Material y Métodos

Becaus e heat pump s h ave relat ively high f ixed cos ts and low runn ing cost s , their economic viab il ity is ult imately determined by th e total amount of heat required .

49

When a build ing is hea t ed constantly to a particular temperature , it s heat los s exactly balances the heat input from the heater . So a go od es t ima te of the heat loss is al s o a good estimate of the heat required to ma intain the b uilding at that t emp erature . The h eat los s can b e ac curately c alculat ed from three sets o f informat ion :

( i) indo or temperature ( s )

( ii ) thermal prop ert ies of the building

( i ii) c limat e o f the locality o f the b uilding . Th e cal culated heat los s i s approximately proport ional to the

differenc e between indoor and outdoor t emperatures . When deal ing with an air-to-air heat pump thi s temp erature d ifference b ecomes doubly important , s inc e it also determines the heat pump ' s COP .

Comfort s tandards ( inc luding t emperatures) for indoor heat ing are avail abl e . These s t andards usually refer to the condit ions that should be provided in o ff ic e b uildings . At home , the heat ing may b e regul ated accord ing to dif ferent criteria . The conditions for comfort are

discussed in sect ion 3 . 2 , and a comfo rt "s tandard" for Tasmanian hous e­ holds is derived in s ection 3 . 3 .

S ection 3 . 4 explains how Hobart ' s climate has b een "predicted" for the purpose of cal cul ating h eat ing requirements . I t al so answers s ome quest ions on the rel i ab il i ty o f s uch predi ctions , and the applicat ion of these cal culat ions to other locat ions in Tasmania. .

Thermal pro pert ies o f b uildings w ill be cons idered in Chap ter Four .

3 . 2 TH E RMAL COMFO RT

5 0

The rmal comfort may b e defined as " that condition o f mind whi ch

t:xpres ses satisfaction with the thermal environment" ( Shaw and S tephenson , 1 9 7 7 ) . A person exp eriences thennal comfort when he or she is affected by a s uitabl e comb inat ion of the rmal influences . The main factors affect ing thermal comfo rt are depicted in Figure 3 . 1 .

The human body cons tantly p ro duces heat . To b e in t hermal comfort , it mus t lose j us t the right amount of heat to its environment - too much , and the body b e comes cold ; too little , and i t b e comes ho t . The body can maintain thermal equi librium over a wide range of conditions by shivering (cold) o r sweat ing (hot ) . The range of conditions for comfort (as opposed to equilib rium) is much narrower .

B ecause it is difficul t to mathemat ically treat all the factors that af fect thermal equil ibrium, and b ecause comfort requirements vary from person to person , thermal comfort is b es t t reated as a sub.jective

phenomenon . In eval uat ions of s ub j ect ive comfo rt , a seven-po int scale is commonly used :

As s igned Numerical

Value ( vote) Comfort

ho t +3

1

warm +2

J

warm discomfo rt

sl ightly warm + 1

1

neut ral 0

j

slight ly cool - 1 comfo rt coo l -2

}

cold -3 cool discomfort

The sub j ect rating s and numerical values s hown are as used by Fanger ( 1 9 70 ) . Individual responses may differ , but t h e numerical mean o f a la rge numb er of s ub j e ct s ' rat ings will always approach the same value

( for a given set of c ond i t ions ) .

From a large amount o f exp erimental data , Fange r has derived a "comfo rt equat ion" . This equat ion uses the thermal variab les to

Head Tempera ture act iv i ty l evel metabolic rate

floor material and temperature

radiant temperature

air tempera ture

relat ive air velo city

F i g u re 3 . 1: Maj or factors affe ct ing thermal comfort

5 2 predict the mean numerical rat ing expected from a large group of

subj ect s . Op timum condit ions for thermal comfort are achieved by

adj us t ing the variab les t o p roduce a "predicted mean vot e " (PMV) o f zero . Fanger ' s comfort equat ion is qui te complex, and is not easily solved . To fac il i tate its use , Fanger has cal culated val ues of PMV for a wide range of condi t ions !! PMV i s pres ented as a funct ion o f activity level , clothing , amb ient t empe rature and relat 1ve air velocity ( these terms will be defined later in this s ect ion) . The effects o f l es s important

fact o rs , such aa humidi ty , can be adequately est imat ed by corrections to the values given by Fanger .

