ESPECIALIDADES MÁS DEMANDADAS EN LA REGIÓN
IV. MODELO DE FORMACIÓN
IV.2. FUNDAMENTACIÓN DEL MODELO DE FORMACIÓN
IV.2.1. BENCHMARK INTERNACIONAL
IV.2.1.2. LAKELAND COLLEGE CANADÁ
43
Figure 5-1-a: Export values and SO2 emissions in Asia and Oceania
1.E+06
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR China Macao SAR Cyprus Rep of Korea Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey
Figure 5-1-b: Export values and NO2 emissions in Asia and Oceania
1.E+06
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR China Macao SAR Cyprus Rep of Korea Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey
44
Figure 5-1-c: Export values and CO emissions in Asia and Oceania
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13 1.E+14
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR China Macao SAR Cyprus Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia New Zealand Oman Philippines Rep of Korea Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey
Note: Horizontal axis denotes exported values and vertical axis denotes pollution emission. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
45
Figure 5-2-a: Export values and SO2 emissions in Americas
1.E+05
1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
Barbados Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay USA Venezuela
Figure 5-2-b: Export values and NO2 emissions in Americas
1.E+05
1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
Barbados Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay USA Venezuela
46
Figure 5-2-c: Export values and CO emissions in Americas
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Rep Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay USA Venezuela
Note: Horizontal axis denotes exported values and vertical axis denotes pollution emission. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
47
Figure 5-3-a: Export values and SO2 emissions in Africa
1.E+03
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11
Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Rep Comoros Côte d Ivoire Egypt Sao Tome and Principe Senegal United Rep of Tanzania Zambia
Figure 5-3-b: Export values and NO2 emissions in Africa
1.E+03
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11
Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Rep Comoros Côte d Ivoire Egypt Sao Tome and Principe Senegal United Rep of Tanzania Zambia
48
Figure 5-3-c: Export values and CO emissions in Africa
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11
Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Rep Comoros Côte d Ivoire Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sudan Togo Tunisia Uganda United Rep of Tanzania Zambia
Note: Horizontal axis denotes exported values and vertical axis denotes pollution emission. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
49
Figure 5-4-a: Export values and SO2 emissions in Europe
1.E+07
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Albania Rep of Moldova Russian Federation TFYR of Macedonia Ukraine United Kingdom
Figure 5-4-b: Export values and NO2 emissions in Europe
1.E+07
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Albania Rep of Moldova Russian Federation TFYR of Macedonia Ukraine United Kingdom
50
Figure 5-4-c: Export values and CO emissions in Europe
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Rep Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rep of Moldova Russian Federation Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland TFYR of Macedonia Ukraine United Kingdom
Note: Horizontal axis denotes exported values and vertical axis denotes pollution emission. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
51
Figure 6-1. Unadjusted and Adjusted SO2 emissions of exporting countries (2000)
ALB
PAN PNGPRY PER
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Adjusted SO2
Unadjusted SO2
52
Figure 6-2. Unadjusted and Adjusted NO2 emissions of exporting countries (2000)
ALB
GINGUY HNDGTM
HUN
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Adjusted NO2
Unadjusted NO2
53
Figure 6-3. Unadjusted and Adjusted CO emissions of exporting countries (2000)
ALB
GINGUY HND GTM
HUN
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Adjusted CO
Unadjusted CO
54
Figure 7-1. Unadjusted and Adjusted SO2 emissions of importing countries (2000)
ALB
CIV HRVCRI CUB
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Adjusted SO2
Unadjusted SO2
55
Figure 7-2. Unadjusted and Adjusted NO2 emissions of importing countries (2000)
ALB
LSO LTU LUX
MDG
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Adjusted NO2
Unadjusted NO2
56
Figure 7-3. Unadjusted and Adjusted CO emissions of importing countries (2000)
ALB
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Adjusted CO
Unadjusted CO
57
Figure 8-1. Brazil’s export and its pollution emissions
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Export
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition) SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
Figure 8-2. China’s export and its pollution emissions
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Export
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition) SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
58
Figure 8-3. India’s export and its pollution emissions
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Export
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
Figure 8-4. Russia’s export and its pollution emissions
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Export
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
59
Figure 8-5. Japan’s export and its pollution emissions
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Export
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
Figure 8-6. Mexico’s export and its pollution emissions
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Export
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
60
Figure 8-7. The US export and its pollution emissions
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Export
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
61
Figure 9-1. Brazil’s import and its pollution emissions
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Import
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
62
Figure 9-2. China’s import and its pollution emissions
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
Import
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
63
Figure 9-3. India’s import and its pollution emissions
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Import
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
64
Figure 9-4. Russia’s import and its pollution emissions
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Import
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
65
Figure 9-5. Japan’s import and its pollution emissions
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Import
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
66
Figure 9-6. Mexico’s import and its pollution emissions
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Import
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
67
Figure 9-7. The US import and its pollution emissions
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Import
SO2 (scale+composition) NO2 (scale+composition) CO (scale+composition)
SO2 (scale+composition+technique) NO2 (scale+composition+technique) CO (scale+composition+technique)
68 Appendix: Additional figures
Figure A1-a Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by export in Asia and Oceania
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China
China Hong Kong SAR China Macao SAR Cyprus Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia New Zealand Oman Philippines Rep of Korea Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by export. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
69
FigureA1-b Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by export in Americas
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Rep Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay USA
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by export. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
70
Figure A1-c Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by export in Africa
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Rep Comoros Côte d Ivoire Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sudan Togo Tunisia Uganda United Rep of Tanzania Zambia
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by export. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
71
Figure A1-d Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by export in Europe
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Rep Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rep of Moldova Russian Federation Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland TFYR of Macedonia Ukraine United Kingdom
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by export. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
72
Figure A2-a Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by import in Asia and Oceania
1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR China Macao SAR Cyprus French Polynesia Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia New Caledonia New Zealand Oman Philippines Rep of Korea Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by import. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
73
FigureA2-b Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by import in Americas
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Ecuador El Salvador Greenland Grenada Guatemala Guyana Honduras Jamaica Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay USA Venezuela
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by import. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
74
Figure A2-c Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by import in Africa
1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Rep Comoros Côte d Ivoire Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sudan Togo Tunisia Uganda United Rep of Tanzania Zambia
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by import. These values are scaled in the logarithm.
75
Figure A2-d Unadjusted and adjusted SO2 emissions by import in Europe
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13
Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Rep Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Rep of Moldova Russian Federation Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland TFYR of Macedonia Ukraine United Kingdom
Note: Horizontal axis denotes unadjusted SO2 emission and vertical axis denotes adjusted SO2 emission by import. These values are scaled in the logarithm.