SISTEMA DE ACCESO AL EMPLEO PÚBLICO EN REINO UNIDO
II. ESTRUCTURA Y ACCESO AL EMPLEO PÚBLICO 1. Legislación aplicable
\\\\ What is the net gain of anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of lactate ?
\\\ 1 mol of ATP.
\\\ 1 mol of NADH.
\\ 2 mol of ATP.
\\\ 2 mol of NADH.
\\\\ During strenuous exercise, the NADH formed in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in skeletal muscle must be reoxidized to NAD+ if glycolysis is to continue. What is the most important reaction involved in the reoxidation of NADH ?
\\\ glucose 6-phosphate ---- fructose 6-phosphate
\\\ isocitrate ---- alpha-ketoglutarate
\\\ oxaloacetate --- malate
\\ pyruvate --- lactate
\\\\ pyruvate (producing during glycolysis) in the erythrocyte further metabolizes into:
\\\ CO2.
\\\ glucose.
\\\ hemoglobin.
\\ lactate.
\\\\ Which of these cofactors participates directly in most of the oxidation-reduction reactions in the fermentation of glucose to lactate?
\\\ ADP
\\\ ATP
\\\ FAD/FADH2
\\ NAD+/NADH
\\\\ Which of the following is not involved in steps of glycolysis between glyceraldehyde phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate?
\\\ catalysis by phosphoglycerate kinase.
\\ oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
\\\ the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
\\\ utilization of Pi.
\\\\ By what enzyme is catalyzed the first reaction in glycolysis that results in formation of an energy-rich compound (i.e., a compound whose hydrolysis has a highly negative delta G'°)?
\\ glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
\\\ hexokinase.
\\\ phosphofructokinase-1.
\\\ triose phosphate isomerase.
\\\\ What enzyme catalyzes glycogen conversion to monosaccharide units?
\\\ glucokinase.
\\\ glucose-6-phosphatase
\\ glycogen phosphorylase.
\\\ glycogen synthase.
\\\\ Which of the following compounds cannot serve as the starting material for the synthesis of glucose via gluconeogenesis?
\\ acetate
\\\ glycerol
\\\ lactate
\\\ oxaloacetate
\\\\ What enzyme uses in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
\\ 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.
\\\ glucose 6-phosphatase.
\\\ hexokinase.
\\\ phosphofructokinase-1.
\\\\ Which one of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is false?
\\\ For starting materials, it can use carbon skeletons derived from certain amino acids.
\\\ It employs the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase.
\\\ It is one of the ways that mammals maintain normal blood glucose levels between meals.
\\ It produces metabolic energy (ATP or GTP).
\\\\ Which of the following enzymes is involved only in the flow of carbon from glucose to lactate (glycolysis) and not in the reversal of this flow (gluconeogenesis)?
\\\ 3-phosphoglycerate kinase.
\\\ aldolase.
\\ phosphofructokinase-1.
\\\ phosphoglucoisomerase.
\\\\ What is characteristic feature of gluconeogenesis in humans?
\\ can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose.
\\\ helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal.
\\\ is activated by the hormone insulin
\\\ requires the enzyme hexokinase.
\\\\ Which of the following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver?
\\\ alanine
\\\ glutamate
\\ palmitate
\\\ pyruvate
\\\\ What is the main function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
\\\ provide a mechanism for the utilization of the carbon skeletons of excess amino acids.
\\\ supply energy.
\\\ supply NADH.
\\ supply pentoses and NADPH.
\\\\ Which of the following enzymes acts in the pentose phosphate pathway?
\\ 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
\\\ Glycogen phosphorylase
\\\ Phosphofructokinase-1
\\\ Pyruvate kinase
\\\\ What reaction is catalyzed by glycogen-branching enzyme?
\\\ degradation of (alpha1 - 4) linkages in glycogen
\\\ formation of (alpha1 - 4) linkages in glycogen.
\\ formation of (alpha 1 - 6) linkages during glycogen synthesis.
\\\ glycogen degradation in tree branches.
\\\\ What is the characteristic for glycogenin:
\\\ catalyzes the conversion of starch into glycogen.
\\\ is the enzyme responsible for forming branches in glycogen.
\\\ is the gene that encodes glycogen synthase.
\\ is the primer on which new glycogen chains are initiated.
\\\\ Which of the following is true of glycogen synthase?
\\\ Activation of the enzyme involves a phosphorylation.