Even under opt imum condit ions (PMV = 0) not all sub j ects will b e at thermal comfo rt . In fact , no s tandard cond itions can b e expected to provide comfo rt for more than 95 p er cent o f sub j ect s . Mo re important i s t he percentage of diss at is f ied people under a given s et of cond itions . As condit ions c hange fro m o p t imum , the total numb er o f dissatisfied people in a group w ill increase . The proport ion of d is satisf ied people can be related to the mean vote of th e group . Likew is e , the "predicted proport ion dissat i s f ied" ( PPD) i s rela ted t o the PMV , as shown in Figure 3 . 2 . S ince the thermal variab les cannot b e maintained exactly at any opt imum comb inat ion , i t is importan t t o know how far th ey can be allowed to change without causing a large increase in the PPD .

For pract ical purposes , fact ors a f fecting th ermal comfort c an be clas s i f ied as either personal ( e . g . metab olic ra te , clothing) or

environmental (e . g . t emperature , humidity) . Usually , a pers on will

choose his own activities and clothin g . The no rmal funct ion o f a heat er is to alter one o f the environmental variab les ( temperature) to make the p erson comfortab l e under the given c ondition s .

A p ract ical heat ing s t andard can b e derived by specifying all the thermal parameters except t empe rature . The op timum t emperature corresponds to PMV = 0 for t he given condit ions .

Fo r an act ivity level of 8 0 k cal . m- 2 hr- 1 , a clo -value o f 1 . 0 , a

rela t ive air velocity o f O . l m.s- 1 and 5 0 per cent relative humid ity , the opt imum temperature i s foun d to be 1 8 . 2 °C . These conditions will be us ed as a s tart ing p o int for evaluating the influences o f the individual variables , in the discus s ion b elow .

- 3 cold \ \ \ \ - 2 cool

Predi c te d P ropo r t ion Dissatisfied ( PPD %) - 1 s l ightly cool 0 1 sl ightly warm Predicted Mean Vo te (PMV) 2 , ' I warm

F i g u re 3 . 2 : Relat ionship b e tween comfor t (PMV) and d i s comfort (PPD)

53

3 ho t

54

Ac t i v i ty Leve l

The activity l evel ::Ls the amcnmt of heat generated by metaboLic

proces ses . Cons ider the human body as a machine , converting metabolic energy int o mechanical work at an efficiency n . As in a machine , the power input is convert ed e i ther int o work or h eat . The power input is the metabolic rate (M) . Thus , the b o dy produces work at the rate Mn , and heat at the rate M ( l n) . This heat i s pas s ed t o the surroundings r:hrough the body For c onvenience , the heat production is

exp re s s ed as heat output p e r unit of b ody surface area ( du Bois area Anu) . When i t i s expres s ed this way , i t becomes independent o f body size .

The heat product ion p e r uni t o f b o dy s iz e , for a given activity , i s al s o relatively independent o f b o dy s ize . Metaboli.c rat es and efficiencies can be phys ically det ermined for mo s t aetiv::Lties .

shown in Tab le 3 . 1 .

Some examples are

As might be expeet e d , activity l evel has a maj o r influence on thermal comfo rt . In Figure 3 . 3 , the effects on PMV and PPD of vary ing the act ivity l evel are s hown , in comparison with the effect s of varying the other thermal parameters

conditions ment ioned above .

Th<"! variations relate to the standard

Reducing the act ivit y l evel from 80 k caL m- 2 hr- 1 to about 50 kcal . m- 2 hr- 1 changes the the rmal s ensatl.on from neut ral t o s lightly cool .

