• No se han encontrado resultados

2.3.11 Pre matemática

2.3.11.2 Números y operaciones, aprestamientos necesarios

This research is not without limitations. While we concentrate on explaining digital platform ecosystem evolution, we mostly focus on one particular context (exception Paper I and Paper III), namely that of digital payment platform ecosystems (see Chapter V, Research Setting). Digital platform ecosystems, however, are heterogeneous and operate in various contexts (see Chapter I, Introduction), which we did not take into account. Furthermore, we rely on one longitudinal single case study, rooted in the digital payment context (Paper II), to identify various generative mechanisms. We, however, try to generalize the findings (see Table 8) and claim that they are applicable to other research settings. We urge other researchers to identify and compare generative mechanisms for digital platform ecosystem evolution across various contexts.

In addition, despite outlining a Teleological theory of digital platform ecosystem evolution, which is currently not completed, we do not provide enough empirical evidence to support it further (Paper VI is research in progress). In particular, while we demonstrate empirically the suitability of the proposed model in Paper VI, at this stage, we do not identify micro-strategies and microstructures in relation to it based on empirical analysis.

88

4.

Future Research

While the findings of this PhD dissertation advance the existing research by addressing important research gaps (see above), it also opens avenues for future research. In particular, researchers can try to apply our conceptualization of generative mechanisms in other contexts in order to compare and contrast our findings. Due to the heterogeneity of the digital platform ecosystems and the contextualization of generative mechanisms, we expect the evolution of various platform ecosystems to consist of different generative mechanisms. We also urge researchers to try to identify additional generative mechanisms, which complement the set of already identified ones.

Furthermore, researchers should also investigate cases where digital platform ecosystems fail to evolve (de Reuver et al., 2017). Explaining such failure may include lack of ability to activate generative mechanisms, or inadequate managerial responses to various strategic issues. By outlining how and why ecosystems fail to evolve in the right direction or at the right speed (Tiwana, 2014), future research can shed light on the nature of activated but unrealized generative mechanisms, which can enrich further our understanding of their role as drivers of digital platform ecosystem evolution.

IX References

Altman, E. J., and Tushman, M. L. 2017. ”Platforms, open/user innovation, and ecosystems: A strategic leadership perspective”. Harvard Business School Organizational Behavior Unit Working Paper No. 17- 076.

Archer, M. S. 2015. “How agency is transformed in the course of social transformation: don’t forget the double morphogenesis”, in Generative mechanisms transforming the social order, M.S. Archer (ed.), Switzerland: Springer International publishing.

Atkinson, R. and Flint, J. 2001. “Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies,” Social Research Update, 33.

Baldwin, C. Y., and Woodard, J. C. 2009. “The Architecture of Platforms: A Unified View”. In A. Gawer (ed.) Platforms, Markets and Innovation, pp. 19-44.

Bakos, Y. 1998. “The emerging role of electronic marketplaces on the Internet,” Communications of the ACM, (41:8), pp. 35-42.

Baxter, P. and Jack, S. 2008. “Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers,” The Qualitative Report, (13:4), pp. 544-559.

Benbasat I., Goldstein, D., and Mead, M. 1987. “The Case Research Strategy in Studies of Information Systems,” MIS Quarterly Vol. 11, pp. 369-386.

Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A., and Venkatraman, N. 2013. “Digital business strategy: Toward a next generation of insights,” MIS Quarterly (37:2), June, pp 471-482.

Bhaskar, R. 1993. Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom, London:Verso. Bhaskar, R. 1997 [1975]. A Realist Theory of Science, London: Verso.

Boell, S, K. and Cecez-Kecmanovic, D. 2014 "A Hermeneutic Approach for Conducting Literature Reviews and Literature Searches," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, (34:12).

Bostrom, R., Gupta, S. and Thomas, D. (2009) "A Meta-Theory for Understanding Systems within Socio- Technical Systems," Journal of Management Information Systems.

Boudreau, K. J. 2012. “Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom? An Early Look at Large Numbers of Software App Developers and Patterns of Innovation,” Organization Science (23:5), pp. 1409–1427

89 Boudreau, K. 2010. Open Platform Strategies and Innovation: Granting Access vs. Devolving Control.

Management Science, (56:10).

Boudreau, K. and Hagiu, A. 2009. “Platforms Rules: Multi-sided Platforms as Regulators.” In A. Gawer (ed.) Platforms, Markets and Innovation. London: Edward Elgar.

Bunge, M. 2004. "How does it work? The search for explanatory mechanisms." Philosophy of the Social Sciences, (34:2), pp. 182-210.

