4. PROYECTO DE INNOVACIÓN DOCENTE
4.1 DIAGNÓSTICO INCIAL
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6 Background Summary of Customary Law Provisions
6.1 Background: Current insolvency procedures in Guernsey
This section provides a high level overview of the current regime. It is not intended to be
comprehensive or definitive, but to provide general background for non‐practitioners who may wish to understand more about Guernsey’s current regime in order to respond to this paper. In Guernsey, insolvency procedures are currently found in a number of different sources that reflect both statute law and customary law as has evolved in Guernsey over the years.
6.1.1 Personal Insolvency/Bankruptcy
Personal insolvency law is often referred to as bankruptcy. The law of bankruptcy has existed for a longer period than corporate insolvency and has been the subject of substantial reforms in most
advanced economies. The purpose of bankruptcy is different from that of corporate insolvency. In most economies bankruptcy serves two purposes:
Firstly, it represents an opportunity for creditors to recover money they are owed by the bankrupt to the extent that the bankrupt’s assets can satisfy his or her liabilities,
Secondly, it allows the bankrupt individual to draw a line under difficult personal circumstances, undergo a period of rehabilitation where he or she seeks to repay creditors and then having served that period to emerge from bankruptcy and re‐enter financial society.
Arguably Guernsey’s current personal insolvency regime fulfils the first of those purposes but is less effective at fulfilling the second.
6.1.1.1 Customary Law
The procedures known as désastre and saisie are essentially customary law procedures.
Désastre permits all the creditors of a person (or for that matter a company, see below) to share in the proceeds of sale of a debtor’s personalty. A creditor is usually required to obtain judgment against the debtor and then seek to execute the judgment against the debtor’s personalty through the Office of HM Sheriff. Alternatively, a creditor may apply directly for arrest of the debtor’s personalty, without first obtaining judgment for the debt, where there is good reason for the immediate arrest of his or her assets. The arresting creditor must then apply to the Royal Court for confirmation of the arrest and permission to sell the arrested personalty. Where the proceeds of sale are insufficient to cover the judgment debt and HM Sheriff is aware of at least one other claim, unsatisfied judgment or debt notified to him, a Jurat is appointed as Commissioner for the purpose of establishing the claims of debtors and preferences before distributing the proceeds of sale accordingly.
Saisie is the procedure by which the realty of an insolvent person (or a company, see below) can be realised and distributed to creditors. A creditor who has obtained judgment against a defendant may apply to the Royal Court for a Preliminary Vesting Order (PVO). The debtor retains ownership of his or her real property but the judgment creditor has a right to make use of the premises including a right of possession and a right to receive rent from any tenant, etc.
The next step is for the debtor to be summonsed before a Jurat appointed as Commissioner who will declare the amount payable. If the amount is not paid an Interim Vesting Order (IVO) will be made, which extinguishes the judgment debtor’s title and interest in the realty and vests the property in the judgment creditor as trustee for all claimants against the realty. The Greffe then opens a register of claims against the property and claims are marshalled. There then follows a process by which claimants, starting with the lowest ranking, have the
opportunity to take the realty on condition of paying the claims of all higher ranking creditors;
or otherwise to renounce their claims. The claimant who agrees to take the realty is granted a Final Vesting Order which acts as a conveyance of the realty.
Désastre and saisie procedures permit the realisation and distribution of the assets of a person (or a company, see below) which is unable to pay his or her debts.
To that extent they perform a key function of personal insolvency law. However, they do not perform all of the functions of personal insolvency laws found in other jurisdictions. For example they do not offer the opportunity of a return to solvency without the compulsory sale of their assets. In the case of désastre the debtor is not discharged from outstanding liabilities at the end of the proceedings. Neither désastre nor saisie have any automatic consequence for the future status or activity of the debtor.
While the procedures of désastre and saisie are often considered as forming part of Guernsey’s insolvency regime there is some debate about whether they appropriately classified as insolvency proceedings or whether they are more accurately described as means of enforcing court judgements. It is generally considered that the procedures of désastre and saisie are relatively low cost and effective means of enforcing court judgements.
6.1.1.2 Statute Law
Whilst désastre and saisie are essentially customary law procedures there are a number of Laws and Ordinances that make provision in respect of such proceedings, important examples include the Preferred Debts (Guernsey) Law, 1983, the Preferred Debts, Désastre Proceedings and Miscellaneous Provisions (Guernsey and Alderney) Law, 2006, the Saisie Procedure (Simplification) Order (Guernsey), 1953, as amended.
The only personal insolvency procedure entirely governed by statute is found in the ‘Loi ayant rapport aux débiteurs et à la renonciation’ and the ‘Ordonnance relative a la renonciation’ of 1929 (‘the 1929 legislation’). These statutory provisions permit an application to be made to the Royal Court for a declaration of insolvency and are the closest equivalent in Guernsey to the English concept of bankruptcy, with the potential for the debtor eventually to be discharged from his liabilities after the realisation and distribution of his assets.
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6.2 Corporate Insolvency
6.2.1 Customary Law
Désastre and saisie procedures apply to companies in exactly the same way as they apply to individuals.
See 6.1.1.1 above.
6.2.2 Statute
In commercial insolvency, statutory provisions relating to different kinds of commercial entities are generally to be found in the legislation governing those different entities.
The most developed of these are the administration and winding up provisions found in the Companies (Guernsey) Law, 2008 (“the Companies Law”) ; particularly Parts XXI, XXII, XXIII XXIV and Part XXVIII (in respect of Incorporated Cell Companies) and also the receivership provisions in Part XXVII (Protected Cell Companies).
Other legislation containing provisions that can be described as insolvency procedures include the Partnerships (Guernsey) Law, 1995, Limited Partnerships (Guernsey) Law, 1995, the Foundations (Guernsey) Law, 2012 and the Limited Liability Partnerships (Guernsey) Law,2013.
A general feature of Guernsey’s statutory insolvency regime is that it is relatively less developed than many other jurisdictions. For example in the Companies Law the entire insolvency regime is fewer than 70 sections. This compares to other jurisdictions which have many hundreds of sections in statute plus a separate rules and regulations which set down the procedure to be followed by administrators and liquidators when dealing with insolvent companies.
6.3 Why is a Review of Guernsey’s Insolvency Law Necessary?
Guernsey’s insolvency law has developed over many years and there has never been an overarching review of personal and corporate insolvency procedures.
Regarding personal insolvency, the Department wants to ensure that Guernsey’s personal insolvency law provides an appropriate framework for personal insolvency in the 21st century, appropriately balancing the interests of the individual, creditors and society in general.
Regarding commercial insolvency law, Guernsey is a leading international finance centre and, as such, requires world class commercial insolvency law. Increasingly, the insolvency regimes of jurisdictions are considered when decisions are made about where locate business. Commercial entities, their investors and creditors require confidence that appropriate procedures are in place should the entity run into financial difficulties. The Department’s preliminary view is that whilst our current insolvency regime has worked well, some areas of our commercial insolvency legislation are underdeveloped at present in comparison to other jurisdictions’ laws and that existing provisions should be reviewed to ensure that Guernsey continues to be an attractive place to do business and to maintain its status as a leading international finance centre.
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