Increas ing i t t o 1 30 k cal . rn�� z hr- 1 resul t s in a vot e of slightly warm . Metabol ic heat als o contributes to the heating o f a b uilding . In calculat ions of the a i r- cond i t ioning load of office b uildings , it is cus tomary to add allowances for metab o l ic heat and the heat produced by l ight s and o ther appl iances . The con tribution o f metabolic heat can b e es t imated f rom activity level s . A s edentary p ers on has a metabolic rat e o f 5 0 k cal . m- 2 hr- 1 • The average pers on has a surface area o f around 1 . 7 7 m2 • Hence , the hea t ing cont ribut :Lon o f a s edentary person i s 88 . 5 k cal . hr- 1 , or 1 0 3 wat t s . Moderat e hous ework doubles this c ontri.but ion to around 200 wat t s .

C l o t h i n g

Clothing p rovi des thermal res is tance t o the body ' s loss of metabolic heat . Heavier clothing reduces the b o dy ' s l o s s o f heat , caus ing the

Tab l e _{3 . 1 :} Met abolic ra tes for selected activit ies . 1

Metab ol i c rate Mechan ical Rel at ive velocity

Act ivi ty M/Anu effi.ciency in s till air

kcaL hr-· 1 . m-· 2 n m . s - 1 --- Sleeping 35 0 0 Seated, quiet 50 0 0 Standing , relaxed

\

60 0 0 Walking (level , I _{I 1 30 0 1 . 3} 4 . 8 km/h) House cleaning 100 � 1 70 0 � 0 . 1 0 . 1 � 0 . 3 Cooking 80 - 100 0

Washing dis hes , _{8 0 0 0 - 0 . 2}

st anding

Shaving, was hing _{85 0 0 - 0 . 2}

and dres s ing

�--�·--·----""' ... ----·-·--

Compiled from a t ab l e in Fanger ( 1 9 70) .

Ta b l e 3 . 2 : Data for different clothing ens embles

( from Fanger , 1 9 70) .

Cl oth ing Ensemble I c1 (clo

Nude ₀

Typical t ropical clothing ensemble 0 . 3-0 . 4

Light summer c lo thing _{0 . 5}

;

Typical b us lnes s suit 1 . 0

I I

Heavy tradi t ional European business sui t 1 . 5

---· ---

body to become warmer . Thus , PMV is higher when h eavier clo thing is worn .

The thermal res is t ance of clothing is measured by a t erm called the "clo-value " , Tel . The clo-·value is a di.mens ionless term for the total thermal resistance f rom the sk:in to the outer surfac e of the clo thed body. Examples o f clo··values a re given in Tab l e 3 . 2 .

It can b e s een in F igure 3 . 3 that clothing has an imp ortant role in det ermining comfo rt .

cent of people who

This fact can b e used to advantage by the 5 per either cool or warm discomfor t under

56

o pt imum standard condi t ions . They can comp ensate for their discomfort by wearing more or l es s c lo thes . At home , where they can choose thei r own p ersonal opt imum conditions , they may compensate b y varying the tempe rature rather than their clothing .

Re l a t i ve A i r V e l oc i t y

A l arge part of t h e b o dy ' s heat l o s s occurs by convect ion , f rom the outer surface o f the clothing . Some h eat loss also occurs by

evapo rat ion o f sweat , though under comfort condi tions the rat e of sweat secretion is not usually large . Both o f these h eat losses increase as wind s peed increas e s . The more vigorous act ivities ( Table 3 . 1 )

generate their own relat ive air velo cities , even i.n s till air . For the low relat ive velocit ies experieneed in buildings , the effe ct on comfort is moderate ( Figure 3 . 3) .

H um i d i t y

As well as by evapo rat ion o f sweat , the body lo ses latent heat in

resp i rat ion . Air i s b reathed ln at normal atmospheric t emperature and humidity . I t is b r eathed out at approximately 34 °C and 3 p er cen t

(weight for weigh t ) ab solute humid ity ratio . The latent resp irat ion heat los s depends on the amom1t of water vapour added to the air by the l ungs . So the latent res piration heat loss will be lower at higher humidities , as w ill b e the latent heat loss from sweating .

