– characteristics of the helicopter – cockpit layout
– systems
– check lists, drills, controls Exercise 1E Emergency drills
– action in the event of fire on the ground and in the air – engine, cabin and electrical system fire
– systems failures
– escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits Exercise 2 Preparation for and action after flight
– seat, harness and controls adjustments
– starting and warm up checks clutch engagement, rotor launch – power checks
– running down system checks and switching off the engine – parking, security and picketing
– completion of authorisation sheet and serviceability documents Exercise 3 Air experience
– flight exercise Exercise 4 Effects of controls
– function of flying controls, primary and secondary effect – effect of airspeed
– effect of power – effect of sideslip – effect of control friction – instruments
– use of carburettor heat/anti-icing control – cabin heating/ventilation
– other controls, as applicable – airmanship
Exercise 5 Power and attitude changes
– power changes with constant RPM to be focused in the cockpit – altitude and speed changes at constant power
– use of instrument for precision – airmanship
Exercise 6 Straight and level
– at normal cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and level flight – control in pitch, including use of control friction and/or trim
– lateral level, direction and balance, yawstring use – at selected airspeeds (use of power)
– during speed changes use of instruments for precision – airmanship
Exercise 7 Climbing
– entry, maintaining the normal and max rate climb, levelling off – levelling off at selected altitudes
– maximum angle of climb – use of instruments for precision – airmanship
Exercise 8 Descending
– entry, maintaining and levelling off – levelling off at selected altitudes
– descent (including effect of power and airspeed) – use of instruments for precision flight
– airmanship AMC FCL 2.125 (continued)
Exercise 9 Turning
– entry and maintaining medium level turns – resuming straight flight
– faults in the turn – balance – climbing turns
– descending turns
– turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass – use of instruments for precision
– airmanship Exercise 10A Hovering
– demonstrate hover I.G.E. – student holding cyclic stick only
– student handling collective, throttle and pedals – student handling all controls
– demonstration of ground effect – demonstration of wind effect – airmanship
Exercise 10B Hover taxiing, hover turn – precise ground speed control
– effect of wind direction on helicopter attitude and control margin – controls co-ordination during taxiing turns
– take off from ground and touch from hovering – airmanship
Exercise 10C Hovering, taxiing emergencies
– hovering, taxiing hydraulics off, if applicable – demonstrating failure in hover/taxi conditions – danger of mishandling and over-pitching Exercise 11 Transition from hover to climb and vice versa
– ground effect, transitional lift and their effects – flapback and its effect
– effect of wing direction during transition from hover to climb and vice versa Exercise 12A Normal take-off
– pre-take off checks – into wind take-off – crosswind take-off – tailwind take-off
– safe take-off path in case of engine failure – noise abatement procedures
– H/V diagram – airmanship
Exercise 13A Circuit, approach and landing – circuit procedures, downwind, base leg – powered approach and landing
– pre landing checks
– effect of wind on approach and I.G.E. hover – crosswind approach and landing
– missed approach/go around – noise abatement procedures – airmanship
Exercise 13B Steep and limited power approach and landing demonstration – the constant angle approach
– the danger of high sink rate (steep approach) – the ground cushion
– the danger of high ground speed at touchdown – (limited power approachj)
– airmanship
Exercise 12/13E Emergency procedures – abandoned take-off
– missed approach/go-around – hydraulic OFF landing, if applicable
– emergency procedures, e.g. tail rotor control or tail rotor drive failure (briefing only) – manoeuvres to perform during the various flight phases
Exercise 14 Autorotation
– straight autorotation from level flight – control of rotor RPM
– control of speed, rate of descent and ground distance
– recovery, power flight (throttle over-ride during re-engagement) – low/medium turns in autorotation
– demonstration of engine OFF landings – airmanship
Exercise 15 First solo
– instructor’s briefing, observation of flight and debriefing – change of attitude from reduced and laterally displaced weight – low tail, low skid during hover
– pre take-off checks – into wind take-off
– drills during and after take-off
– normal circuits, approaches and landings – airmanship
Exercise 16 Sideways and backward flight from the hover – sideways flight heading into wind
– backwards flight heading into wind
– combination of sideways and backwards in any direction AMC FCL 2.125 (continued)
– sideways and backwards, heading out of wind
– weathercock stability, nose down on recovery from backwards flight – speed limits for sideways and backwards flight
– airmanship Exercise 17 Spot turns
– hovering no wind from left or right – hovering downwind
– turn on spot through 360° around pilot’s position around the tail rotor, around the helicopter geometric centre
– rotor RPM control, cyclic limit stops due to C.G. position and wind direction/intensity – airmanship
Exercise 18 Hover out of ground effect, vortex ring – acquisition of hover O.G.E
– lateral/longitudinal drift – height/power control
– practice to incipient stage of vortex ring, recognition of the situation and recovery – airmanship
Exercise 19 Engine OFF landings
– the effect of weight, disc loading, density attitude, RRPM decay – initial autorotation practice
– gentle flare E.O.L. – variable flare E.O.L.