\\ It catalyzes addition of glucose residues to the nonreducing end of a glycogen chain by formation of (alpha1 – 4) bonds.
\\\ It uses glucose-6-phosphate as donor of glucose units
\\\ The conversion of an active to an inactive form of the enzyme is controlled by the concentration of cAMP.
\\\\ What is characteristic for the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?
\\\ catalyzes a cleavage of (beta 1- 4) bonds.
\\ catalyzes a hydrolytic cleavage of (alpha 1- 4) bonds.
\\\ is a substrate for a kinase.
\\\ uses glucose 6-phosphate as a substrate.
\\\\ Gluconeogenesis must use “bypass reactions” to circumvent three reactions in the glycolytic pathway that are highly exergonic and essentially irreversible. Reactions carried out by which three of the enzymes listed must be bypassed in the gluconeogenic pathway?
\\\ Phosphoglycerate kinase, glycogen syntase, aldolase
\\ Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase-1. Pyruvate kinase
\\\ Lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase
\\\ Triosephosphate isomerase, aldolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase
\\\\ What is allosteric inhibitor of cellular isozymes of pyruvate kinase ?
\\\ high concentration of AMP.
\\ high concentration of ATP.
\\\ high concentration of citrate.
\\\ low concentration of acetyl-CoA.
\\\\ Which of the following is true of glycogen synthesis and breakdown?
\\ Phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown, and inactivates the synthetic enzyme.
\\\ Synthesis is catalyzed by the same enzyme that catalyzes breakdown.
\\\ The immediate product of glycogen breakdown is free glucose.
\\\ Under normal circumstances, glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown occur simultaneously and at high rates.
\\\\ Which combination of cofactors is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
\\\ Biotin, FAD, and TPP
\\\ NAD+, biotin, and TPP
\\\ Pyridoxal phosphate, FAD, and lipoic acid
\\ TPP, lipoic acid, and NAD+
\\\\ what is characteristic for glucokinase?
\\\ acts in the conversion of liver glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate.
\\\ converts fructose-6-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
\\\ converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate.
\\ is a hexokinase isozyme found in liver hepatocytes.
\\\\ What is The Cori cycle?
\\\ the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in skeletal muscle to drive glycogen synthesis.
\\\ the interconversion between glycogen and glucose l-phosphate.
\\ the production of lactate from glucose in peripheral tissues with the resynthesis of glucose from lactate in liver.
\\\ the synthesis of urea in liver and degradation of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia by bacteria in the gut.
\\\\ When blood glucose is abnormally high, what is released from the pancreas?
\\\ epinephrine.
\\\ glucagon.
\\ insulin.
\\\ trypsin.
\\\\ When blood glucose is abnormally low, what is released from the pancreas?
\\ glucagon.
\\\ glucose.
\\\ insulin.
\\\ trypsin.
\\\\ What type of linkages present between the glucose units of glycogen?
\\\ alpha-1,4 linkages only
\\ alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linkages.
\\\ beta-1,4 and beta-1,6 linkages.
\\\ alpha-1,6 linkages only.
\\\\ Which of the following statements is involved in the conversion of alpha-limit dextrins in intestinal carbohydrate digestion?
\\\ they cannot be digested further and are passed in the feces.
\\\ cleavage and anaerobic fermentation by bacteria in the lower gut.
\\ hydrolysis by exosaccharidases in the glucoamylase complex.
\\\ hydrolysis down to maltotriose units by the trehalase complex.
\\\\ What is the best characterization of glucose transport into muscle?
\\\ transport is elevated during starvation.
\\\ sodium ions accompany glucose as it is taken up into muscle.
\\\ uptake is mediated by GLUT-1 transporters in muscle.
\\ transport is insulin-dependent.
\\\\ What is the most important determinant of glucose homeostasis is normal individuals?
\\\ insulin.
\\ the ratio of glucagon to insulin.
\\\ levels of thyroid hormone.
\\\ plasma glucocorticoid concentrations.
\\\\ Which enzyme uses inorganic phosphate as a substrate for phosphorylation during glycolysis?
\\\ hexokinase
\\\ phosphofructokinase-1
\\\ pyruvate kinase
\\ glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
\\\\ Which is the possible product of hexokinase?