As shown in Figure 3 . 3 , humidity has only a small effect on thermal comfo rt .

5 7 Ta b l e 3 . 3 : P redi c ted mean vot e ( sel ected

value s from Fanger , 1 9 70 ) .

ActivHy l .. c·\ d S u � - -� � 111'hr

- · · - - -· ,_ -··� -··-·�·�--- - . --�-�---�--- --·-·· ··--·----�---�---·�----···-·�---�--�

Clotlun� H. d <! I I I. C Vclo�HY (ill/.:.) l cmp. do · c ll. I U 0 26 _{1 o .?.} 1 . 62 _{J .'J&} Ll4 2 7 . l ll<J I 1�1 I .It> 1 . 6'.1 2 M . l) l'J 0 . 4 2 0. 7₆ 1 .05 29. lU I 0 I l 0._{1 5} .. 0. 39 30. _V Mll 0.6K (I 45 0 . 26 J J . I ]'.I 1.₂5 I . _lib 0.94 32. l . IJ6 I . K l 1 . 7 1 I 6 1 J J . 2 _��� 24 1 2 34 2 . 2Y 0 . 2 5 24 I _'L2 I s -� I 1\0 _{2 ()(, 2} 4 7 2 5 . I ��� I O l I _{J l} I 5 7 I _IJ4 2.24 l.4H 2 6 . 0 � K O._{b l t l} H"l I .OH I 4 1 1.67 I M'l ·- 2 bb 2 7 . ( } 1 2 0._{1 7 tl} 4U li. \ H _{u t O} 1 . 1 0 I 29 1 n . 2 . 4 1 2H. (} .14 0.2₇ II 0 7 0 I�J 0 _{1 4 0.} 5 3 _u 7 0 I 28 : (Jh 29. O.KU 0 7 1 11 \.1 0 4 1 0 20 0.04 0 _{I ll o.} l H 0.�0 JO. 1 . 2 5 1 . 1 _j 1. 0₂ 0 . � 1 11 74 0 . 6 1 IUO 0 . 1 1 _. 0.14 3 1 . 1 . 7 1 1 . 6 1 I \ 1 1 . 4 3 I . Jll 1 . 20 1 . 1 2 O.HJ 0.6.1 0. 50 2 3 . 1 . 1 0 1 . 1 0 I I I I ₅ I _{I '/H} 1 . ()� 2. 1 t. 24. 0. 7 2 0.74 0 ·�� I I I I 1 6 I . 55 1. 70 - 2 . 2 2 2 5 . - O . H 0 . 38 _{(J 56 0. 7 1} lJ 'J4 1 . 1 1 - 1.25 - 1 . 7 1 I . 'J'J 2 6 . 0.04 -- 0 . 0 1 II I H _{ll .l l (J \ I} . 0.66 -- 0. 7') --1.19 ·- I 44

27. 0.42 0 . 3 5 (} )() O.(�J IJ.(JH 0 . 2 2 O . . J J -0.68 - O.'JO

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2U. 1 . 1 2 1 .0 5 o.'Jo 0.90 ₀ MIJ 0 . 7 3 0.67 0.48 0.37

