Modos de operación del TCSC

Population for 1970 and 1980 come from Maddison. Population for 1990 comes fromWDR. Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions for 1970, 1980 and 1990 comes from KF. Age distribution for Azerbaijan 2000 and 2010 come from theDemographic Yearbook. For 2010 we adjusted the 2012 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in 2012.

Labor force figures for 1970, 1980 and 1990 come from Easterly and Fischer. Labor force figures for 2000 come fromWDR. The labor force data for 2010 comes fromWDI.

Real GNPs for 1970, 1990, 2000 and 2010 come from Maddison. The 1980 observation is an interpolation of the 1970 and 1990 values. The 2000 investment rate is the intraperiod average investment rate taken from S & H for years 1993-1999. The 2010 investment rate was the 2000-2009 average investment rate from S & H. We used Easterly and Fischer (1995) for 1970, 1980 and 1990 capital output ratios. We used perpetual inventory for 2000 and 2010.

For 1970 and 1980 we used historical information from Didenko, Foldvari and Leeuwen (2013). They provide historical years of schooling for the former Soviet republics in 1939 and 1989, relative to Russia in those years. We interpolated the relative years of schooling for 1970 and 1980, and applied this to Russian enrollment rates in primary, secondary and higher education. Enrollments in primary and secondary

schools for 1990 come from the 1996 UN Statistical Yearbook, Table 9. We adjusted the enrollments in primary school to include 50 percent of the reported secondary enrollments, and we reduced the secondary enrollments by 50 percent. The 2010 data come fromHDR. The 1990 tertiary school enrollments are from the 1996 UN Statistical Yearbook, Table 9. The 2000 enrollment rates are interpolated. We assumed the primary school and secondary school ages are 6-13 and 14-17.

5.4

Belarus (1970-2010)

Population for 1970, and 1980 come fromWDI. Population for 1990 comes fromWDR. Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions for 1970, 1980 and 1990 comes from KF. Age distribution for Belarus 2000 and 2010 come from theDemographic Yearbook. For 2000 we adjusted the 2002 age distribution, and for 2010 we adjusted the 2012 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in the reference year.

Labor force for 1970, 1980 and 1990 come from Easterly and Fischer. Labor force figures for 2000 come fromWDR. The labor force data for 2010 comes fromWDI.

Real output comes from Maddison. The 2000 investment rate is the intraperiod average investment rate taken from S & H for years 1994-1999. The 2010 value is the average investment rate from 2000-2009 from S & H. For 1970-1990 we used Easterly and Fischer capital output ratios. For 2000 and 2010 we used perpetual inventory.

Enrollment rates in 1970 and 1980 come from WDI. Enrollments in primary and secondary schools for 1990 come from the 1996UN Statistical Yearbook, Table 9. We adjusted the enrollments in primary school to include 50 percent of the reported secondary enrollments, and we reduced the secondary enrollments by 50 percent. We assumed the primary school and secondary school ages are 6-13 and 14-17. We assumed that the initial stocks of primary, secondary and tertiary human capital are proportional to the Soviet Union values in 1989, where the proportional constants are the different enrollment rates in 1989/1990 between Belarus and the Soviet Union. The tertiary school enrollments are from the 1996UN Statistical Yearbook, Table 9. The 2010 values come fromHDR. Out 2000 enrollment rates are interpolated.

5.5

Bulgaria (1870-2010)

Populations for 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1934, 1946, 1956, 1965 come from Meu Table A2 p. 15. Populations for 1970, 1980 and 1990 come from interpolations of 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1992 figures from Meu Table A2 p. 15. Population for 2000 comes from Time Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions of the population for 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1934, 1946, 1956, 1965 come from Meu Table A2 p. 15. Age distribution for 1870 and 1880 is assumed to be identical with the 1890 age distribution. Age distributions for 1970, 1980, 1990 and come from interpolations of 1965, 1975, 1985, 1992 figures from Meu Table A2 p. 15. Age distribution for Bulgaria 2000 and 2010 come from the

Demographic Yearbook. For 2000 we adjusted the 2002 age distribution, and for 2010 we adjusted the 2012 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in the reference year.

Labor force figures for 1910, 1920, 1934, 1946, 1956, 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1992 come from Meu Table B1 p. 146. The 1900 value comes from Damianova. For 1870, 1880, 1890 labor force data we used Banks for

urban-rural population shares. Banks begins in 1880, and goes through 1965. We usedWDRandWDI for the 1975-2010 period. We assumed that the 1870 urban share was .024, compared with Banks data of .034 and .046 for 1880 and 1890. We assumed the urban 15-64 labor force participation rate was always 75%, and that the rural 15-64 labor force participation rate was 90% for 1880-1956 and 85% from 1965-2010. We construct the ratio of this labor force to that in Meu and WDR andWDI. The root mean ratio is 1.002, and the 1880 and 1890 ratios are .955 and .955, respectively. Labor force data for 2000 come fromWDR. Labor force data for 2010 come fromWDI.

Real GNP comes from Maddison. Physical capital investment rate from 1980-1998 comes from S & H online andWDR (various years). For 2010 we used the average investment rate from 2000-2009 from S & H. Mitchell provides sectoral output shares for 1934-2000, sans 1940, which we interpolated. WDI provides sectoral output shares for 2010. For years 1920-2000 we used capital output ratios from Bas van Leeuwen and Peter Foldvari. Sabillon (2005) provides farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates in order to produce sectoral output shares from 1870-1920. We used the US capital - sectoral output ratios for 1870-1920 to produce our estimates. We used perpetual inventory to produce our 2010 estimate.

Enrollments in primary and secondary school from 1890-1993 come from Meu Table I1 pp. 873, 880 and 887. For 1870 and 1880 we assumed that the primary schools enrollment rates are 99% of their succeeding decade value, 37.2%, 37.6% reaching the 1890 datum of 38%. The 37.2% enrollment rate in 1870 is consistent with a 19 percent education exposure rate, comparable to the 21 percent exposure rate from Morrison & Murtin. For secondary school enrollment rates in 1870 and 1880, we assumed 1% and 2%, reaching the 1890 datum of 3.5%. To calculate enrollment rates, in 1956 we assumed 6-11 are primary school age and 12-17 are secondary school age. For 1965 we assumed 6-13 are primary school age and 14-17 are secondary school age, this was to maintain consistency with the 1956 numbers and the change in secondary school enrollment rates since 1970. Higher education enrollments for 1895-1993 are from Meu Table I2 pp. 895, 897 and 899. We assumed .1% (the 1900 datum) enrollment rates in higher education for 1870, 1880 and 1890. The 2010 values come from HDR, and we interpolated all the enrollment rates for 2000. Our time series of higher education exposed labor force share is consistent with Morrisson & Murtin from 1870-1980. Our time series of years of schooling in the labor force for 1870-1920 is: .56 (1870), .82 (1880), 1.50 (1890), 2.39 (1900), 3.60 (1910) and 4.80 (1920). The Morrisson & Murtin time series for years of schooling is: 1.65 (1870), 1.91 (1880), 2.22 (1890), 2.72 (1900), 3.04 (1910) and 4.16 (1920).