\\ glucose-6-phosphate
\\\ 6-phosphogluconate
\\\ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
\\\ glucose-1-phosphate
\\\\ All of the following statements about glycogen are true EXCEPT
\\\ A branched polymer made from glucose with a variable molecular weight between 10 and 100 million
\\\ Contains chains of glucosyl units linked by alpha-1,4 bonds with alpha-1,6 branches
\\ The many glucosyl residues that are attached to the fatty acid glycogennin are designated as the reducing ends of the polymer
\\\ The enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and degradation are bound to the surface of the glycogen particles.
\\\\ Which of the following statements about glycogen and its catabolism is NOT true?
\\\ The function of glycogen in liver is to supply glucose to the blood when needed
\\\ The function of glycogen in muscle is to supply energy for muscle contraction
\\\ When glycogenolysis in active in muscle, glycolysis is usually active
\\ Muscle, but not liver, has the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase
\\\\ What processes are activated in the liver by glucagon ?
\\\ Glycolysis and glycogenolysis
\\\ Glycolysis and glycogen synthesis
\\ Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
\\\ Gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthasis
\\\\ When glycogen is synthesized in the liver and muscle, all of the following are true EXCEPT
\\\ Glucose enters the liver cell and is phosphorylated by glucokinase to become glucose-6-phosphate
\\\ The isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, converts glucose-6-P to glucose-1-P
\\\ Glucose is transferred from UDP-glucose to a glycogen molecule by glycogen synthase
\\ Glycogen synthase is activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin
\\\\ When glycogen is degraded (catabolized), all of the following occur in both liver and muscle EXCEPT
\\\ Active glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in glycogen
\\\ Debranching enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,6-glucosidic bonds in glycogen
\\\ Glucose-1-P is converted to glucose-6-P by phosphoglucomutase
\\ glycogen degradation process initiates after taking high carbohydrate meal.
\\\\ All of the following statements about glycogen storage diseases are true EXCEPT
\\ The pathology is usually associated with the accumulation of too much glycogen in all cells of the body
\\\ In McArdle’s disease the defect is in glycogen phosphorylase
\\\ In McArdle’s disease, not enough energy can be supplied by anaerobic glycolysis during vigorous exercise
\\\ In Von Gierke’s disease, glucose-6-phosphatase is deficient
\\\\ Which statement about glucose and liver is NOT true?
\\\ A high carbohydrate meal will raise the level of blood glucose
\\\ Since the entrance of glucose into liver cells is passive, high blood glucose causes high glucose concentrations in the cytosol
\\\ Glucokinase will convert glucose to glucose-6-P when glucose concentrations are high
\\ High glucose concentrations will activate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver
\\\\ All of the following statements concerning glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis are true EXCEPT
\\\ High blood glucose and high insulin will activate glycogen synthesis and inhibit glycogen phosphorylase
\\\ A low insulin to glucagon ratio will activate glycogen phosphorylase and inhibit glycogen synthase
\\\ Exercise will increase catecholamines, activate glycogen phosphorylase and inhibit glycogen synthase
\\ Taking this test will inhibit glycogen phosphorylase and activate glycogen synthase
\\\\ All of the following statements about blood glucose and muscle are true EXCEPT
\\\ Increased blood glucose will increase insulin and cause more Glut-4 (glucose transporter-4) to enter the cell membrane
\\\ Striated muscles do not have glucagon receptors and so glucagon does not have an effect on muscle glycogen phosphorylase
\\ Catecholamines cause more insulin to be released during exercise
\\\ Catecholamines activate the cAMP cascade and glycogen phosphorylase but inhibit glycogen synthase
\\\\ The insulin to glucagon ratio is low as it usually is in both Type I and Type II diabetics. What would you expect during and immediately after a high carbohydrate meal?
\\\ The storage of glucose in muscle to be less than normal for type 2 patients but normal for type 1 patients
\\\ The storage of glucose in muscle to be less than normal for type 1 patients but normal for type 2 patients
\\ The storage of glucose in muscle and liver to be less than normal
\\\ The storage of glucose in muscle and liver to be greater than normal
\\\\ At the same time that epinephrine activates the beta receptors it also binds to alpha-1 receptors. When the alpha-1 is activated, all of the following result EXCEPT
\\\ The inactivation of glycogen synthase
\\ The activation of glycogen phosphorylase by cAMP pathway
\\\ The activation of phosphorylase kinase by Ca++-calmodulin
\\\ The activation of phospholipase C and the production of diacylglycerol
\\\\ Which of the following will result in activation of glycogen synthase?