– constant attitude no flare E.O.L. – E.O.L. from hover, hover taxi
– demonstration of E.O.L. from transition and low level – airmanship
Exercise 20 Advanced autorotation
– over a selected point at various height and speed – turns through 180° and 360°
– ‘S’ turns
– maximum range autorotation
– effects on angles of descent of various IAS, collective/RRPM, load factor – airmanship
Exercise 21 Forced landings
– choice of the forced landing area – forced landing checks and crash action – go-around and re-engagement procedures – airmanship
Exercise 23 Quickstops – quickstops into wind – quickstops from crosswind
– quickstops from downwind terminating into wind – danger of vortex ring
– airmanship
Exercise 24 Advanced take-off, landings and transition
– landing and taking off out of wind (performance reduction)
– ground effect, transitional lift and directional stability variation when out of wind – downwind transition
– running take-off – hovering take-off
– vertical take-off over obstacles – running landing
– zero speed landing – steep approach – go-around – airmanship Exercise 25 Sloping ground
– right skid up slope – left skid up slope – nose up slope – dynamic roll over
– cyclic control stop and mast bumping – airmanship
Exercise 26 Confined areas – landing capability
– selection of landing site, performance, OGE – reconnaissance of landing site
– select direction and type of approach – circuit
– approach to committed point and go around – approach
– clearing turn – landing
– power check, performance assessment in and out of ground effect – normal take-off to best climb angle
– vertical take-off from hover – airmanship
Exercise 27A Navigation Flight planning
– weather forecast and actuals – map selection and preparation – choice of route
– controlled airspace
– danger, prohibited and confined areas – safety altitudes
– calculations AMC FCL 2.125 (continued)
– magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route – fuel consumption
– mass and balance – mass and performance – flight information
– NOTAMs etc – radio frequencies
– selection of alternate landing sites – helicopter documentation
– notification of the flight
– pre-flight administrative procedures – flight plan form
Departure
– organisation of cockpit workload – departure procedures
– altimeter settings
– ATC liaison in controlled/regulated airspace – setting heading procedure
– noting of ETAs
– maintenance of altitude and heading – revisions of ETA and heading – log keeping
– use of radio – use of navaids
– minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight – in-flight decisions
– transiting controlled/regulated airspace – uncertainty of position procedure – lost procedure
Arrival, aerodrome joining procedure
– ATC liaison in controlled/regulated airspace – altimeter setting
– entering the traffic pattern – circuit procedures
– parking
– security of helicopter – refuelling
– closing of flight plan, if appropriate – post-flight administrative procedures
Exercise 27B Navigation problems at low heights and in reduced visibility – actions prior to descending
– hazards (e.g. obstacles, other aircraft) – difficulties of map reading
– effects of wind and turbulence – avoidance of noise sensitive areas – joining the circuit
– selection and identification – omni bearing selector (OMB) – to/from indications, orientation – course deviation indicator (CDI) – determination of radial
– intercepting and maintaining a radial – VOR passage
– obtaining a fix from two VORs
– use of automatic direction finding equipment (ADF) non directional beacons (NDBs) – availability, AIP, frequencies
– selection and identification – orientation relative to the beacon – homing
– use of VHF direction finding (VHF/DF) – availability, AIP, frequencies – RTF procedures and ATC liaison – obtaining a QDM and homing – use of en-route/terminal radar
– availability, AIP
– procedures and ATC liaison – pilots responsibilities
– secondary surveillance radar – transponders
– code selection
– interrogation and reply
– use of distance measuring equipment (DME) – station selection and identification – modes of operation
– distance, groundspeed, time to run – airmanship
Exercise 28 Basic instrument flight – physiological sensations – instrument appreciation
– attitude instrument flight – instrument limitations
– airmanship – basic manoeuvres
– straight and level at various airspeeds and configurations – climbing and descending
– standard rate turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings – recoveries from climbing and descending turns