Bygstad, B. and Munkvold, B. E. 2011. "In Search of Mechanisms. Conducting a Critical Realist Data Analysis" In Proceedings: International Conference Information Systems, Shanghai, China. Bygstad, B., Munkvold, B. E. and Volkoff, O. 2016. ”Identifying generative mechanisms through

affordances: a framework for critical realist data analysis,” Journal of Information Technology, (31:1), pp. 83- 96.

Caillaud, B. and Jullien, B. 2001. “Competing Cybermediaries," European Economic Review, 45, pp. 797- 808.

Casey. T. R., and Töyli, J. 2012. “Dynamics of two-sided platform success and failure: an analysis of public wireless local area access”. Technovation (32), pp.703–716.

Ceccagnoli, M., Forman, C., Huang, P., Smith, R. H., and Wu, D. J. (2012). Co-creation of Value in a Platform Ecosystem: The Case of Enterprise Software. MIS Quarterly, 36 (1), pp. 263-290.

Cennamo, C., and Santalo, J. 2015. “How to avoid platform traps,” MIT Sloan Management Review, (51:1), p. 12.

Chandler, A. D. 1962. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of American Enterprise. Boston, MA: MIT Press

Constantinides, P., Henfridsson, O., G. and Parker, G. 2018. “Introduction—Platforms and Infrastructures in the Digital Age,” Information Systems Research, (29:2), pp. 381-400.

Constantinou, I., Eaton, B., and Tuunainen, V. K. 2016. “The Evolution of a Sharing Platform into a Sustainable Business”. Proceedings of the 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2016).

Cule, P., and Robey, D. 2004. “A Dual-Motor, Constructive Process Model of Organizational Transition,” Organizational Studies (25:2), pp. 229-260.

Dalkin, S., Greenhalgh, J., Jones, D., Cunningham, B., and Lhussier, M. 2015. “What’s in a mechanism? Development of a key concept in realist evaluation,” Implementation science, IS. 10. 49.

10.1186/s13012-015-0237-x.

Danish National Bank. 2016. Danmarks nationalbank annual report. Can be retrieved here:

https://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/publications/Documents/2017/03/DN%20Annual%20Report2016.pdf Danish Payments Council. 2016. “Report on the role of cash in society” Can be retrieved here:

http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/bankingandpayments/danish_payments_council/Documents/Report_on _the_role_of_cash_in_society.pdf

Datee, B., Alexy, O. and Autio, E. 2017. “Maneuvering in Poor Visibility: How Firms Play the Ecosystem Game when Uncertainty is High,” The Academy of Management Journal, (61:2).

de Reuver, M., Sørensen, C., and Basole, R. C. 2017. “The digital platform: a research agenda.” Journal of Information Technology. ISSN 0268-3962.

Easton, G. 2010. “Critical Realism in Case Study Research,” Industrial Marketing Management (39), pp. 118-128.

Eaton, B., Elaluf-Calderwood, S., Sorensen, C., and Yoo, Y. 2015. "Distributed Tuning of Boundary Resources: The Case of Apple's iOS Service System," MIS Quarterly, (39: 1) pp. 217-243.

Ecommerce News. 2016. “Ecommerce in Denmark is worth 13.84 billion euros,” Can be retrieved here:

https://ecommercenews.eu/ecommerce-denmark-worth-13-84-billion-euros/

Eisenmann, T. (ed.) 2002. Internet Business Models: Text and Cases. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Eisenmann, T., Parker, G., and van Alstyne, M. 2011. “Platform envelopment,” Strategic Management

Journal, (32:12), pp. 1270-1285.

Eisenmann, T., Parker, G., and van Alstyne, M. 2009. “Opening platforms: How, when and why?” In A. Gawer (Ed.), Platforms, Markets and Innovation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Eisenmann T, Parker G, and van Alstyne M. 2006. Strategies for two-sided markets. Harvard Business

90 Elster, J. 2007. Explaining Social Behavior: More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences, Cambridge

University Press.

Evans, D. S. 2012. “Governing Bad Behavior By Users of Multi-Sided Platforms”, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 27:2.

Evans, D. S. 2009. “How Catalysts Ignite: The Economics of Platform-Based Start-Ups,” in Platform, markets and innovation, A. Gawer (Ed.), London, UK: Edward Elgar.

Evans, D. S., Hagiu, A. and Schmalensee, R. 2006. Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Evans, D, and Pirchio, A. 2015. “An Empirical Examination of Why Mobile Money Schemes Ignite in Some Developing Countries but Flounder in Most,” Coase-Sandor Working Paper Series in Law and

Economics No. 723.

