IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA REGLA DE CONSTRUCCIÓN (ANEXO 02)

Given that there is no information about individual socioeconomic status in Hospital Episode Statistics, areal socioeconomic status measures are used in this study as a proxy to individual measures. Two datasets have been employed to extract areal socioeconomic status measures, including English Indices of Multiple Deprivation 2004 and the England 2001 Census.

domains and physical deprivation domains covering the whole of England is a valuable and useful areal socioeconomic status data to help investigate whether the effects of areal socioeconomic status are consistent on different types of cardiovascular disease, whether ethnic inequalities in cardiovascular disease could be explained in the perspective of both areal socioeconomic and physical deprivation. This is reported in Chapter Six.

Given that information about socioeconomic status measured across ethnic groups is very limited in the UK, the UK 2001 Census is a significantly important data source of socioeconomic status information about different ethnic groups. Areal socioeconomic status measures are extracted from the UK 2001 Census for different ethnic groups at ward level and local authority level. These areal socioeconomic status measures are used in Chapter Six aiming to investigate the relationships between areal socioeconomic status measured specifically for different ethnic groups and ethnic inequalities in different types of cardiovascular disease, and in Chapter Seven aiming to investigate the effect of areal socioeconomic status measured specifically for different ethnic groups on cardiovascular disease survival, ethnic inequalities in cardiovascular disease survival and severity.

3.2.4.1 English Indices of Multiple Deprivation 2004

English Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 (IMD 2004) was a Lower Super Output Area (SOA) level measure of multiple deprivation. The underlying idea of indices of multiple deprivation was that the distinct dimensions of deprivation could be recognised and measured separately. The English Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 was made up of seven SOA level Domain Indices, with sub-domains for some domains. Each Domain contained a number of indicators, totalling 37 overall, based on the selection criteria, such as up to date, could be updated and could measure major features of that deprivation. The domain names, purpose of the domains and sub-domains are shown in the table below.

Domains Purpose of the Domains Sub-Domains Income

deprivation

To capture the proportion of the population experiencing income deprivation in an area.

Employment deprivation

To measure employment deprivation

conceptualised as involuntary exclusion of the working age population from the world of work.

Health

deprivation and disability

To identify areas with relatively high rates of people who die prematurely or whose quality of life is impaired by poor health or who are disabled, across the whole population.

Children/young people

Education, skills and training deprivation

To capture the extent of deprivation in terms of education, skills and training in a local area.

Skills

Wider Barriers

Barriers to Housing and Services

To measure barriers to housing and key local services.

Geographical Barriers The ‘indoors’ living environment

Living environment deprivation

To measure the extent of deprivation with respect to the characteristics of the living

environment. The ‘outdoors’ living

environment

Crime

To measure the incidence of recorded crime for four major crime themes, representing the

occurrence of personal and material

victimisation at a small area level.

Table 3-4The English Indices of Multiple Deprivation 2004 Domains

As the lowest geographical level of available ethnic minorities population data is at the ward level (could be extracted from the UK 2001 Census), the English Index of Multiple Deprivation data, which is at super output area (SOA) level, is population-weighted aggregated into higher ward level in Chapter Six.

Topics in the UK 2001 Census covered directly by questions included demographic and social information about everybody, employment and qualifications of people 16-74, households, housing and additional information collected in communal establishments. The UK 2001 Census also provided information derived from the direct responses to these questions, such as economic activity, socioeconomic classification, overcrowded accommodation (occupancy ratings/persons per room) and shared accommodation. In the census, information about identifiable individuals was never released, but was presented either as simple counts or as figures which related one topic to another at different geographical scales. The most local area was output area, each with around 125 households, based on which larger areas were built, such as wards, local and health authorities, unitary authorities, counties and government office regions. There were three kinds of standard output tables from the 2001 Census in England and Wales, which were Key Statistics, Standard Tables (including theme and Armed Forces tables) and Census Area Statistics (CAS) (including CAS theme tables). The Key Statistics data consisted of a series of 33 tables which provided a summary of the complete results of the 2001 Census. Standard Tables were a set of detailed cross-tabulations providing the output for England and Wales, which were available from national to ward level. Adding more detail to the information provided in Key Statistics and Standard Tables, Census Area Statistics (CAS) tables provided the most local detailed results from the census.

Although the 2001 Census provided comprehensive information about the UK population, information which was measured by ethnic groups was limited at small geographical areas. The table below lists all the standard tables that have socioeconomic status measures by ethnic groups in the UK 2001 Census, from which areal socioeconomic measures, including low socioeconomic class, unemployment, low qualification, living in overcrowded accommodation, living in social rented accommodation and living in shared accommodation, are extracted by ethnic groups as percentages at both Standard Table (ST) wards level and local authority level, where there are a total of 7932 ST wards and 354 local authorities in England.

Table

Number Table Title Geography

S101 Sex and age by ethnic group Wards, LADs and higher

administrative geographies S106 Household composition by ethnic group of

Household Reference Person (HRP)

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies S107 Sex and age and limiting long-term illness and

general health by ethnic group

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies S108 Sex and age and economic activity by ethnic

group

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies

S109 Sex and occupation by ethnic group Wards, LADs and higher

administrative geographies

S110 Sex and industry by ethnic group Wards, LADs and higher

administrative geographies S111 Tenure and number of cars or vans by ethnic

group of Household Reference Person (HRP)

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies

S112 Sex and NS-SeC by ethnic group Wards, LADs and higher

administrative geographies S117 Age and highest level of qualification by ethnic

group

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies S123 Shared /unshared dwelling and central heating

and occupancy rating by ethnic group

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies

S124

Shared/unshared dwelling and central heating and occupancy rating by ethnic group of Household Reference Person (HRP)

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies

S125 Sex and type of communal establishment by resident type and ethnic group

Wards, LADs and higher administrative geographies

Table 3-5Standard tables that have socioeconomic status measures by ethnic groups