\\\ Increased concentrations of AMP from contraction of muscle
\\\ Increased cytosolic [Ca++]
\\ Increased protein phosphatase
\\\ Increased activity of phosphorylase kinase
\\\\ All of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway are true EXCEPT
\\\ Its two functions are to produce NADPH and ribose-5-P
\\\ It uses glucose-6-P as a substrate when producing NADPH and CO2
\\\ Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the control enzyme and it is regulated by the NADPH concentration of the cell
\\ It is found in the mitochondria of liver, muscle and brain but is absent from most other tissues of the body
\\\\ If a cell only needs to synthesize ribose-5-P and not NADPH, the enzymes of the hexose monophosphate shunt what of the following substrates would use from glycolysis?
\\\ Fructose-6-phosphate and NADPH
\\\ 3-Phosphoglycerate and fructose-6-phosphate
\\ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate
\\\ Glucose-1-phosphate and lactate
\\\\ What is the main function of NADPH in most cells?
\\\ it serves as a substrate for the electron transport chain
\\\ it produces ribose-5-P from glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P
\\ it serves as a agent in detoxification reactions
\\\ it serves as an oxidizing agent in reductive biosynthesis
\\\\ You have a patient that has hemolytic anemia as a result of eating fava beans. What enzyme deficiency would the patient have?
\\\ Glucose-6-P phosphatase
\\\ Phospho fructo isomerase;
\\ Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase
\\\ 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase;
\\\\ You have a patient that has hemolytic anemia as a result of eating fava beans. What compound(s) deficiency would the patient have?
\\\ ribose-5-P and ribulose-5-P
\\ NADPH
\\\ NADH
\\\ FAD
\\\\ Your patient has glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency as a result of taking a sulfa drug. He has never been diagnosed with this disease before. He suffers from hemolysis while his white blood cells look OK. What the following statements is true?
\\\ He has no fairly common genetic disease
\\ This is probably the first time his system has been challenged with a lot of free radicals (reactive oxygen species)
\\\ He has severe deficiency of glucose-phosphate dehydrogenase activity - more than most people
\\\ Most cells were lysed because the PPP is only way for producing NADPH
\\\\ which of the following is a common intermediate in the conversion of glycerol and lactate to glucose?
\\\ Pyruvate
\\\ Oxaloacetate
\\ Glucose 6-phosphate
\\\ Phosphoenolpyruvate
\\\\ A patient presented with a bacterial infection that produced an endotoxin that inhibits
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. In this patient, then, under these conditions, glucose production from which of the following precursors would be inhibited?
\\ Alanine
\\\ Glycerol
\\\ Phosphoenolpyruvate
\\\ Galactose
\\\\ The enzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase plays a key role in the control of glycolysis exerted by the insulin to glucagon ratio. If the insulin to glucagon ratio increases, what would happen to phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase?:
\\\ Become more phosphorylated and phosphofructokinase-2 would become more active
\\\ Become less phosphorylated and phosphofructokinase-2 would become less active
\\\ Become more phosphorylated and phosphofructokinase-2 would become more active
\\ Become less phosphorylated and phosphofructokinase-2 would become more active
\\\\ What would happen with liver enzyme pyruvate kinase during a fast?
\\\ Becomes more active and more phosphorylated
\\\ Becomes more active and less phosphorylated
\\ Becomes less active and more phosphorylated
\\\ Become less active and less phosphorylated
\\\\ A patient takes sulfa drugs for the first time and develops hemolytic anemia. The other blood cells appear normal. What is the best explanation of this?
\\\ The red blood cells have more active glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
\\\ The red blood cells have more glutathione reductase activity
\\\ The red blood cells have more NADH in their cytosol
\\ The other cells have more active glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
\\\\ After ingestion of a high carbohydrate meal, which of the following is true?
\\\ Glucose uptake and utilization by adipose tissue is impaired.
\\\ Glycogen degradation is increased
\\\ Glycolysis in the liver is decreased
\\ Glucose uptake by the brain is increased
\\\\ What enzyme is activated with increased concentration of acetyl-CoA in the liver cell during gluconeogenesis?
\\ Mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase
\\\ Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
\\\ Cytosolic pyruvate carboxylase
\\\ Cytosolic pyruvate kinase
\\\\ When pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase are active, by what is prevented futile cycling?