Evans, D. S. and Schmalensee, R. 2016. Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms, Harvard Business Publishing: Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Evans, D. S., and Schmalensee, R. 2010. “Failure to Launch: Critical Mass in Platform Businesses,” Review of Network Economics, (9:4).

European Commission (2013) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parlia-ment and the Council on payment services in the internal market and amend-ing Directives 2002/65/EC, 2013/36/EU and 2009/110/EC and repealing Di-rective 2007/64/E, COM.

European Payments Council. 2017. “The Danish payment landscape (October 2017)”. Can be retrieved here:

https://www.europeanpaymentscouncil.eu/node/12396

Finans. 2016. Danskerne valgte MobilePay frem for Swipp. Can be found at:

https://finans.dk/live/erhverv/ECE9149552/danskerne-valgte-mobilepay-frem-for-swipp/?ctxref=ext Gawer, A. 2015. “What Drives Shifts in Platform Boundaries: An Organizational Perspective,” Conference

Paper, DRUID Summer Conference, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. Gawer, A. 2014. “Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative

framework,” Research Policy, (43:7), pp. 1239–1249.

Gawer, A. 2009. “Platform Dynamics and Strategies; from products to services”, In Platforms, Markets and Innovation; Gawer, A., Ed.; Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, MA, USA; Northampton, MA, USA, 2009, pp. 45-77.

Gawer, A., and Cusumano, M. A. 2014. “Industry platforms and ecosystem innovation,” Journal of Product Innovation Management, (31:3), pp. 417-433.

Gawer, A., and Cusumano, M. A. 2007. “A strategy toolkit for platform leader wannabes,” Conference Paper, DRUID Summer Conference on Appropriability, Proximity, Routines and Innovation, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark.

Gawer, A. and Cusumano M. A. 2002. Platform Leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco Drive Industry Innovation, Boston, MA, US: Harvard Business School Press.

Gawer, A. and Henderson, R. 2007. “Platform owner entry and innovation in complementary markets: Evidence from Intel’, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy,” (16:1), pp. 1-34.

Gersick, C. J. (1991). Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 10–36

Ghazawneh, A. and Henfridsson, O. 2013. “Balancing platform control and external contribution in third- party development: the boundary resources model,” Information Systems Journal, (23:2), pp. 173–192. Ghazawneh, A., and Henfridsson, O. 2011. “Micro-strategizing in platform ecosystems: a multiple case

study,” Thirty Second International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Shanghai. Gregor, S. 2006. "The Nature of Theory in Information Systems," MIS Quarterly, (30: 3).

Hagiu, A. 2014. “Strategic Decisions for Multi-sided Platforms.” MIT Sloan Management Review, (55:2). Hagiu, A. 2006. “Multi-Sided Platforms: From Microfoundations to Design and Expansion Strategies,”

Working Paper 07-094. Harvard Business School.

Hagiu, A. and Wright, J. 2013. “Do You Really Want to Be an eBay?,” Harvard Business Review, (91:3), pp. 102–108.

Hagiu, A. and Wright, J. 2011. “Multi-Sided Platforms,” Harvard Business School Working Paper 12-024. Hagiu, A. and Rothman, S. 2016. “Network Effects Aren’t Enough,” Harvard Business Review, April 2016.

91 Hanseth, O. and Lyytinen, K. 2010. “Design theory for dynamic complexity in information infrastructures:

the case of building internet,” Journal of information technology, (25:1), pp. 1- 19.

Han, J. and Cho, O. J. 2015. “Platform business Eco-model evolution: case study on KakaoTalk in Korea”. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, (1:6).

Hassan, N., and Lowry, P. B. (2015). Seeking middle-range theories in information systems research. Paper presented at the International Conference on Information Systems, Fort Worth, TX.

Hedström, P., and Swedberg, R. 1998. "Social Mechanisms: An Introductory Essay," In: Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory, P. Hedström and R. Swedberg (eds.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-31.

Henfridsson, O. and Bygstad, B. (2013). “The generative mechanisms of digital infrastructure evolution”, MISQ, 37 (3).

Henningsson, S. and Hedman, J. 2015. “The New Normal : Market Cooperation in the Mobile Payments Ecosystem,” Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, (15:5), pp. 305-318.

Hernes, G. 1998. Real virtuality. In P. Hedström&R. Swedberg (Eds.), Social mechanisms: An analytical approach to social theory (pp. 74-101). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hjelholt, M., and Damsgaard, J. 2013. “Modelling the Genesis and Evolution. The Case of a Prepaid Danish Cashcard,” ITM Communications, Nr. 2013/1.

