Modificación de la geometría de los perfiles.

Alexander Esaulko, Lyudmila Gorbatko1

Abstract

This article gives the results of long-term researches in the long-term station included in the state register of the Russian Geographical network of experiences with fertilizers and other agrochemical means. On the basis of the received results the agronomical, economic and power assessment of efficiency of three of fertilizer systems is given:

- the recommended fertilizer system with a saturation of a crop rotation of NPK of 115 kg/hectares, including N50К58,75К6,25at NPK ratio =

1:1,18:0,13+5 t/hectares of manure.

- the biologized fertilizer system - focused on the maximum use of organic fertilizers with a saturation of a crop rotation of NPK-of 62,5 kg/hectares, also N 42,5 Р20К0, at N:Р:К ratio = 1:0,47:0+8,2 t/hectares of organic fertilizers, including 5 t/hectares of litter manure

- the rated fertilizer system is planned for obtaining the greatest possible productivity of crops.

We counted production efficiency of crops in a crop rotation depending on postaction of applied fertilizer system. We received conclusions on optimization of fertilizer systems.

Key words: economic assessment of fertilizer systems, biologized fertilizer system, bioenergetic assessment of crop rotations.

1

Alexander Esaulko, Phd of Agricultural sciences, the dean of Agronomy Faculty, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Zootekhnichesky pereulok, 12, (8 8652) 71 60 56; Lyudmila Gorbatko, Candidate of Agricultural sciences, the docent, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Zootekhnichesky pereulok, 12, (8 8652)

Introduction

Need of development of an innovative component of agriculture of Stavropol Territory in the conditions of strengthening of the competition is an important condition of sustainable agriculture. «The sustainable agriculture» in many publications is considered as «alternative agriculture», being characterized by transition from technogenic industrial system of agriculture to ecologically steady system with the minimum use of non-renewable energy resources in which utility of an agrolandscape for a long time remains, low-cost technologies, «ecological agriculture», «biological agriculture», «dynamically adaptive» and «ecologically balanced agriculture» are applied.

For consideration of various systems of the fertilizers corresponding to certain formations of society it is necessary to stop on characteristics of agricultural systems of Europe and Russia. Manuring of soils and entering into it various production waste for increase of a crop of cultivated cultures is used by mankind throughout thousand years. For 2 thousand years B.C. manure were applied in Egypt, Greece and China. Romans knew about positive influence of plaster, marl and green fertilizer on fertility of soils; however a meaning of these receptions remained the unknown.

In 1656 German chemist I.Glauber showed in the experiences the influence of saltpeter on increase of a crop of plants. A little later (1795) Dendonald noticed a role of phosphates and that found confirmation in Saussure's experiences (1804) (2). At the end of the XVIII century in Western Europe radical turn in reassessment of a role of organic and mineral fertilizers in a feeding of plants occurred after Shpringel, Libikh, Vigman, Polstrof, Salm Gorstmar's works. In Russia systematic scientific researches in the field of plant feeding and application of fertilizer systems begin from 60-70th years of the XIX century. Especially A.N. Engelgardt, D.I.Mendeleyev, P.A.Kostychev, K.A.Timiryazev's works had great value.

Russian chemist D.I.Mendeleyev made the first field experiments on studying of efficiency of fertilizers in various regions of the country, i.e. he laid the foundation for the Geographical network of field experiments for clarification of regularities in operation fertilizers on soil and climatic zones. In the majority of civilized countries mineral fertilizers prevail in

alternative to the mineral. But at the end of the twentieth century the tendency to an agriculture biologization was outlined. Biologization of fertilizer systems in Russia has a long history. The first ideas of a scientific biologization can be found in A.T.Bolotov's works. Questions of the biologization receive further development in I.M. Komov's works who developed more perfect fruit seeding crop rotations. Most fully ideas of fodder grass cultivation as one of the main means of the biologization of agriculture, were developed in A.V. Sovetov's works. A considerable contribution to the biologization of fertilizer systems was brought by A.N. Engelgard, P.A.Kostychev, V. V. Dokuchayev, I.A.Stebut. Big achievement in the biologization of fertilizer systems was creation by V. R. Williams of the doctrine about fodder grass cultivation system of agriculture. The significant contribution to biological bases of maintaining an arable farming in Russia was brought by D. N. Pryanishnikov - on use of green fertilizer. (2)

Productivity of crops in the conditions of purely biological fertilizer system is as a rule lower, than in traditional systems with an intensive use of means of chemization. It is much more long-term to use application of such fertilize systems in which along with use of positive ecological advantages of biological agriculture ecologically safe chemical means will be applied in admissible limits. Biologization of fertilizer systems will allow reducing considerably expenses of resources and energy, reducing product cost, raising indicators of its quality and improving an ecological situation of environment. (1)

Place and conditions of carrying out researches

Our researches were carried out and the economic assessment of fertilizer systems was received in a station of chairs of agrochemistry and the agriculture, located in an agricultural experimental station of Stavropol State Agrarian University, it contains a long experience «Theoretical and technological bases of biogeochemical streams of substances in agrolandscapes», certificated in register of certificates of long experiences of Geonet VNIIA of Russian Federation.

