Capítulo 4 Aplicaciones de la técnica
4.1 Predicción de series de tiempo
4.1.1 Información requerida en el proceso de predicción
Dosage forms
Crude drug for infusion and hydroalcoholic extracts (35). Store in a well-closed container, protected from light and moisture (1).
Posology
(Unless otherwise indicated)
Daily dosage: 160–900 mg dried 45% ethanol or 70% methanol extract (drug:extract ratio 4–7:1) standardized to contain 18.75% oligomeric pro-cyanidins (calculated as epi-catechin) or 2.2% fl avonoids (calculated as hyperoside), respectively (26–29, 31–34, 84); 1.0–1.5 g comminuted crude drug as an infusion 3–4 times daily (35). Therapeutic effects may require 4–6 weeks of continuous therapy (84).
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Defi nition
Herba Equiseti consists of the whole or cut, dried sterile aerial parts of Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) (1, 2). The same parts collected dur-ing the summer are described in the USSR pharmacopoeia as Herba Equi-seti arvensis (2).
Synonyms
E. calderi Boivin (3).
Selected vernacular names
Acker-schachtelhalm, acherschachtelhalm, ager-padderokke, åkersnelle, åkerfräken, akkerpaardestaart, at kuyrugi, baimbap, at quyroughi, bottle-brush, brusca, cauda de cavalo, chieh hsu ts’ao, coada calului, coda caval-lina, coda equine, cola de caballo, common horsetail, corn horsetail, dhanab al khail, dhanab el khayl, dhanab et faras, dutch rushes, equiseto menor, equiseto dei boschi, equiseto dei campi, equisette, equisetto, erva carnuda, false horse-tail, fi eld horsetail, foxtail, gongbangcho, heermoes, horse-pipe, horse pipes, horsetail, horsetail grass, horsetail rush, horse willow, hvoshtsh, jeinsol, jointed rush, kannenkraut, kattestaart, kilkah asb, klóelfting, koniogon, kosa tīruma, krypfräken, librus, macho, mare’s tail, meadow pine, moeraspaardestaart, mokjeok, moonhyung, paddock-pipes, peltokorte, pest’shi, petite prêle, pewterwort, pildoochae, pildooy-eup, pine grass, pinetop, polevaja sosenka, prele, prêle des champs, põl-dosi, queue de cheval, queue de rat, queue de renard, rabo de cavalo, rasperella, rävrumpa, scouring rush, shvita, snake grass, soettgi, soksae, sugina, toadpipe, tolkatshnik, tomahwang, tsukushi, vara de oro, wen ch-ing, western horsetail, zinngras, zinnkraut (3–16).
Geographical distribution
Distributed throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.
Indigenous to all of America, Europe and North Africa, as well as parts of Asia. Found widely throughout the Newly Independent States region,
with the exception of deserts, paramos and the northern regions (4, 5, 7, 8, 17–21).
Description
A perennial plant with sterile and fertile stems. Rhizomes: horizontal, up to 3 mm in diameter, layered, extending to a depth of about 1 m, brown-ish-black, branched, creeping, with blackish tubers up to 7 mm in diam-eter. Roots: at the bases of lateral branch buds, on both rhizomes and erect shoots. Fertile stems: ephemeral, appear early in the spring, 15–
20 cm high, up to 5 mm in diameter, unbranched, succulent, reddish or yellowish, jointed, with 6–12 blackish-brown lanceolate teeth at the joints. Cones: apical, ovate-cylindrical, blunt-tipped, 1–3.5 cm long. The strobile is situated under peltate polygons, which are pileus-like bodies, arranged in whorls; 4–7 spiral fi laments surround the green globular spores, which roll up closely around them when moist, and uncoil when dry. The fertile stem never turns green. The green, sterile shoots develop later from the rhizome, by which time the fertile shoots have usually wilted. Sterile stems: 5–15(80) cm high, erect, 6–18(20) grooved, hollow, jointed, up to 20 whorls of slender branches. Leaves scale-like, decidu-ous, inconspicudecidu-ous, in whorls at the nodes, are connected at their bases (4, 5, 18, 19, 22–27).