Research data was collected through desk research and case study. The review of policies and initiatives (see sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2) was performed and required data was collected through the desk research strategy. Moreover, the current status and the barriers and drivers to CP and energy efficiency implementation in the textile factories of Pakistan were evaluated (see section 3.2.3), and the required data was collected through the case study. The details of data collection methods are as follows:
3.2.1. Review of Policies and Initiatives of Pakistan
The policies and initiatives of Pakistan relevant to CP and energy efficiency were reviewed in order to answer the first sub-research question. In particular, National Environmental Policy (2005), National Climate Change Policy (2012), National Power Policy (2013), National Energy Conservation Policy (2006), National Industrial Policy (2011), and Textile Policies (2009 and 2014) were reviewed (see section 4.2). The above-mentioned policies are directly or indirectly relevant to promote CP and energy efficiency in the industrial sector of Pakistan. Also, many relevant initiatives such as PISD, SCI-Pak, CTP-Textile, and REEE-Pakistan were reviewed (see section 4.3). The effectiveness of above-mentioned policies was assessed through the interviews with the textile factories. Similarly, the effectiveness of above-motioned initiatives was evaluated on a scale of 0-4 through the questionnaires (see section 3.3). In addition, the strengths and weaknesses of above- mentioned policies and initiatives were revealed through the analysis.
3.2.2. Review of Policies and Initiatives of Regional Countries
The policies and initiatives of other regional countries (China, India, and Bangladesh) relevant to CP and energy efficiency were reviewed in order to answer the second sub-research question. This review includes policies and initiatives of China including CP promotion law and CP audits (see section 5.1), policies and initiatives of India (see section 5.2), and policies and initiatives of Bangladesh (see section 5.3). Notably, the key lessons and successful measures were revealed through the analysis of policies and initiatives of other regional countries.
The reasons for selecting China, India, and Bangladesh for the review of other countries’ policies and initiatives are as follows:
China, India, and Pakistan are neighboring countries and the members of RECPnet16. Moreover, China and India established their National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC) in 1995 and they have the highest number of CDM projects17.
Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan are the members of SAARC18. Moreover, they are considered as developing economies in South Asia. The economic growth of these countries is mostly based on industry. However, the industries of these countries are highly dependent on fossil fuels. Therefore, these countries need to promote cleaner production (CP) and energy efficiency in their industrial sector.
China and India represent BRIC19 whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan represent the Next Eleven (N-11)20 countries. As aforementioned, these countries have high potential to become world largest economies21 in the 21st century.
16 RECPnet is the global network for promoting the widespread adaptation and adoption of Resource Efficient
and Cleaner Production in developing and transition economies. As patron agencies, UNIDO and UNEP, provide support for RECPnet through their joint RECP Programme. Retrieved 18 July 2016, from http://www.recpnet.org/members
17 China and India have respectively 56.0% and 29.4% of the total CDM projects in Asia. Retrieved 18 July
2016, from http://www.cdmpipeline.org/cdm-projects-region.htm
18 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is regional intergovernmental organization
and geopolitical union in South Asia. Its member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world’s area, 21% world’s population, and 9.12% of the global economy as of 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2016, from http://www.saarc-sec.org/
3.2.3. Case Study of Textile Sector of Pakistan
In order to answer the third and fourth sub-research questions, a case study approach was chosen as a research strategy. The specific goal of the case study was to evaluate the current status and to find out the barriers and drivers to the implementation of CP and energy efficiency in the textile factories of Pakistan. The data was collected through structured questionnaire (see Appendix-A) and semi- structured interview (see Appendix-B). In total, 39 textile factories responded to the structured questionnaire and 2 textile factories responded through the semi-structured interview. In conclusion, the most significant barriers and drivers to CP and energy efficiency were identified. Also, the statistics and the options or tools to promote CP and energy efficiency were identified through this case study.
Table 3.1: Research Strategy, Data Collection Tools, and Expected Outcomes of the Research
Research Question Research Strategy Data Collection Tools Expected Outcomes
1. What policies and initiatives have been introduced to promote
CP and energy
efficiency (EE) in the industrial sector of Pakistan and particularly in the textile sector? And how effective are these policies and initiatives?
Review of national policies and initiatives:
Environmental Policies Climate Change Policies Energy Policies Industrial Policies Textile Policies CP and energy efficiency initiatives. Desk Research Questionnaire Semi-structured interview Policy instruments applied Effectiveness of relevant policies and initiatives Strengths and weaknesses of relevant policies Weaknesses or flaws of CP and energy efficiency initiatives 2. How have regional
countries promoted CP and energy efficiency (EE) in their industrial sector and particularly in the textile sector?
Review of regional countries’ policies and initiatives related to CP and energy efficiency.
Desk Research
Policy instruments applied
Successful measures and initiatives
Lessons for Pakistan 3. What is the present
level of CP practices and energy efficiency (EE) measures adopted by the textile factories in Pakistan?
Analysis of CP and energy efficiency (EE) adoption in the textile factories of Pakistan. Questionnaire Semi-structured interview Present status (statistics) of CP and EE adoption in textile factories Options or tools to promote CP and EE 4. What are the barriers
and drivers to the implementation of CP and energy efficiency (EE) in the textile factories of Pakistan?
Analysis of the barriers and drivers to CP and energy efficiency (EE) implementation in textile factories of Pakistan. Questionnaire Semi-structured interview Identification of most significant barriers and drivers to CP and energy efficiency in textile factories
Recommendations
20 The Next Eleven (N-11) are the eleven countries - Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria,
Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey, South Korea and Vietnam - identified by Goldman Sachs investment bank and economist Jim O'Neill in a research paper as having potential to be world's largest economies in the 21st century.
21 The potential to become world largest economies is measured on the assumption that GDP is the measure
of the size of the economy. Retrieved 18 July 2016, from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on- business/economy/economy-lab/daily-mix/on-10th-birthday-brics-poised-for-more-growth/article2264208/