Stational relief: a macrorelief - the Stavropol height, a mesorelief - a northern gentle slope with a steepness about 7 degrees, a macrorelief - a flat place. Soil type: a leached few humus hard loamy chernozem.

- fertilizer systems in a crop rotation, B - ways of the main processing of the soil, c - a time factor. Options, with studied according to the scheme of experience by systems of fertilizers, and were imposed on variant with various ways of the main processing of the soil: 1- a mould way (PLN processing - 4-35 in depth of 20-22 cm); 2- a nonmould way (KPG-250 u. 20-22 cm); 3- a rotor way (a processing with a mill «Rotters» in depth of 20-22 cm); 4 - a superficial processing BDT -3 in two traces in depth 10-12 cm. An arrangement of options in repetitions is a systematic following in two circles with the split allotments. Type of crop rotation – graincultivated, with the following alternation of cultures: pea-oat mix (busy steam) - winter wheat; - winter wheat (since 1994 - winter barley), corn for silo, winter wheat, peas, winter wheat, sunflower (since 1994 - an winter rape; since 2000 - a summer rape), will develop in space and time. Total area of an allotment - 108 м: a registrated area - 60 sq.m. The agrochemical characteristic of the soil of the station before the experience (0-20 cm a layer): рН w. - 6,7; Нg - 2.7 mg-eq/100 g. of the soil; S-42,1 mg-eq/100 g of the soil; V- 95%; the movable forms Р2О5,

-24, К2О - 260 mg/kg of the soil.

In the station there was studied influence of fertilizer systems and ways of processing of the soil in agrochemical properties of the soil and efficiency of crops of a crop rotation during two rotation of a crop rotation (1978-1993). Three fertilizer systems were studied in comparison with control (without fertilizers):

- the recommended one is developed on the basis of short-term experiences of chair of agrochemistry of SSAU and NIU of the territory with a saturation of a crop rotation of 60 kg/hectares of NPK ( N 22,5; R 35; K 2,5) in combination 2,5 t/hectares of manure and correlation NPK=1: 1,56:0, 12;

- the balanced one is calculated on sufficient balance of elements of feeding with a double saturation of a crop rotation of 120 kg \hectares of NPK ( N 45; R 57; K 17,5 in combination 5 tons of manure and correlation NPK=1: 1,28:0, 39.

- the rated one is calculated on positive balance of nutrients in a crop rotation with a threefold saturation of a crop rotation and achievements of a programmed yield of crops (a pea-oat mix of-300

corn for silo - 400 c/hectares, winter wheat - 43 c/hectare, peas-30 c/hectare, winter wheat - 50 c/hectare, sunflower - 30 c/hectare)-180 kg/hectares of NPK (N 67,5; R 82,5; K 30) in combination 7,5 t of manure and correlation NРК=1:1,23:0,45. (3)

As fertilizers we applied ammonia saltpeter, urea, the simple powdery and granulated superphosphate, potassium chloride, semi-rerotting manure of cattle. (tab. 1, 2, 3)

Table 1.Recommended fertilizer system in a crop rotation (1978-1993)

Alternation of crops of crop rotation

Types of addition of fertilizers

main with

cultivation feeding

1. occupied fallow manure 20 t/hec + Р40

- --

2. winter wheat Р20 N30

3. winter wheat N30P60 - -

4.corn for silo N30P30 Р20

5. winter wheat Р20 N30

6. peas Р4О - -

7. winter wheat Р20 N30

8. sunflower N30P20K20 Р20 -

Source:Own research.

