Latimer ideó este tipo de diagrama, bastante simple, donde el valor del potencial normal (en voltios) se escribe sobre una línea recta que conecta especies de un elemento en distintos

1. The office which dealt with the revenues of the Rmperor was called Khalsa Sharifa,Khalsa Jaftar or iJaalsa Cutchery0Tne un-assigned revenue paying areas were called Huzury Kafels.Normally the provincial Diwan, and in Bengal since Shuja Khan’s time, the Rai Rayan,headed the office.>ir Qasin abolish­ ed the post of Rai-Ray&n and it was restored in 1772 by Hastings*

2. LIT f l55;Trial Papers,II,f200. to Hancock,HApr *70,Add Ksa-29125 4* Harwell’s letter 21 Jan ’66*211,IX,80. 5oB5C,10 and 19 Feb,1766® 31-32

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The way was thus opened for Reza Khan to lend the cover of government to Syke^ private trade in different commodities! Sykes fully utilised the opportunity,30 much so that Barwoll in one of his letters home* written on 28 February 1768, complained that

"the exclusive right he has to the trade in Saltpetre, wood and silk is besides a fixed and certain advantage. The saltpetre gives him Rs and for which he does not advance one rupeej the wood in the same manner; but the silk he does advance on* The two former he deals in through the influence of the government, the last through his influence as Chief of Cossimbazar factory"* 2

Meanwhile, public expression of the new harmony between Reza Khan and Sykes was given in April 1766, when Clive, accompanied by Camac , came to Murshidabad for the first Punyah held ;inc • the Company1s accession to the Diwani* For the first time the Company, in the person of its governor Clive, took its seat at the public Durbar in the capacity of Diwan, second in

rank to the Nawab, in the foughal subah of Bengal0Clive was not ignorant of the value of such ceremonies - if he had be^n^Camac with his long . c experience of Indian courts could have assured him that even "the princes in the midst of distress keep up all the face of royalty"* The Punyah was held with full pomp and ceremony, at a cost ef Rs 2,16,870-10-10*^ The Khan rejoiced at the restoration of the dignity of his government, Sykes at the profit on the provision of Khilatsi and Clive, C^mac and Sykes assured the Select Committee that the whole proceeding had beon worthwhile* " We thought it by no means advisable to deviate, upon slight occasion, from the estab­ lished forms and customs of this anniversary*'* In their same letter of 30 April 1766, they added, that "the expence hath formerly been charged to the

government; it must therefore, now of coerce , be brought to the Company’s account; but the amount was so inconsiderable it was scarce worthwhile to introduce any innovation that might lessen their dignity in the eyes of the people.^tn fact, howevor, the cost^tf the Punyah Khilats were covered by a new tax, the BhA_Khilat, but neither costs of the ceremony, nor receipts from the new tax , kept by the ministers in a separate aocount, were showa in the Company’s books0 Sykes explained xtha dttpoe&lment to Be char in 1769 1* Barwell, affected in timber trade put it thust " They^Sel* ComJ7had come

t* the resolution ef indulging ^Sykes With exclusive right to trade * • 0 by decreeing it an exclusive right of the Nabob’s"iletter 1 ,IX*9C c 2. BPP, X , 50*

3e Carnae’s letter 6 Feb* BSC 17 Feb 1761*

4* 3SC, 28 Apr 1770. . .

5* Ruotedi Ban^arji, DoN* Barly L?nd Revenue System in Bengal’and Bihar.21 ft1

m

on the grounds that the Home authorities would not approve it.^

The visit of Clive and C a m e to i urshiiabad in April and May of 1766 had more than a ceremonial importance* The end of the revenue year was the right time to review achievements and plan adjustments, for Clive would not be in Bengal at the next Punyah. He could view with satisfaction his

acquisition of the Diwani - as he wrote to the Directors, "the revenues of the three provinces being now entirely under our direction, we no longer depend for the support of our military establishment on the bounty of the Subah"©^Ke was also well pleased with the arrangement for operating the grant* By the Select Committee’s estimates the net collection for the

year (1172 B.S* or 1765-66) was Rs 1,61,00,708 from Bengal and Rs 61,80,276 from Bihar, an increase of Rs 11,31t978 fcJid Rs 562,261 respectively*^ He could confidently advise his correspondents in England that the Company’s net gain would be over £2,000,000 a year0^For this splendid result Clive and the Select Committee recognised that they were indebted to Mthe

diligence and abilities" of Muhammad Reza Khan .They acknowledged SykesV "assiduity", but placed the main stress upon the Khan’s "profound knowledge in finances"for , as they said, " without the diligence and skill in the executive officers, all the attention of the Committee to support the influence of government, to enforce the obedience of the Zemindars, and to prevent fraud, embezzlement and depredations committed on the revenue,

£ would fail to produce the required effect"0

Clive had two more major demands to make of Reza Khan before he left for England : a curtailment of the Niz&mat expenses which would provide the money for an enlargement of the Company’s sepoy army, and the re-orga­ nisation of the Bihar revenue administration* Botn were initiated after the Punyah in 1766*

The idea of cutting the Nizamat expenditure was not new* Nine days before Shah Alam had formally granted the Diwani sanad Clive had written to Sykes saying :

"I do not see the least necessity for the young Nabob’s keeping se many se&poya and if a part of them be reduced a part of his i* Sykes’ letter to Becher 16 Jan 1769* BSC 28 Apr 1770*

2* Select Comnittee to Court, 8 Sep 176o*

3* ibid. ybe^increase appears te have been made on the anticipated net recefpts" after Sykes’ revision of demands in 1765, and not on the previous year’s collection*

4* Clive to Marquess of Rockingham,6 Sep 1766.iuoted* Sutherland*, Hast India Company in the 18th century Politics*138*

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allowances may be taken off, for so large a sum of money as 50 laaks will I fear distress the Company and if he can be brought to do this and accept 40 we can the better pay the King his 26o" 1

When he came to administer the Diwani grant, however, Clive realized that any such assault on the old order would be untimely and would antagonize Reza Khan0 But by April 1766, Clive was ready to raise the issue himself with Reza Khan - not with the Nawab, it might be noted, whom Clive ignored* In due course, on 19 April 1766 Clive reported privately to Verelst that Reza Khan had agreed to cut the public funds by twelve lakhs, so long spent on "useless horses, elephants,buffalos, camels etc0w,and that he, Clive,

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