1 .00 2l). U . H ₅ -- O.WI I u} I I _J I .!.'1 1 . 4 1 _{J 5 1 U l} - · I .YH

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2 3 . - 0. 0 2 -0.07 _{0 I K 0.27} (J 1iJ 0.49 0. 56 (I 79 .. 0.93 2 4 . u 2 6 0. 20 _{IJ IO} 0.02 \_) (i'J O. I H -- lU S 0 4 6 -- O . S H 2 5 . 0 1 3 0 4 U iJ I H (I l l 0. 2 1 O. l.l 0.07 () 1 2 - -(J. 2J 26. O.H I 0 . 7 5 ll iJh (I 60 _o I I 0.44 0 . 3 � 0 . 22 0. 1 3 27. I.OU 1 .02 () '! 5 O.H'J _{O . H} I 0 . 7 5 0 . 7 1 0 . 5 6 0.48 1 .25 I ll. l..l 7 1 . 3 7 I 5 1 l . tJ 2 I 7 o l . h� - I . YH 2.₂₆ .. 2 . 4 1 18. O. H1J ll . � l I 114 1 . 1 4 I _{. 2 � I . JN} - 1 . 4 6 . 1 .7 0 . . I . H4 20. 0 . 4 2 0 4 6 (I 5 7 () 6 5 il 7 7 0.86 -- 0 Y l 1 . 1 4 1 .26 2 2 . ( ) 07 0 . 0 2 u 0 1 0. 1 4 u 2 5 0 . 3 2 - O . :I H ... 0 . 5 6 - 0 .66 24. 0. 16 0 . 5 0 (I 4 1 (), 3 7 0 2 H 0 . 2 2 0. 1 7 0.02 .. 0.06 26. 1 .04 0.�9 _{(J IJ -�} O . H H _{O . b} I 0. 7 6 0 . 7 2 0. 6 1 0. 54 2H. _U3 1 .4H I 4 _{I 1 4}0 I . J4 1 . 3 1 1 . 2 H I . I Y 1 . 14 30. 2 0 1 1 .� 7 I .<JJ l . Y I I H H 1 . 8 5 I . _{H )} 1 .77 1 . 74 1 .50 14. I .ll> I .lo I <l'J I �H I 7 2 l . H 2 l . H� 2. 1 2 -· 2 . 2 5 16. {)_1;4 • O . 'J 5 I ll7 I 1 5 I 27 1.36 1 .4 3 1 . 63 -- J. 75 1 M . _IU2 0. 54 (I tl'� 0. 7 _{2 u h 2} 0.90 0.% I 14 . 1 . 24 20. IUN 0. 1 3 0 2 2 II. 2 H _{1 1 . l 7} 0.44 0.49 - 0.65 () 74 22 _{() 1}5 cuo (J 1 � 0 I N 0. 1 11 0.04 0.()0 .. 0.14 --- 0. 2 1 24. U N J) 74 u 61i 0 6 1 0. 5 7 0 . 5 2 0.49 0 . 3 7 0 . 3 1 26. 1 . 2 3 I i ll I l l I II'J I 114 1 .0 1 _o.n O.!iY 0.�4

2U. I 67 I 62 I IH I 56 _{I 52} 1 .49 1 . 4 7 1 . 40 _{1 . 3 7}

5 8

Ta b l e 3 . 3 : ( Con tinued )