Table 2.Balanced fertilizer system in a crop rotation (1978-1993 years)

Alternation of crops of crop rotation

Types of addition of fertilizers main with

cultivation feeding

1. occupied fallow manure 40 t/hec + Р60

Р20 --

2. winter wheat N30P20 Р20 N30

3. winter wheat N30P40K40 Р20 N30

4.corn for silo N60P50K30 Р20

5. winter wheat N30P40 Р20 N30

6. peas P30K30 Р20

7. winter wheat N30P20 Р20 N₃₀

Table 3.Rated fertilizer system in a crop rotation (1978-1993 years)

Alternation of crops of crop rotation

Types of addition of fertilizers main with

cultivation feeding

1. occupied fallow manure 60 t/hec + Р100

Р20 --

2. winter wheat N30P40 Р20 N30+N30

3. winter wheat N30P70K60 Р20 N30+N30

4.corn for silo N90P70K60 Р20

5. winter wheat N30P40 Р20 N30+N30

6. pea P100K60 Р20

7. winter wheat N30P40 Р20 _N30+N30

8. sunflower N90P40K40 Р20

Source:Own research.

Modifications in the station

The station had a reconstruction for the crop of 1994 - there was made a leveling crops of summer barley. During the period from 1995 to 1999 in the station in comparison with control without fertilizers studied influence of postaction of fertilizer systems on agrochemical characteristics of leached chernozem and productivity of agricultural crops. For two rotation of a crop rotation, according to studied fertilizer systems, it was brought: N360 P560K40+40 t/hec; N720

P920K280+80 t/hec; N1080 P1320K480+120 t/hectares. In our opinion, it is

quite enough for creation of the soil with new agrochemical characteristics and productive capacity.

Postaction of fertilizer systems was studied in context of mould, nonmould, rotor ways and superficial processing of the soil. Iterative winter wheat in a crop rotation was replaced with winter barley, sunflower - on a winter rape. The link with commercial crops received flexibility. In experiences used the zoned grades of crops. Since 1999 started optimization of fertilizer system in crop rotation on the basis of the data received in the station for 1978 -1998.

At control preservation (without fertilizers) the following systems of fertilizers were studied: the recommended system of fertilizers – it

station with a saturation of a crop rotation of NPK of 115 kg/hectares, including N50К58,75К 6,25 at NPK ratio = 1:1,18:0,13+5

t/hectares of manure; the biological fertilizer system – it is focused on the maximum usage of organic fertilizers with a saturation of a crop rotation of NPK-of 62,5 kg/hectares, N42,5Р20К0 at NP:K ratio =

1:0,47:0+8,2 t/hectares of organic fertilizers, including 5 t/hectares of litter manure; the rated fertilizer system – it is planned for obtaining the greatest possible productivity of crops. Norms, ratios and doses of mineral fertilizers were established by results of the current analyses and vegetative diagnostics according to level of programmed productivity and annually specified.

The average saturation of 1 hectare in carrying out researching (2000- 2004) made - 167 kg/hectares of NPK, including N80Р78К9, at a ratio

of N:Р:К=1:0,98:0,12+5 of t/hectare of manure (tab. 4, 5, 6).

Table 4.Rated fertilizers system in a crop rotation (2000-2004)

Alternation of crops of crop rotation

Types of addition of fertilizers

main with

cultivation feeding

1. occupied fallow manure 20 t/hec + Р80

nitragin+N10P10 --

2. winter wheat N30P30 N10P10 N30

3. winter barley N30P60K30 N10P10 N30

4. corn for silo N30P30 N10P10

5. winter wheat N30P30 N10P10 N30

6. peas Р3О nitragin+N10P10

7. winter wheat N30P30 N10P10 N30

8. spring rape N30P40K20 N10P10

Table 5.Biologized fertilizer system in crop rotation (2000-2004)

Alternation of crops of crop rotation

Types of addition of fertilizers

main with cultivation feeding 1. occupied fallow manure 20 t/hec +

straw 2,0+Р80

nitragin+N10P10 -

2. winter wheat - N10P10 N30

3. winter barley _{straw5,4т\га+N}

40 N10P10 N30

4.corn for silo manure 20т\га

straw4,5т\га N10P10

5. winter wheat - N10P10 N30

6. peas _{straw4,7т\га+N40 nitragin+N10P10} 7. winter wheat _{straw2,4т\га+N}

20 N10P10 N30

8. spring rape _{straw5,3т\га+N40 N10P10}

Source:Own research.

Table 6.Rated fertilizers system in crop rotation (2000-2004)

Alternation of crops of crop rotation

Types of addition of fertilizers main with cultivation feeding

1. occupied fallow manure 20 т/га + N44P46

nitragin+N10P10 --

2. winter wheat N82P102 N10P10 N30

3. winter barley _{N78P82K30 N10P10 N30} 4.corn for silo manure 20 т/га +

N44P90