Necesidades y requerimientos

Agenda in Arabic was used in the sense of goals to be achieved though pretending

something else more (about 72%) than as plan or list of things to be done or addressed.

The denotative meaning of agenda is carried by the co-occurrence with upcoming, prepare(v), set(v), national, nationalist, reform while the connotation is introduced by the

co-occurrence with external, American, political, own, private, party (a political party), serving, and executing.

The connotations of agenda drew often on negative associations alluding to doubt and unwanted interference. The co-occurrence of agenda with external and American imply working on native plans with foreign parties and note here the reference to the U.S. in particular in the instances (See Appendix D) below:

...The conflict in most of the countries that have been occupied. The existence of external agenda trying to break up Iraq resulting from the danger...

( 168 ...) ف تاعارصلا للاتحا مت يتلا لودلا رثكا ي اھ ل ةلواحم يف ةيجراخ ةدنجا دوجو . رطخ نم ةجتان قارعلا كيكفت ...

...At the time its falcons show their embrace of Sharon’s agenda as an American Israeli agenda based on regional conference restricted to...

( 77 ... ) وقص يدبي نيح يفف ر ف نوراش ةدنجلا مھينبت اھ روصحم يميلقا رمتؤم ىلع موقت ةيليئارسا ةيكيرما ةدنجا لكش ي ...

By referring to the foreign parties using the adjective collocates external and American, language users try to be more explicit in expressing their attitudes toward the agenda in

129

question. The use of the adjective collocates political, own, and private suggest pointing to the partial goals of a given agenda or the narrow interests of some groups or political parties in these examples:

...the west has their own reform agenda and they (the reformists) are to introduce another opposing agenda or at least they should not accept what they introduce...

(136) ... دنجا هل برغلا نا ت ب ةصاخلا ه ا مھ و حلاصلا ھجاوم يف يرخا ةدنجا نوحرطي ت لا لقلاا يلع وا ه نوملسي ل ب ه حرطي ام ...

...The basic goal from presenting it is to make the public busy in order to pass a partial or political agenda that is narrow and does not serve the reality and ambitions...

... (81) ب ريھامجلا لاغشا هحرط نم يساسلاا نجا ريرمت لجا نم ه لا قفلاا ةقيض ةيسايس وا ةيبزح ةد و تاحومط و عقاو مدخت ...

Furthermore, the verbal nouns (serving and executing) co-occurrence with agenda suggest expressing active endeavor to carry out a plan.

...Its weapons, equipment, and agents who worked hard in serving its agenda and intentions so that the people make decision on their treachery...

... (97) حلسا ت ادعم و ه ت دنجا ةمدخ يف اونافت نيذلا هئلامع و ه ت م اكحا بعشلا ردصي يك هاياون و ه ه ل مھقحب و مھتنايخ ...

...that are worried about Hezbollah tendency to execute an Iranian shiite agenda in Lebanon. The success of Hezbollah...

(208) ... ىلع لله بزح حاجن .نانبل ى ف ةيناريا ةيعيش ةدنجا ذيفنت ىلا لله بزح حونج لامتحا نم ةفوختملا ...

Thus, the co-occurrence pattern and connotation of agenda show users having cautious distrust of parties that are thought not to work for the public good. The implicit meaning of lack of trust in someone/group with an agenda effect negative associations in the majority of instances.

130

On the other hand, the co-occurrence pattern of liberal in Arabic was characterized by a competitive nature and a more direct language use. The set of collocates of liberal can be divided into two groups: those identifying the topics or concepts which are party, regime, democracy, trend (political), approach, and economic and the other group including secular, Muslim, nationalist, Islamic, socialist, social, and the west which establish the referents. The co-occurrence of liberal with collocates such as democracy and regime created a basis of controversies and debate to operate while other collocates like Muslim and socialist referred to the parties engaged in what was being discussed or debated on either with or against as in the instances (See also in Appendix E) below:

…The first part of your question is that we need today a liberal regime that maintains citizenship culture without looking at backgrounds...

… (120) رظنلا نودب و ةنطاوملا ةفاقثل خسري يلاربيل ماظنل ةجاحب مويلا انناب كلذ كباوج نم لولاا قشلا

...تايفلخلل

…in the typical understanding, every shiite is with Iran agenda, and every liberal or secular is a supporter not only of the U.S. but also of Jews…

(105) كيرملا طقف سيل دناسم يناملع وا يلاربيل لك و ,ناريا ةدنجلا وھ يعيش لك ,دئاسلا مھفلا يف... ...دوھيلل امنا ا

…and between the Islamic movement that is not infallible. Not every liberal or secular is an enemy of Islam. Criticizing prominent figures is not against…

… (1) نو .ملاسلال ودع يناملع وا يلاربيل لك سيل .ةموصعملا ريغ ةيملاسلاا ةكرحلا نيب و ...دض سيل زومرلا دق

These instances exhibit the discrepancy in using liberal; in which language users employ it to serve their tendency and goals. The concept of liberal was used to promote

131

an issue/topic, to find fault with it, or in few cases to show neutral stand as in the above instances respectively. Liberal, generally speaking, was used in its denotative meaning as one who is a proponent of liberalism or calling on embracing liberalism as a regime. Thus, the meaning and associations that were made by the use of liberal tended to be neutral, since they depended on the attitude and advocacy of every language user and reader toward the issue in question.

Lobby represented a distinct pattern in this study from agenda and liberal; in that it was used with all the collocates only in the sense of a pressure or special interest group. The majority of collocates that were used with lobby implied negative association and expressed complaint or need to take action. The set of collocates and their co- occurrences with lobby can be divided into three groups: those identifying an action or describing a situation (establishing, forming, creating, making, Arab, the pressure, pressure, exist, existence), those referring to native issues (corruption, real state), and those indicating external parties: Israel, Jewish, Zionist, states (the U.S.).

By using collocates such as establishing and forming, language users urge Arabs to start a lobby that serves their shared interests at the regional and international level. The concept of lobbying is also used to point out some special interest groups that use power for personal gains or unfairly exploit local problems or circumstances represented here by corruption and real state. The references to Israel, Jewish, Zionist, and states (The U.S.) were made here to indicate the power of these parties not only at the regional but also at the international level. Here are some instances (from Appendix F):

...and that the government regardless of its meretricious slogans to destroy corruption lobby and thieves, fall in the trap of thieves and said that...

132 …(147) ىلع ءاضقلاب ةقاربلا اھتاراعش مغر و ةموكحلا نا و نا تلاقو صوصللا خف يف تعقو صوصللا و داسفلا يبول يف ...

...talking about Israeli lobby and that why do not we have an Arab pressure lobby as we have a lot of means that make us...

...(172) اندنع طغاض يبرع يبول انيدل نوكيلا اذامل يليئارسلاا يبوللا نع ثدحتي

انلعجت يتلا تاموقملا نم ريثكلا ...

... for its interest research centers and studies with huge funds and there is a Zionist global lobby that forced Obama to take it back in front of...

... (102) ينويھص يبول كانھ ةمخض تاينازيمب تاسارد و ثوحب زكارم هتحلصم

هملاك بحس ىلع امابوا ربجا يملاع

ماما ...

The focus on using lobby to mean special interest or pressure group in Arabic precipitates negative association or experience often related to power abuse or injustice. It has to be mentioned here that lobby was also used in the denotative meaning as a large hall or area (See Appendix F) but these uses were not statistically significant to form collocational relations.