Elementos en el análisis de riesgos

This research has provided considerable insight into the successes and failures of recycled water projects across study sites of SEQ, Perth, Orange County and San Diego. The following section outlines the key lessons learnt from these case studies. We firstly describe the important lessons learnt from the failure of the implementation of SEQ’s Western corridor project and then provide a more general summary of participants’ feedback on lessons learnt across all sites.

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9.4.1 SEQ

SEQ interviewees across all stakeholder groups expressed disappointment that despite substantial effort and investment, the Western Corridor Recycled Water project did not go ahead as a potable reuse project as planned. As one industry professional put it:

“It effectively absorbed a couple of years of my professional life… that whole process was very disappointing to see it all fail at the finish line”.

9.4.1.1Lack of political commitment

A key technical expert involved with the implementation of the project described a lack of political commitment and leadership as the key reason behind the failure of the project to go ahead.

“The political commitment wasn't there. I think if the political commitment had been there, and the political will had been there, it could have been made to happen. In my opinion, the community was looking for some leadership in the space. The government didn’t want to risk it. So, they ran away”.

“It's pretty clear they were looking at a very tight election…They were concerned to get any potential issues off the table and they looked around and they said ‘what issues could derail the government over the next four months’ and one of them was recycled water. So, they took a decision, which if I dare say it, was utterly politically expedient and said, well, we'll get it off the agenda. So, they did”.

A policy professional also noted that another reason for the failure was because the government was not totally committed to Western Corridor project. As will be

discussed in the following section, the project was just one mechanism of a larger drought proofing plan. As this policy professional noted:

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“I don't think the Government was ever committed to potable reuse. They were committed to overcoming the drought in south-east Queensland, PRW (purified recycled water) was just one mechanism for achieving that”.

9.4.1.2Over-investment in infrastructure

The same interviewee said that the attempt to “drought proof” SEQ had resulted in over-investment in infrastructure (e.g., the Water Grid, the Western corridor project, three Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plants, the Tugun Desalination Plant, and the proposed Traveston Dam). A communication expert added that the restructuring of the water industry at the same time presented too many changes for public to accept.

A project engineer also noted that politicians didn’t seem to have a strong understanding of how the infrastructure works:

“I think the politicians still haven't got their heads around, that if you run out of water – ‘so you turn on the desal plant, you turn on the recycling plant and you'll be alright’. But, it's not designed that way. It's designed as a supplement to the water supply, not a replacement, But I think that's beyond the grasp of most of the politicians to understand that”.

9.4.1.3Insufficient investment in stakeholder engagement

Despite over-investing in infrastructure, SEQ industry and communication professionals reported under- investment in stakeholder engagement and an appropriate visitor centre. One interviewee identified not prioritising stakeholder engagement and a visitor centre as the key lessons learnt in SEQ. Another

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described the inadequacy of engagement and the small demonstration plant at Luggage Point below:

“I guess it illustrated that you can't do these things in a half-hearted fashion. If you're going to build a demonstration plant, build a proper one, resource it properly and make it attractive for people to want to visit. Luggage Point had a couple of open days out there… But the vast majority of people who went to the open day... It was mostly friends and relatives of the people involved in the project, it wasn't the general public”.

9.4.1.4Burdensome regulations

As with other case study sites, developing the regulations for recycled water in SEQ was described as a difficult process; complicated by the fact that there was no actual regulation of drinking water in SEQ before 2008. The development of recycled water regulations was described as “an inefficient process” with a bureaucratic approach rather than a risk- based approach. The regulations themselves were also described as “burdensome”.

Another interviewee added:

“But another problem I think we had was that from a regulatory point of view it was always quite uncertain what we could and couldn't do, and these sorts of regulatory controls are there for good reason. You don't want to poison the population. But I think that there's probably a better way of doing this so that you can actually do things to build public confidence, and the way I understood the regulations it was at least uncertain, if not impossible for us to have a pilot plant that produced water for people to consume or to thrust a bottle and then consume it later”.

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The SEQ context is a clear example of how, by attempting to fast-track the project, the critical elements for the successful implementation were not able to be applied, resulting in its failure to be implemented as intended.

A communications professional summed up the lessons learnt from the SEQ context this way:

“It was the lesson learnt… was that you can spend $2.5 billion, you can build something at break neck pace and you can win a variety of awards, state, national and international all the way up to winning the International Water Association's highest award - and all of that can come to nothing if you haven't got the confidence of the key decision makers at the time”.

9.4.2 General

Interestingly, a number of technical experts highlighted the role of communication and engagement in the success of recycled water projects. As this interviewee put it: “Projects like the Groundwater Replenishment System are really more

communication projects than they are engineering projects. The engineers aren’t thrilled to hear that because they see building projects as the important part. ‘We build it, we get it right, we produce high quality, we're done’; but convincing the public - that it's the right thing to do… they may understand that you can do it but

convincing them that that's what you should do, I think that's a tougher job - selling the public on the idea that this is the best way to bolster the reliability of their water supply. Just engineering, designing, building the project, even operating it well isn’t enough if the public doesn’t have confidence”.

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In general, participants from all stakeholder groups emphasised the importance of a balanced approach towards the technology, regulation and stakeholder engagement. As this water industry professional summarised:

“Actually I think the key lesson learned is that there are a number of different pieces that need to be integrated together. The pieces are the education and outreach components. Demonstrating the technical aspects to the regulators, having an Independent Advisory Panel that looked over all the results - Integrating all those together. They're all thought of as parts of a project. I think if I were to describe the key successes – they are that we gave equal consideration to education outreach that we did to technical and that we did to the Independent Advisory Panel that supported the work of the regulators”.

9.5

Conclusions

In line with previous research and with cultural cognition theory, scientists, policy and regulation professionals, politicians and the public were shown to hold quite different perceptions of water reuse risks depending on their professional training, work role, personal values and/or experiences. This research has highlighted a number of strategies that have been used successfully to overcome these cultural barriers and facilitate effective stakeholder communication and engagement. Critical elements for successful implementation of recycled water projects have also been identified. Valuable lessons learnt from the successes and failures of these case studies have also been outlined.

9.5.1 NDEEP products

Sub-stream 2.3 will take the key findings from this research and work collaboratively with other Streams and sub-streams to develop appropriate evidence-based

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form of toolkit or decision support tool for assisting utilities or government agencies when considering the implementation of recycled water projects.

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