AI:!IVI!)' Level !SO kcal,· m'hr

( 'hHhtnu t.ld 1 . 50 () 2 l 1 . 1 2 - 1 . 1 2 - - 1 . 29 -- 1 . 57 24. - 0.74 - 0.74 -- 0.93 -- 1 . 1 8 2 5 . -- 0. 36 - 0 36 ·- 0.57 - 0.79 26. 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 � 0. 20 - 0.40 2 7 . 0 . 3 R 0 . 3 7 0. 1 7 0.00 2M. 0.75 0.70 0 . 5 3 0.39 2':1. 1 . 1 1 1 .()4 0.90 0.79 30. 1 . 46 1 . 3 W 1 .2 7 1 . 1 9 0 � 5 l b. 2 . 2'! 2 2� ·-2 . 3 6 -- 2.o2 I d. 1 7 2 1 . 7 2 -- 1 .8 3 2.()6 ·--2 42 20 I 1 5 I 1 5 1 . 2',1 · I 49 I . NO _{l 05 l 10} - 0 SN 0 �M -- 0 . 7 3 0.90 - 1 . 1 7 I J H - U S 1. 1 7 ₂ I H 24 . 0 _{01 0} 0 1 0. 1 7 () 3 1 O. H _0. 70 O.H4 -- l .. ll 1 . 68 26 0 . 56 O H 0 . 3 9 () 29 0. 1 2 0.02 -- 0. 1 3 -- 0 . � 2 0 . 7 H 2� I 1 2 I 06 0.96 0 N9 0.77 0.67 0.59 0.3 I 0. 1 2 30 1 66 1 .60 _{1 5 4} 1 .49 1. 42 1 3 6 1 . 3 1 1.14 1 .02 u so 1 4. I M 5 . . l . b l 1 .94 -� 2. 1 2 - 240 1 6 - I ₄₀ - 1 40 .. 1 . 50 1 . 67 - 1 .92 ₂ I I 2 . 2 6 I M 0.95 _{.. () 95} I tl7 -- 1 . 2 1 -- 1 .4 3 I ₅₉ 1 . 73 - 2. 1 H .. 2.46 20 -- 0.4\) 0.4'1 0 1>2 0 7 5 - 0.94 I . OH - · 1 . 20 -- U9 _{- 1 . 8 2} 2.2. 0 . 0 3 - 0.03 O. l b - 0. 1 7 0 4 3 0. 5 5 . - 0. 65 0.9U - - I . I H 24 0.43 0. 4 1 0 . . 10 0. 2 1 0.08 . 0.02 0. 1 0 - 0.37 - 0 5 3 �6. 0.89 0 _gj 0.76 0.70 0 60 0 , 5 2 0 46 0. 2 5 0. 1 2 2M. _{1 .}34 U9 1 . 2 3 1 . 1 8 I . I I _{1 .06} 10 1 0.86 0 . 77 0 7 5 1 4. - I 1 6 -- I 1 6 1 . 26 I .lh .. 1 . 5 7 1 . 7 1 -.. 1 .82 -- 2 . 1 7 -- 2 . 3 8 1 6. ... 0. 79 .. 0.74 O.h� 1 00 - 1 . 1 7 I . :!t) . . 1 . 39 - 1 . 70 188 1 8 . .. 0.4 1 .. () 4 1 0 5 2 0.62 ... Q. 7b 0.87 - 0.96 - 1 . 2 3 1 . 39 20. ... o.04 _{0.04 0} 1 5 - 0 2 3 0.36 ... () 4 5 -- 0. 5 2 - 0. 76 0 90 12. 0 . 3 5 O l l 0 14 0 1 7 0.07 - 0 0 1 -- 0.07 - 0 . 2 7 - 0.39 24 0.74 0. 7 1 _{() ())} 0 58 0.49 0.43 0. 38 0. 1 1 0. 1 2 26. 1 . 1 2 I 08 I O l O 'JS 0.92 0.87 O.U 0.70 0.62 28. 1 . 5 1 1 . 4o 1 .42 1 . 39 1 . 3 4 ₁. 3 1 1 . 28 1 .₁9 1 . 1 4 1 00 1 2. ·- 1 . 0 1 - -I U l I 1 0 I 1 9 1 . 34 -- 1 .45 -- U .l - 1 . 7� 1 . 94 1 4. ·· 0.68 -- O.M ₀ 7 M - · 0 8 7 _{- 1 .00} - 1 .0<) -- 1 . 1 7 -- 1 .40 _{- 1 . 5 4} 1 6 -- 0. 36 0 36 0.46 0 . 5 3 -- 0 . 6 5 - 0. 7 4 .. Q.80 1 0 1 1 . 