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The last type of adjacency is a combination of two adjacent NAV sentences. The new-given chaining starting from the subject of a NAV sentence can only end at the subject of another NAV sentence, as shown in the following figure:

Figure 5-15 New-Given Chaining of NAV-NAV Subject

(148) kt-an=nya’ qu’ yaya’=maku’ ro. see-LV=3SObl Nom mother=1SGen Par ‘He saw my mother.’

‘My mother was seen by him.’ (lit.) <N>

(149) ki’an=nya’ szy-on balay qu’ yaya’=maku’. perhaps=3SObl love-PV really Nom mother=1SGen ‘Perhaps he really loved my mother.’ <N>

The above sentences are adjacent in a text. The first one introduces the new information

yaya’-maku’ ‘my mother’ into the discourse, and then this information is repeated as the subject of another NAV sentence. This pattern is common, but there is no case of the new-given chaining between the subject of a NAV sentence and the oblique of another NAV sentence.

given, the restriction mentioned above disappears. The given-given chaining can exist between the subject of a NAV sentence and either the subject or the oblique of another NAV sentence, like Figure 5-16.

Figure 5-16 Given-Given Chaining of NAV-NAV Subject

(150) nanu’ a, kt-an zipun Ø l-ga, wal i kut-an tayal nanak Ø. Par Par see-LV Japanese Ø Par-Top Aux.Pt Par kill-LV Atayal only Ø ‘Well, after (he) was discovered by the Japanese, (he) was killed by the Atayal people themselves.’ <N>

The example in (150) is extracted from a story about an Atayal murderer. This murderer has been introduced into the discourse before this sentence, so it is not phonetically-realized in these two sentences. The murderer is the subjects of these two NAV sentences. The given-given chaining between the subject of a NAV sentence and the oblique of another NAV sentence is instantiated in (151) and (152). The speaker herself has been mentioned twice: the nominative clitic -ku’ in (151) and the oblique clitic -maku’ in (152).

(151) …s-kaki’=ku’=nha’ ngasal. CV-exist=1SNom=3PObl house

(152) baq-un=maku’ ma yaya’=mu’… know-PV=1SObl AV.say Mother=1SGen ‘I remember that my mother said...’ <N>

Although there is no attested new-given information chaining starting from the oblique in the NAV-AV adjacency in Section 5.3.3, it does exist in the NAV-NAV adjacency. Since the oblique of a NAV sentence tends to convey given information, there is only one case of new-given information chaining, as shown in Figure 5-17 and exemplified in (153) and (154).

Figure 5-17 New-Given Chaining of NAV-NAV Oblique

(153) hango hiya’ ga, giw-an cbilan.

container Emp Top resemble-LV lunch.box

‘(Speaking of) cylindrical containers, (they) are like lunch boxes.’ <N>

(154) cbilan qasa ga, sy-an mami’ Ø la.

lunch.box that Top load-LV rice Ø Par ‘(Speaking of) those lunch boxes, (they) are loaded with rice.’ <N>

The first sentence introduces the entity cbilan ‘lunch box’, serving as an oblique, into the discourse for the first time. In the second sentence, the entity cbilan ‘lunch box’ is repeated as the GTOP, then further serving as the grammatical subject. The existence of this case shows that the new information conveyed by obliques is not important to the

information flow so topicalization is a necessary syntactic strategy to foreground it. In contrast, as the majority, obliques with given information can connect two adjacent NAV sentences, like Figure 5-18. The tail of this given-given chaining can be either the subject or the oblique of a NAV sentence.

Figure 5-18 Given-Given Chaining of NAV-NAV Oblique

(155) ssy-an=myan squ’ baliq qa. load-LV=1PObl Loc iron that ‘We load (it) with that bullet.’ <N>

(156) wah-an=myan i, wah-an pqelun son mha.81 go-LV=1PObl Par go-LV trigger so-called ‘We pull, well, pull the so-called trigger.’

‘The so-called trigger is pulled, well, pulled by us.’ (lit.) <N>

(157) nanu’ s-ngungu’ knan Ø? hwag-an=myan Ø. what CV-scare 1SNeu Ø swear-LV=1SObl Ø ‘For what did (he) scare me? I swore at (him).’ <N>

The examples in (155) and (156) exemplify the case of information chaining between the obliques of two adjacent NAV sentences. The oblique -myan ‘we/us’ has two

81 _{The noun pqelun ‘trigger’ is derived from the LV form of the verb hoqil ‘die’ with the causative prefix} p-. The word in this story refers to a component of the Atayal’s traditional woodgun so the morphological information is omitted from the gloss.

occurrences. This pattern is frequent in the data. The example in (157) instantiates the information chaining between the oblique of a NAV sentence and the subject of another NAV sentence, which are both null arguments marked by Ø.

5.3.4

Summary

Information chaining in Squliq Atayal is a complex discourse phenomenon correlated with several factors: topicality (given vs. new), syntactic roles (subject vs. non-subject) and voice alternation (AV vs. NAV). Given information is unrestricted to chain two adjacent sentences no matter what voices these sentences are marked with and what syntactic roles the head and the tail of the chaining play. In contrast, the syntactic role of a piece of new information determines whether it has the ability to connect the next sentence and in what way the two adjacent sentences can be chained. Briefly speaking, it is more restricted by syntactic factors at the sentence level. The patterns of new-given chaining in Squliq Atayal are summarized below:

Table 5-7 New-Given Chaining in Squliq Atayal

Head (New) Tail (Given)

AV subject AV subject NAV subject NAV oblique AV object AV object NAV subject AV object NAV subject NAV oblique unattested

information per se has the potential of developing discourse.82 The new information conveyed by subject is almost unrestricted while the new information conveyed by object and oblique is highly restricted and even unattested. In order to pass the new information conveyed by them to another sentence, it is imperative to employ topicalization or repetition. Information chaining is definitely not syntax-free. It needs the collaboration between different components of a language.