CICLO SUPERIOR
EN ARTES VISUALES
organic cages to selectively separate Xe from Kr under conditions mimicking those experienced in the reprocessing of used-nuclear fuel.
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39
Chapter 2
40
2.1 Gas Adsorption Theory and Measurements
Gas adsorption isotherms were used to characterise the porous properties of the POC molecules presented herein. For CC14 and CC16 – 19, volumetric adsorption isotherms using N2 gas were run to determine the surface areas and PSDs of both
amorphous and crystalline samples, where appropriate. Other relevant gases (H2 and CO2) were also analysed, as well as Xe and Kr for CC14. Gravimetric
adsorption isotherms for Xe and Kr for the powder samples of CC1β and CC3 were analysed in order to make direct comparisons with the uptake values obtained from previously run volumetric adsorption isotherms. Dynamic breakthrough measurements for samples of CC1β and CC3 in their pellet formwere conducted to examine the ability of these porous materials to separate Xe from Kr at industrially- relevant concentrations.
2.1.1 Gas Adsorption Theory
The term adsorption is used to describe the process by which a molecule (the adsorbate) forms a bond to the surface (the adsorbent).1 In the interests of this work, the adsorbate consists of gaseous molecules, while the adsorbent is a porous material consisting of discrete organic cage molecules. To characterise the properties of a particular porous material, gas adsorption measurements are used to determine its surface area, PSD and pore size.
Adsorption is a spontaneous and exothermic process and can be split into two categories: physisorption and chemisorption. In physisorption, no chemical bond is formed, with the interaction arising from weak van der Waals forces between the gas molecules and the surface. As the bonding is generally fragile, it tends to be a reversible process, with the adsorbate layer in equilibrium with the molecules of the gas phase.1 All gases physisorb below their condensation temperature. On the other hand, chemisorption involves electron transfer, resulting in the formation of a true chemical bond between the adsorbate and the surface. This is distinguished from physisorption by its higher heat of adsorption. Whilst chemisorption is limited to the formation of a single layer (monolayer) of adsorbates on the surface, physisorption also allows the formation of multilayers, providing the pores of the material are large enough to facilitate this.
41
2.1.2 Langmuir Adsorption Model
There are two major models which describe the adsorption of gaseous molecules to a surface, the first of which is the Langmuir adsorption model.2 The Langmuir isotherm is used to determine the total surface area, but applies only to monolayer adsorption and involves a number of assumptions which paradoxically may not be relevant to actual porous materials:1
1. All adsorption sites are equivalent and may be occupied by only one adsorbate molecule
2. A dynamic equilibrium exists between the molecules in the gas phase and the adsorbed layer
3. If an adsorbate molecule collides with a vacant adsorption site, it forms a