical association between waist circumference and psychological domain HRQoL. (t=-2.267, p=0.025) in the uncontrolled blood pressure group.
Table 11 E: Association between lifestyle and anthropometric characteristics and social domain HRQoL among study participants.
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Social Domain Social Domain
Variables
HRQoL Mean Score ±SD
Test Statistic HRQoL Mean Score
±SD
Test Statistic
Vigorous Activity
<75minutes/week 11.21±1.722 t=-0.453 10.85±1.823 t=0.081
≥ 75minutes/week 11.45±1.916 p=0.651 10.80±1.549 P=0.936 Moderate Activity
< 150minutes/week 11.12±1.722 t=-1.785 10.83±1.877 t=0.182
≥150minutes/week 11.72±1.708 p=0.076 10.90±1.398 p=0. 856 BMI Status
Underweight 11.71±0.488 F=3.177 -
Normal 11.65±1.509 p=0.009 11.04±1.870 F=1.658
Overweight 11.07±1.952 10.65±1.960 P=0.162
Class 1 Obesity 10.54±1.645 11.02±1.458
Class 2 Obesity 12.05±1.276 11.42±0.900
Class 3 Obesity 11.00±1.414 9.57±2.149
Waist
Circumference
Normal 11.09±1.938 t=-0.831 10.84±1.909 t=-0.043
Abnormal 11.31±1.599 p=0.407 10.85±1.743 p=0.966
WHR
Normal 11.29±1.655 t=0.231 11.47±1.577 t=1.608
Abnormal 11.21±1.752 p=0.817 10.77±1.820 p=0.110
In the controlled between blood pressure group, there is significant association between BMI status and social domain HRQoL (F=3.177, p=0.009). In the uncontrolled blood pressure group, there is no significant statistical association between each of the lifestyle and anthropometric characteristics and social domain (P >0.05 for each variable).
Table 11 F: Association between lifestyle and anthropometric characteristics and environmental domain HRQoL among study participants
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CONTROLLED BP GROUP UNCONTROLLED BP GROUP
Environmental Domain
HRQoL
Environmental Domain HRQoL
Variables Mean score±SD Test Statistic Mean score±SD
Test Statistic Vigorous
Activity
<75minutes/week 28.40±4.31 t=-0.865 27.16±3.84 t=-0.681
≥ 75minutes/week 29.55±3.48 p=0.388 28.00±3.09 P=0.497 Moderate Activity
<
150minutes/week 28.21±4.35 t=-2.066 27.39±3.77 t=1.532
≥150minutes/week 29.72±3.64 p=0.044 26.23±3.88 p=0.127 BMI Status
Underweight 28.43±3.87 F=1.754 -
Normal 28.89±4.18 p=0.140 25.47±3.60 F=5.392
Overweight 28.38±4.62 27.17±3.75 p<0.001
Class 1 Obesity 27.59±4.47 28.46±3.60
Class 2 Obesity 29.90±2.36 29.42±2.23
Class 3 Obesity 25.50±3.54 28.57±4.54
Waist
Circumference
Normal 27.42±4.39 t=-2.601 25.78±3.61 t=-4.327
Abnormal 29.08±4.09 p=0.010 28.13±3.65 p< 0.001
WHR
Normal 27.91±4.00 t= -0.847 25.53±3.51 t=-2.047
Abnormal 28.59±4.33 p=0.398 27.39±3.80 P=0.042
In the controlled blood pressure group, there is statistical significant association between moderate physical activity ≥ 150minutes/week and environmental domain HRQoL (t=2.066,
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p=0.044); between waist circumference and environmental domain HRQoL (t=2.601, p=0.010).
In the uncontrolled blood pressure group, there is significant statistical association between BMI status and environmental domain HRQoL (F=5.392,P<0.001); between WC and environmental domain HRQoL (t=-4.327, p<0.001); and between waist hip ratio and environmental domain HRQoL (t=-2.047, p=0.042)
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Table 12: Comparing the number of antihypertensive medication used by hypertensives with controlled blood pressure and those with uncontrolled blood pressure.
Types Blood pressure status antihypertensive
tablets Controlled Uncontrolled
Frequency (%) Frequency (%)
One 52(27.8) 68(36.4)
Two 84(44.9) 81(43.3)
≥Three 51(27.3) 38(20.3)
Total 187(100.0) 187(100.0)
χ2= 4.087, p= 0 .130
There is no statistical significant difference in the number of antihypertensive medication used, between hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure and those with uncontrolled blood pressure. (χ2= 4.087, p= 0.130).