1 3 I ll - 0.04 - 0 04 ... O. I J _{- 0 . 20} -- 0.30 . 0 . 3 8 0.44 - 0.62 0 7 3 2 0 . 0.2!i 0 2 7 0 1 9 0. 1 3 0.04 -- 0 02 ·- 0.07 - - 0 . 2 3 0 . 3 2 2 2 . 0.62 0.54 0. 5 3 0.48 0.4 1 0. 3 5 0. 3 1 0. 1 1 0. 1 0 24. 0.96 0.92 0 87 0.83 0.77 0. 73 0.69 0 . 5 8 0 . 5 2 26. 1 .29 1 2 5 1 . 2 1 _{1 . 1 8 1 . 1 4} 1 . 1 0 1 .07 0.9� 0.94 1 . 25 1 0. [) '!(} -- 0.�0 " 0.98 - · 1 .06 _{-- 1 1 8 1 . 2 7 1 . 3 3 . 1 . 54 -- 1 . 66} 1 2. -- 0 62 0.62 -- 0.70 _{- 0. 7 7} --- 0.88 -- 0.% ... 1 .02 _{- 1 . 2 1 I . 3 1} 1 4 . 0 . 3 3 - 0. 3 3 - 0. 4 2 ,. 0.48 -- 0.58 - 0.65 - 0.70 - O . H 7 -- 0.97 1 6. - 0.05 - 0.05 - - 0 1 3 -- 0. 1 9 ·-· 0 . 2 8 _{- 0. 3 4 0.39 - 0. 5 4} .... 0.62 1 8 . 0.24 0 . 2 2 0. 1 5 0. 1 0 0.03 -- 0.113 _{. 0.07} - · 0.20 0.28 20. 0 . 5 2 0 . 5 0 0.44 0.40 0 . 3 3 0.29 0. 2 5 0. 1 4 0.07 22. 0.82 0.7� 0.74 0. 7 1 0.65 0.61 0. 58 0.4� 0.43 24. 1 . 1 2 _{) ,()',) 1}.05 1 . 02 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.�4 0.79 1 . 50 _�- 0 . 8 2 -- 0. 8 2 . . O . H Y -- 0. % --· 1 .06 -· 1 . 1 3 . . 1 . 1 � 1 . 3t. 1 .4.5 1 0. - 0. 57 -· 0 5 7 0 . 6 5 0 7 1 - 0.80 O . ti 6 - 0.92 1 .07 1 . 1 6 1 2 . -- 0 . 3 2 -- 0.32 0.39 · 0. 4 5 O . S J - (} 5 9 0.64 o n - 0. H 5 1 4 . -· 0.06 -- 0,07 -- 0. 1 4 - 0 1 9 _{. 0.26} 0 . 3 1 . 0 . . 16 0.48 -- <US 1 6. 0. 1 9 O. I U 0. 1 2 0.07 0.0 1 · 0 04 -- 0.07 _{0. 1 9 0 . 2 5} I M. 0.45 0.43 0.38 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.1 1 0. 1 1 0.05 20. 0.7₁ 0.1\M 0.64 0.1>0 0.55 0.51 0.49 (} 4 1 0.36 l2. 0.97 0.95 0 . 9 1 0 NH () 84 0 H I 0.79 0 . 7 2 0.68 .. --...,.--��,---�---·---

59

Ta b l e 3 . 3 : ( Cont inued)

A.:llvlly Lt:vd H)(l hal: m'lu

( lot tunA& �.-h> 0 I H . 2 . 00 � -2.02 .. 2 . 3 5 2 0 . I 1 5 � -1 .43 -� 1 . 72 22. O . W � O.S2 ·· 1 . 06 �4. . 0.04 -· 0. 2 1 -� 0.4 1 2 6 . 0.5� 0 . 4 1 0.21> 28 1 . 1 6 1 .03 0.93 .10. I . 73 1 . 60 1 . 00 3 2 . 2 . 3 3 2.32 2. 3 1 0 �� l b. 1 . 4 1 l AM 1 .69 1.02 1 . 29 2. 5 1 · � · · ll.�.J · I OJ ·· 12 1 --- 1 . 50 _{1 . 14 1 .'1 1} 2 t d 10 0 . 4 5 . 0 . 5 7 -- 0. 7 3 -- 0.9� I I M 1 . 3 5 I 9 ] 2 . 3 2 22 0.04 0.09 " 0. 23 . 0.4-4 ₀ h i o . n I 2 4 1 . 56

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