Huber T, T. Kude, and Dibbern, J. 2017. “Governance Practices in Platform Ecosystems: Navigating Tensions Between Co-Created Value and Governance Costs”. Information Systems Research.

Hunt, S. D. 2005. “For truth and realism in management research,” Journal of Management Inquiry, (14:2), pp. 127–138.

Iacono, J. Brown, A. and Holtham, C. 2009. “Research Methods – a Case Example of Participant Observation.” The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, (7:1), pp.39 - 46.

Inoue, Y. and Tsujimoto, M. 2017. “New market development of platform ecosystems: A case study of the Nintendo Wii,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, In Press, Available online from January 2017.

Isckia, T., and Lescop, D. 2013. “Platform-based ecosystems: Leveraging Network-Centric Innovation”, in Understanding Business Ecosystems: How firms succeed in the new world of convergence, S. B. Letaifa, A. Gratacap and T. Isckia (Eds.), Brussels: De Boeck.

Jacobides, M., C. Cennamo, and Gawer, A. 2018. Towards a Theory of Ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal.

Jarvenpaa, S. L., and Lanham, H. J. 2013. “Introduction to Paradoxes and Tensions in Innovation and Implementation of Complex Systems Minitrack”. HICSS 2013: 4616.

Jha, K. S., Pinsonneault, A., and Dubé, L. 2016. “The Evolution of an ICT Platform-Enabled Ecosystem for Poverty Alleviation: The Case of eKutir,” MIS Quaterly, (40:2), pp. 431-445.

Jones, M., and Alony, I. 2011. “Guiding the use of grounded theory in doctoral studies–an example from the Australian film industry,” International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 6, 95-114. Retrieved from

http://www.informingscience.us/icarus/journals/ijds

Kallinikos, J., Aaltonen, A., and Marton, A. 2013. "The Ambivalent Ontology of Digital Artifacts". MIS Quaterly, (37: 2), pp. 357-370.

Kapoor, R. and Agarwal, S. 2017. “Sustaining Superior Performance in Business Ecosystems: Evidence from Application Software Developers in the iOS and Android Smartphone Ecosystems,” Organization Science, (28:3).

Kawulich, B. B. 2005. “Participant observation as a data collection method”. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(2).

Kazan, E.; Tan, C.W.; Lim, E.T.K.; Sorensen, C.; Damsgaard, J. 2018. “Disentangling digital platform competition: The case of UK mobile payment platforms,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 35, 180–219.

Kim, J, Leem, C., Kim, B., and Cheon, Y. 2013. “Evolution of Online Social Networks: A Conceptual Framework,” Asian Social Science, (9:4).

Kohler, T. 2018 “How to Scale Crowdsourcing Platforms,” California Management Review, (60:2), pp. 98 – 121.

92 Leidner, D. E. 2018. “Review and Theory Symbiosis: An Introspective Retrospective,” Journal of the

Association for Information Systems, (19:6).

Lichenstein, B.B., M. Uhl-Bien, R. Marion, A. Seers, J.D. Orton, Schreiber, S. 2006. “Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems,” Emergence: Complexity and Organization, (8:4), pp. 2-12.

Lihua, H., Hu, G., and Lu, X. 2010. "E-business Ecosystem and its Evolutionary Path: The Case of the Alibaba Group in China," Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, (4:3). Leonard-Barton, D. 1990. “A dual methodology for case studies: Synergistic use of a longitudinal single site

with replicated multiple sites,” Organization Science (1:3), pp. 248–66.

Lyytinen, K., and Yoo, Y. 2002. “The next wave of nomadic computing”, Inform. Systems Res. (13:4), pp. 377–388.

Lyytinen, K., and Newman, M. 2008. “Explaining information systems change: a punctuated socio-technical change model.” European Journal of Information Systems, (17:6), pp 589–613.

Mathiassen, L. and Nielsen, P. A. 2008."Engaged Scholarship in IS Research," Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, (20:2), Article 1.

McGrath, K. 2013. “The Potential of Generative Mechanisms for IS Research”, In Proceedings: International Conference Information Systems, 2013, Milano, Italy.

Mihailescu, M, Mihailescu, D and Schultze, U. 2015. “The generative mechanisms of healthcare digitalization,” In Proceedings: 2015 International Conference on Information Systems, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.

Mingers, J. 2004. “Critical Realism and Information Systems: Brief Responses to Monod and Klein,” Information & Organization (14:2), pp. 145-153.