\\\ Phosphorylation and activation of pyruvate kinase by insulin via cAMP
\\\ Dephosphorylation and inactivation of protein kinase by glucagon via cAMP
\\\ Phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase by insulin via cAMP
\\ Phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate kinase by glucagon via cAMP
\\\\ What process is activated with increase in the insulin/glucagon ratio?
\\ The dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and an increase in the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\ The phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and an increase in the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\ The phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and an decrease in the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\ The dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase and an decrease in the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
\\\\ What is characteristic for the hexose monophosphate shunt?
\\\ Found mostly in the mitochondria of muscle cells
\\\ Found mostly in the cytosol of cells that rely heavily upon anaerobic glycolysis
\\\ Found in the mitochondria of all cells
\\ Found in the cytosol of all cells
\\\\ If a cell needs to make exactly twice the amount of NADPH as ribose-5-phosphate, which glycolytic substrate(s) would be used?
\\\ Glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate
\\ Glucose-6-phosphate
\\\ Fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
\\\ Glucose-6-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
\\\\ A person fasts for 12 hours and then eats a high protein meal. About 45 minutes later their blood is analyzed. What would be blood indicators before ingestion?
\\ Insulin will be higher. Glucagon will be higher. Liver gluconeogenesis will be active.
\\\ Insulin will be lower. Glucagon will be higher. Liver glycolysis will be active.
\\\ Insulin will be lower. Glucagon will be higher. Liver gluconeogenesis will be active.
\\\ Insulin will be higher. Glucagon will be lower. Liver gluconeogenesis will be active.
\\\\ Regarding dietary glucose entering the liver following a high caloric, high carbohydrate meal which of the following statements is NOT true:
\\\ Some glucose is converted to glycerol phosphate
\\ Some glucose is released from the liver glycogen
\\\ Some glucose is used via aerobic glycolysis
\\\ Some glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
\\\\ When going from the fed state to the fasted state, the activities of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways are changed. Which one is the part of the mechanism for this change?
\\\ An increase in the activity of 3',5'-phosphosdiesterase
\\\ An increase in the activity of phosphofructokinase-2
\\ An increase in the activity of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
\\\ A decrease in the activity of protein kinase
\\\\ You meet your patient in the emergency room. She forgot that she took her first shot of insulin last night and so she took a second shot. She is now in a hypoglycemic coma. Which of the following is contributing to the low blood sugar?
\\\ Insulin has activated the cyclic AMP cascade in the liver
\\\ Insulin has activated the cyclic AMP cascade in adipose tissue
\\\ Insulin has caused an increase in ketone bodies synthesis in the liver
\\ Insulin has inhibited fructose-1,6-biphosphatase in the liver
\\\\ By what of the following Ca2+ increases glycogenolysis?
\\ activating phosphorylase kinase b, even in the absence of cAMP
\\\ binding to phosphorylase b.
\\\ Inhibiting phosphoprotein phosphatase
\\\ Activating phosphoprotein phosphatase
\\\\ What is the reason of von Gierke’s disease?
\\\ glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
\\ glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
\\\ fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase deficiency
\\\ pyruvate kinase deficiency
\\\\ In comparison with the resting state, actively contracting human muscle tissue has a:
\\\ higher concentration of ATP.
\\ higher rate of lactate formation.
\\\ lower consumption of glucose.
\\\ lower ratio of NADH to NAD+.
\\\\ Which of the following statements is incorrect?
\\\ Aerobically, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate forms acetate that enters the citric acid cycle.
\\\ In anaerobic muscle, pyruvate is converted to lactate.
\\\ Reduction of pyruvate to lactate regenerates a cofactor essential for glycolysis.
\\ Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate does not form because glycolysis does not occur.
\\\\ In humans, gluconeogenesis:
\\ can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose.
\\\ helps to reduce blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal.
\\\ is activated by the hormone insulin
\\\ requires the enzyme hexokinase.
\\\\ A 13 year-old patient with Type I diabetes mellitus, home alone, takes an insulin injection before lunch but then he gets concentrated in a videogame he is playing and does not eat. Approximately 3 hours later, he becomes sweat, shaky and confused. These symptoms have appeared as a consequence of:
\\\\ A 13 year-old patient with Type I diabetes mellitus, home alone, takes an insulin injection before lunch but then he gets concentrated in a videogame he is playing and does not eat. Approximately 3 hours later, he becomes sweat, shaky and confused. These symptoms have appeared as a consequence of: