CONCLUSIONES DE LA OPTIMIZACIÓN REALIZADA

Tobar/'Wilson'Doctrine' Stimson'Doctrine' Estrada'Doctrine'

Precludes1 recognition1 of1 any1 gov’t1 established1 by1 revolutionary1 means1 until1 constitutional1 reorganization1 by1 free1 election1 of1 representatives1

No1 recognition1 of1 a1 gov’t1 established1 through1 external1 aggression1

Since1 recognition1 has1 been1 construed1 as1 approval1 (&1 nonD recognition,1 disapproval)1 of1 gov’t1 established1 through1 judicial1 upheaval,1 a1 state1 may1 not1 issue1 a1 declaration1 giving1 recognition1 to1 such1 gov’t,1 but1 merely1 accept1 whatever1 gov’t1 is1 in1 effective1 control1 w/o1 raising1 the1 issue1 of1 recognition.11

Dealing1or1not1dealing1w/the1gov’t1 is1 not1 a1 judgment1 of1 legitimacy1 of1 the1said1gov’t1

) 1

KINDS!OF!RECOGNITION!

De)facto) 1

1 DExtended1by1the1recognizing1state1w/c1believes1that1some1of1requirements1for1recognition1are1absent.1 1 DRecognition1is1generally1provisional1and1limited1to1certain1juridical1relations.1

1 DDoes1 not1 bring1 about1 full1 diplomatic1 intercourse1 &1 does1 not1 give1 title1 to1 assets1 of1 the1 state1 held/1 situated1abroad1

1De)Jure)

) DExtended1to1gov’t1fulfilling1requirements1for1recognition1

1 Dwhen1there’s1no1specific1indication,1recognition1is1generally1considered1de1jure1 1 Drelatively1permanent1

1 Dbrings1about1full1diplomatic1intercourse1&1observance1of1diplomatic1immunities,1&11 1 Dconfers1title1to1assets1abroad1

))

EFFECTS1OF1RECOGNITION1

1 Dright1to1sue1in1courts1of1recognizing1state1 1 Dimmunity1from1jurisdiction1

1 Dentitlement1to1property1w/in1the1recognizing1state11

1 Dretroactive1 validation1 of1 the1 acts1 of1 the1 recognized1 state/govt,1 such1 as1 acts1 of1 state1 and1 thus,1 sovereign1immunity1covers1past,1present1&1future1acts1

1

RECOGNITION1OF1BELLIGERENCY;1CONDITIONS1

1. Organized1civil1gov’t1having1ctrl1&1supervision1over1the1armed1struggle1 2. Serious1&1widespread1struggle1w/uncertain1outcome1

3. Occupation1of1substantial1portion1of1the1nat’l1territory1 4. Willingness1of1rebels1to1observe1to1observe1rules1of1war1 1

EFFECTS1OF1RECOGNITION1OF1BELLIGERENCY1

) Responsibility1for1acts1of1rebels1resulting1in1injury1to1nationals1of1the1recognizing1state1shall1be1shifted1 to1the1rebel1gov’t;1

1 Legitimate1gov’t1recognizing1the1rebels1shall1observe1the1laws1of1war1in1conducting1hostilities1 1 Third1states1recognizing1the1belligerency1shall1maintain1neutrality,1and1

1 Recognition1 is1 only1 provisional1 (for1 the1 duration1 of1 the1 armed1 struggle)1 &1 only1 for1 the1 purpose1 of1 hostilities1

1

CREATION1OF1STATES1 1. Revolution1 2. Unification1 1 3. Secession1 1

4. Assertion1of1independence1 5. Agreement1

6. Attainment1of1civilization1 )

PRINCIPLE1OF1STATE1CONTINUITY1

1 StateD1continues1as1a1juristic1being1notwithstanding1changes1in1its1circumstances,1provided1only1that1 such1changes1do1not1result1in1loss1of1any1of1its1essential1elements1

1

1 Succession1of1States1 Succession1of1Governments1

1 1 1

Consequences1 D1 Political1 laws1 are1 abrogated1 while1 municipal1 laws1remain1in1force1

D1Treaties1are1discontinued,1 except1 those1 dealing1 with1 local1rights1and1duties1such1 as1 those1 establishing1 easements1and1servitudes1 D1 All1 rights1 of1 predecessor1 state1 are1 inherited1 but1 successor1 state1 can1 assume1 and1 reject1 liabilities1at1its1discretion1

D1 Rights1 of1 predecessor1 government1 are1 inherited1 by1 successor1

D1 Where1 the1 new1 government1 was1 organized1 by1 virtue1 of1 constitutional1reform1ratified1in1a1 plebiscite,1 all1 obligations1 of1 the1 predecessor1 are1 likewise1 assumed,1 however,1 where1 the1 new1 government1 established1 through1 violence,1 the1 new1 government1 may1 lawfully1 reject1 purely1 personal1 or1 political1 obligations1 of1 the1 predecessor,1 but1 not1 those1 obligations1 contracted1 by1 it1 in1 the1 ordinary1 course1of1official1business.1

)

CLASSES1OF1STATES1 A. INDEPENDENT!

1

1 Has1freedom1to1direct1&1ctrl1foreign1relations1w/o1restraint1from1other1states.1May1be:1 1

Single1 Composite1

Single1central1gov’t,1w/power1over1internal1&1external1

affairs1 2/1 more1 sovereign1 states1 joined1 together1 to1

constitute111international1person,1w/c1may1be:1 Real1union1

2/more1states1sre1 merged1under1a1unified1 authority1so1that1they1 form1a1single1

international1person1 through1w/c1they1act1as1 11entity.1

The1sy=tates1retain1their1 separate1identities,1but1 their1respective1

international1 personalities1are1

extinguished1&1blended1 in1the1new1int’l1person,1 e.g.,1the1former1United1 Arab1Republic,1w/Egypt1

&1Syria.1

Federal1union1 Combination1of12/more1 states1w/c1uponmerger,1 cease1to1be1states,1 resulting1in1the1creation1 of1a1new1state1w/full1 int’l1personality1to1 represent1them1in1their1 external1relations1as1 well1as1a1certain1degree1 of1power1over1their1 domestic1affairs1&1their1 inhabitants.1

Authority1over1 international1affairs:1 divided1between1federal1 authorities11&1the1 memberDstates;1

Authority1over1external1 affairs:1handled1solely1 by1federal1authorities1

1

1

!

B. DEPENDENT!

1 An1entity1w/c1although1theoretically1a1state,1does1not1have1full1freedom1in1the1direction1of1its1external11 affairs,1such1as1a1protectorate1(w/c1is1established1at1request1of1weaker1state1for1the1protection1by1a1strong1 power)1or1a1suzerainty(result1of1a1concession1from1a1state1to1a1former1colony1that’s1allowed1to1be1independent1 subject1to1the1retention1by1the1former1sovereign1of1certain1powers1over1the1external1affairs1of1the1latter.1E.g.,1 Bulgaria1&1Rumania,1both1suzerainties1of1the1Sultan1of1Turkey1by1virtue1of1Treaty1of1Verlin)1

!

C. NEUTRALIZED!

1

1 Independence1&1integrity1are1guaranteed1by1an1int’l1treaty1on1the1condition1that1such1state1obligates1 itself1 never1 to1 take1 up1 arms1 against1 another1 (except1 selfDdefense),1 or1 to1 enter1 into1 an1 int’l1 obli.1 as1 would1 indirectly1involved1it1in1war,1e.g.,1Switzerland,1Austria1

1

!

!

!

!

Vatican!city!&!the!Holy!See!

1 Holy1SeeD1has1all1constituent1elements1of1statehood1(people:1less1than110001individuals;1territory:1108.71 acres;1gov’t1w/the1Pope1as1head;1&1independence1by1virtue1of1Lateran1Treaty1of119291w/c1constituted1Vatican1 as1a1territory1under1sovereignty1of1Holy1See)1

1 It1has1all1the1rights1of1the1state,1including1diplomatic1intercourse,1immunity1from1foreign1jurisdiction,1 etc1

1

D. Colonies!&!Dependencies!

!

COLONY1 DEPENDENCY1

Dependent1 political1 community1 consisting1 of1 a1 number1 of1 citizens1 of1 the1 same1 country1 who1 have1 migrated1 therefrom1 to1 inhabit1 another1 country1 but1 remain1subj1of1mother1state1

Territory1 distinct1 from1 the1 country1 in1 w/c1 supreme1 sovereign1 power1 resides,1 but1 belongs1 rightfully1 to1 it,1

&subject1 to1 laws1 &1 regulations1 w/c1 sovereign1 may1 prescribe.11

1

E. Territories!under!Int’l!court!/!supervision! !

!

1 NonDselfDgoverning1 territories1 placed1 under1 int’l1 supervision/ctrl1 to1 insure1 their1 political,1 eco,1 soc1 &1 educ1advancement.1

1

1 Ex.1mandates1w/c1are1former1territorial1possessions1of1the1states1defeated1in1World1War1I1&1placed1 under1the1control1of1League1of1Nations.1Many1of1these1mandates)became1trust1territories1placed1under1the1 trusteeship1council1of1the1UN1

1

F. The!United!Nations!

1

1. Historical1development.1 2. UN1charter1

1 1

1 D1Closest1to1Consti.1Governs1relations1of1int’l1persons.1

1 DTechnically1 a1 treaty,1 a1 contract1 under1 doctrine1 of1 pacta) sunct) servanda) although1 it1 actually1 applies1 even1to1nonDmember1states,1at1least1in1so1far1as1“may1be1necessary1for1maintenance1of1international1peace1&1 security”1

1

1 Amendment:11 1

a. 2/31vote1of1GA1mem1&1ratified1by12/31of1UN1members.1

b. General1conference1called1by1majority1vote1of1GA1&1any191members1of1Security1Council1(SC),1may1 propose1amendments1by1a12/31vote1of1the1conference1&1shall1take1effect1when1ratified1by12/31of1 UN1mem1

1 Purpose:1Prevention1of1war,1maintenance1of1int’l1peace1&1security,1dev’t1of1friendly1relations1among11 the1members1of1int’l1community,1int’l1cooperation,1harmony1of1actions1of1nation1

1

3. Membership:11 1 1

Classes1 Original1or1Elective1

Qualification1 Member1must1be1a1state,1peace1loving,1accept1the1obligation1under1the1charter1and1 be1able1and1willing1to1carry1out1these1obligations1

Admission1 Decision1of12/31of1those1present1and1voting1in1the1GA1upon1recommendation1of1at1 least191members1of1the1Security1Council1

Suspension1 Same1 vote1 as1 admission.1 Suspended1 member1 cannot1 participate1 in1 GA1 meetings.1 Can’t1be1elected1to1or1continue1to1serve1in1the1Security1council,1Economic1and1social1 Council,1Trusteeship1council1but1nationals1may1continue1the1secretariat1and1the1ICJ1 although1a1member1is1still1subject1to1discharge1its1obligation1under1the1charter.1To1 lift1the1suspension,1a1qualified1majority1vote1of1the1Security1Council1is1needed.1

Expulsion1 2/31 vote1 of1 those1 present1 and1 voting1 in1 GA1 upon1 recommendation1 of1 qualified1 majority1of1SC1on1grounds1of1persistently1violating1principles1in1the1charter1

Withdrawal1 No1provision1on1withdrawal,1although1there1is1actually1no1compulsion1for1continued1 membership1 if1 the1 member1 feels1 constrained1 to1 withdraw1 due1 to1 exceptional1 circumstances1

1

4. Organs:1 1

A. General!AssemblyD1consists1of1all1members1of1organization,1each1of1w/c1is1entitled1to1send1not1more1 than151representatives1&151alternates.1Each1member1only1has111vote.11

1

1 Functions:1 1. Deliberative1 2. Supervisory1 3. Financial1 4. Elective1 5. Constituent1

1 !

B. Security!Council1D1key1organ1in1maintenance1of1int’l1peace1&1security.1 1

.1 Functions:1

1. Maintain1in’t1peace1&1security1

2. Investigate1disputes1&1call1disputants1to1settle1their1differences1through1peaceful1means1 3. Recommend1methods1of1adjustment1of1disputes1

4. Determine1existence1of1threats1to1peace,1breach1of1peace,1acts1of1aggression,1&1make1appropriate1 recommendations1

5. Undertake1preventive1&1enforcement1actions11 1

Preventive!action! Enforcement!action!

Provisional1measures1to1prevent1a1conflict1from1worsening1 Deployment1of1air,1sea,1and1land1forces,1or1in1the1 Institution1of1a1blockade.1

11

11111Domestic1jurisdiction1clause1D1SC1may1take1necessary1steps1for1settlement1of1disputes1including1preventive1 or1enforcement1action.1The1only1limitation1is1that1the1dispute11 must1be1international,1not1domestic1in1 character.1

!

C. Economic!&!Social!Council!

! !

! Composed1of1541members1elected1by1GA1for1a13yr1term.1

1 1

1 Shall1exert1efforts1towards1higher1standards1of1living,1conditions1of1economic1&1social1progress1&1dev’t,1 solutions1of1int’l1economic,1soc,11 health1&1related1problems1

1

D. Trusteeship!Council!

1

1 1

1 Duty1of1assisting1SC1&1GA1in1administration1of1Int’l1Trusteeship1system.1 1

E. Secretariat!

! !

! Chief1administrative1organ1of1UN.1Headed1by1sec1gen1chosen1by1GA1upon1recommendation1of1SC.1Sec1 GenD1highest1rep1of1UN1&1is1authorized1to1act1in1its1behalf;1his1staff1are1also1international1civil1servants,1&1can’t1

1

F. Int’l!Court!of!Justice!

!

1 1Principal1judicial1organ1of1UN.1Composed1of1151mem,19yr1term,1must1be1of1high1moral1char1&1possess1 qualify1required1in1their1respective11 countries1for1appointment1to1their1highest1judicial1offices1

1 1

1 Jurisdiction1of1the1Court1is1based1on1the1consent1of1the1parties1in1accdce1w/the1optional1jurisdiction1 clause,1&1the1court1may1decide1on1interpretation1of1treaties,1any1question1of1int’l1law,1the1existence1of1facts1 constituting1breach1of1int’l1oblig1

1 1

G. Belligerent!Communities!

1

H. International!Administrative!Bodies!

' '

' Certain1admin1bodies1created1by1agreement1among1states,1may1be1vested1w/1int’l1personality1provided1 they1are1nonDpolitical1&1are1autonomous1&1not1subj1to1ctrl1by1any1state1

1 >Unlike1States1w/c1possess1gen1competence,1int’l1org1are1governed1by1the1principle)of)specialty,)that1is,1 they1are1invested1by1the1Stated11 w/c1create1them1w/powers,1the1limits1of1w/c1are1a1function1of1common1 interest1whose1promotion1those1states1entrust1to1them.1

1

I. Individuals!

!

D Objects,1not1subjects1of1int’l1law1

D Granted1a1certain1degree1of1int’l1personality1under1a1number1of1int’l1agreements1like:1

D UN1 Charter1 provisions,1 Universal1 Declaration1 of1 Human1 Rights1 provision1 on1 “inherent1 dignity1 &1 equal1&1inalienable1rights1of1all1members1of1human1family,1some1treaties1like1Treaty1of1Versailles,1 w/c1confer1on1individual1the1right1to1bring1suit1against1States1before1National1or1int’l1tribunals1

!

!

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