Mingers, J., Mutch, A., and Willcocks, L. (2013). Critical realism in information systems research,” MIS Quarterly, (37:3), pp. 795-802.

MobilePay (2017). MobilePay is heading towards 1000 webshops in the Nordics. Press release. Can be found at: https://www.mobilepay.dk/da-dk/PDF/Pressemeddelelser/Checkout-MobilePay-PressRelease- 20170419.pdf

Moore, J. E., and Yager, S.E. 2011. “Understanding and applying participant observation in information systems research,” In Proceedings of the 49th SIGMIS annual conference on Computer personnel research, pp. 126-130.

Muzellec, L., Ronteau, S., and Lambkin, M. 2015. “Two-sided Internet Platforms: A Business Model Lifecycle Perspective,” Industrial Marketing Management, (45:1), pp. 139-150.

Ojala, A., and Lyytinen, K. 2018. “Competition Logics during Digital Platform Evolution,” In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2018) (pp. 1026-1035). University of Hawai'i at Manoa.

Olleros, F. X. 2008. “The Lean Core in Digital Platforms,” Technovation, (28:5), pp. 266-276.

Ondrus, J., Gannamaneni, J., and Lyytinen, K. 2015. “The impact of openness on the market potential of multi-sided platforms: a case study of mobile payment platforms”, Journal of Information Technology, (30:3), pp 260–275.

Ondrus, J. and Lyytinen, K., 2011. Mobile payments market: towards another clash of the titans. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference of Mobile Business (ICMB).

Ondrus, J., Lyytinen, K., and Pigneur, Y., 2009. Why mobile payments fail? towards a dynamic and multi- perspective explanation. Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, Hawaii.

Ozer, G. T., and Anderson, E. G,, Jr. 2015. “Innovation and Breaching Strategies in Multi-Sided Platform Markets: Insights from a Simulation Study,” International Conference on Information Systems, 2015, Forth Worth, Texas, USA.

Pajunen, K. 2008. “The Nature of Organizational Mechanisms,” Organization studies, (29:11), pp. 1449- 1468.

Parker, G. and van Alstyne, M. 2008. "Managing Platform Ecosystems". International Conference on Information Systems, 2008, Proceedings. 53.

Parker, G., van Alstyne, M. and Choudary, S.P. 2016. Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economy and How to Make Them Work for You. NY: WW Norton Company, Inc.

93 Pawson R. 2000 “Middle-Range Realism,” Archives Européenes de Sociologie, Vol. XLI pp. 283-325. Pettigrew, A. M. 1990. “Longitudinal field research on change: Theory and practice,” Organization Science

(1:3), pp. 267–92.

Poole, M. S., & Van de Ven, A. 2004. Theories of organizational change and innovation processes. In M. S. Poole & A. H. Van de Ven (Eds.), Handbook of organizational change and innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter 13, pp. 374 – 397.

Ralph, P. and Wand, Y. 2008. “A teleological process theory of software development,” Journal of the Association of Information Systems Theory Development Workshop, International Conference on Information Systems (Paris) - 2008.

Romanelli, E., and Tushman., M. 1994. “Organization Transformation as Punctuated Equilibrium.” Academy of Management Journal, 37, pp. 1141-1166.

Ruutu, S., Casey, T., and Kotovirta, V. 2017. “Development and competition of digital service platforms: A system dynamics approach,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 117, pp. 119–130.

Rysman, M. 2009. “The Economics of Two-Sided Markets,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, (23:3), pp. 125-143.

Saraswat, P. 1988. “A historical perspective on the philosophical foundations of information systems”. Retrieved from Foundations of Information Systemson the World Wide Web: http://

www.cba.uh.edu/~parks/fis/saraswat3.htm.

Sayer, A. 2000. Realism and Social Science, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

Sayer, A. 1992. Method in Social Science: a Realist approach (2nd ed.), London, UK: Routledge. Scholten, S., and Scholten, U. 2012. “Platform-based Innovation Management: Directing External

Innovational Efforts in Platform Ecosystems,” Journal of the Knowledge Economy, (3:2), pp. 164-184. Skjærlund, S. 2016. Swipp og MobilePay dukker op i flere og flere lokale butikker. Can be found at:

https://frdb.dk/erhverv/Swipp-og-MobilePay-dukker-op-i-flere-og-flere-lokale-butikker/artikel/89864 Smedlund, A. and Faghankhani, H. 2015. “Platform Orchestration for Efficiency, Development and

Innovation,” in Proceedings of 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Proceedings., IEEE Computer Society, pp.