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Table 13: One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing association between the number of antihypertensive drugs and HRQoL among study participants
Number HRQoL HRQoL
of drugs Mean score±SD Test statistic Mean score±SD Test statistic Overall Health
One 3.83±0.834 F=0.224 3.53±0.78 F=1.804
Two 3.82±0.697 P=0.800 3.59±1.06 p=0.168
≥Three 3.90±0.61 3.87±0.74
Health Satisfaction
One 3.54±1.06 F=5.361 2.91±0.94 F=2.109
Two 3.31±0.94 p=0.005 3.02±0.97 p=0.124
≥Three 3.86±0.85 3.32±1.04
Physical Domain
One 23.25±2.80 F=0.368 22.78±2.28 F=1.549
Two 23.13±3.06 p=0.693 22.37±2.79 p=0.215
≥Three 23.57±2.70 23.26±2.82
Psychological domain
One 23.33±2.97 F=0.617 22.00±2.44 F=0.411
Two 22.74±3.30 p=0.541 22.10±3.03 p=0.664
≥Three 22.78±3.11 22.50±2.83
Social Domain
One 11.40±1.99 F=0.578 10.82±1.83 F=0.650
Two 11.08±1.76 p=0.562 10.73±1.91 p=0.523
≥Three 11.27±1.36 11.13±1.91
Environmental Domain
One 29.04±4.71 F=2.740 26.84±3.13 F=0.491
Two 27.67±4.13 p=0.067 27.42±3.97 p=0.613
≥Three 29.20±3.842 27.39±4.52
In the controlled BP group, there is statistical significant association between the number of antihypertensive drug and health satisfaction HRQoL score (F=5.361, p=0.005).
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Figure 2: Co-morbid conditions among hypertensive patients
Controlled blood pressure group Uncontrolled blood pressure group
The commonest co-morbid condition among hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure is visual impairment (34.2%). This is followed by arthritis (28.9%). Among hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure, the commonest co-morbid condition is dyslipidaemia (29.9%). This is followed by visual impairment (28.3%).Apart from visual impairment and arthritis the proportion of other specified co-morbid conditions are generally more among hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure than those with controlled blood pressure.
Table 14 A: Association between history of specific disease conditions and HRQoL among the controlled blood pressure group
Clinical condition
Disease YES NO C.I
Conditions Mean Score
±SD
±SD
Mean Score ±SD T P Lower Upper Overall Health
Diabetes 3.56± 0.82 3.86±0.703 -1.250 0.213 -0.784 0.176
Arthritis 3.76±0.70 3.88±0.718 0.572 0.568 -0.244 0.443
Epilepsy 4.50±0.707 3.84±0.711 1.309 0.192 -0.336 1.660
Cancer 3.33±1.155 3.85±.705 -1.255 0.211 -1.337 0.297
Asthma 4.00±0.000 3.84±.716 0.309 0.758 -0.845 1.159
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Stroke 4.00±0.894 3.84±0.708 0.541 0.589 -0.424 0.745
Heart disease 3.81±0.792 3.85±.0698 -0.328 0.743 -0.323 0.231
Eye disease 3.92±0.697 3.80±0.720 1.065 0.288 -0.100 0.334
Kidney disease 3.50±0.837 3.86±0.708 -1.206 0.229 -0.939 0.226 Dyslipidaemia 3.83±0.778 3.85±0.688 -0.177 0.859 -0.249 0.208 Health Satisfaction
Diabetes 3.67±1.323 3.52±.958 0.449 0.654 -0.508 0.808
Arthritis 3.44±1.040 3.56±.949 -0.711 0.478 -0.423 0.199
Epilepsy 4.00±0.000 3.55±.979 2.687 0.116 0.339 0.623
Cancer 4.00±0.000 3.56±.964 2.111 0.184 1.360 1.640
Asthma 3.50±.707 3.52±.978 -0.035 0.972 -1.395 1.346
Stroke 3.00±1.265 3.54±0.963 -1.342 0.181 -1.338 0.255
Heart disease 3.81±0.792 3.47±0.999 2.073 0.053 0.011 0.666
Eye disease 3.67±0.977 3.45±0.968 1.501 0.135 0.150 -0.071
Kidney disease 2.00±0.000 3.57±0.949 -22.313 <0.001 -1.714 -1.435 Dyslipidamia 3.57±1.029 3.51±0.956 0.370 0.712 -0.254 0.371
There is statistical significant difference in health satisfaction HRQoL,between those with history of kidney disease and those without kidney disease.(t=-22.313, p < 0.001).
Table 14 B: Association between history of specific disease conditions and HRQoL among the controlled blood pressure group
Clinical condition YES
HRQoL
NO HRQoL
C.I