Planos Básicos de Instalaciones Electro Mecánicas

A member of the Iran Urban Social Science Council, based in the Housing Ministry in Tehran had an inspection seventy-six days after the Bam earthquake. Below are some outputs of their report related to temporary sheltering.

Emergency sheltering started by providing tents and approximately 30,000 tent were delivered to survivors to live in open spaces with some living close to collapsed houses. The process of emergency sheltering, because of the lack of trained volunteers, was too slow. The first 72 hours of rescuing trapped people is very important but the rescue team engaged with emergency sheltering too during those hours as well. Long term temporary sheltering was started after delivering all predicted number of temporary shelters to the post-earthquake scenario (Asadi, 2007).

55 Iran’s official news agency: http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/80863195; Access Date 19/06/2015

183 Most of the survivors, transferred their saved personal belongings to their tents. Some of those survivors who saved more personal belongings had less room inside of their tents therefore they left their belongings outside of their tent, which is the reason for insecurity and theft in the Bam post-earthquake scenario. Generally, people of Bam, because of their lifestyle, were living in garden houses that consisted of a land and a building. Every family has a lot of house furniture, kitchen materials and personal belongings. Bam survivors, which are expanded upon in Literature Review, needed more rooms inside the shelter to keep their personal belongings. This research through designing a modular emergency shelter units that has the possibility of extension and attaching to another units develops emergency sheltering. Different range of prototypes in the portfolio present the mechanism of erection and connection methods of designed units. Through these methods, survivors are able to expand and extend their shelter as much as they need to save their personal belongings. In addition, with increasing storage space inside the tent, security would be improved.

Figure 4.10: Survivors because of small size of tents had to keep their personal belongings out of their tents (Ref: Mehr News Agency, Image Credit: Younes Khani)

Access to the shower, toilet and places for washing dishes and laundry were not in a good condition during the first 20 days because predicted number of facilities such as toilets, showers were not enough, but access to toilets and showers during mid-term sheltering were in a good condition. Furthermore, because of the climatic conditions during the hot daytime and cold weather during night times and living in tents for more than the expected time, the risk of disease was high. Therefore transferring survivors from their tents to a porta cabin was a priority by this day (Asadi, 2007).

The Defence Ministry made an un-professional decision on the day of the earthquake to start constructing 20,000 porta cabins for 28 points of Bam without initial site analysis. The price of each porta cabin unit was £900 and they spent over 18 million pounds after the Bam earthquake. Experienced people who were engaged in the reconstruction of cities after the eight years imposed war from Iraq, recommended to avoid this quick decision because it would have long-term effects on survivors’ lives (Fallahi, 2008).

As expanded in the Literature Review, survivors were not happy to have their porta cabin in camps. They preferred to have their shelter in their private land and properties

184 but it caused more time for landscape recovery and flattening their lands after collapsing their permanent shelters. Statistics show during seventy-six days only 15%

to 30% of waste building materials removals had been done. The Red Crescent estimated approximately 30 million M³ of waste building materials should be removed from Bam (Fallahi, 2008). With the Bam earthquake, the economy of the city is damaged seriously too. Except for orange and date gardens, the rest of the businesses, including buildings for packing agricultural products and trade centres, central Bazar, factories around city had collapsed. The most serious economic damage was due to tourism industry. The ancient Bam Citadel was a tourist attraction on a world scale, which was seriously damaged during the earthquake (OCHA, 2010).

The demolition of collapsed buildings and waste building material removal were the conditions of mid-term sheltering in survivor’s private lands. Therefore, the local authority formed a waiting list and registration process with property documents.

Recycling of waste materials is an important issue. Survivors and property owners knew before removing waste building materials from their properties, they had the chance to recycle building materials by hand between waste materials. These secondary material options have the potential to be applied for upgrading emergency shelters for mid-term sheltering. These material options are expanded in Chapter Six Material design. For instance, survivors during landscape recovery, were keeping wooden posts and beams for reusing during the reconstruction of their permanent shelters.

As discussed in section 1.7.5 in the Literature Review, the city of Bam is 27 square kilometres and there are 18,000 residential and commercial buildings. Approximately 85% of these buildings had collapsed. (Fayazi, 2011) Therefore, a big part of the city needed landscape recovery. This approach to the amount of waste building materials can be reused for upgrading emergency shelters for mid-term sheltering. The majority of people who survived the earthquake started, during that time, to collect useful materials for permanent sheltering (Figure 6.10). This research uses these materials for upgrading emergency shelters. It can be one of the most sustainable methods of temporary sheltering. This approach is discussed in Chapter Six, Material Design.

By this date different mid-term and long-term architectural needs appear in the post-earthquake scenario. For instance, some survivors need another temporary shelter such as a store or shop. The figure 4.11 shows different porta cabins were used as different shops such as a butchers, bakery, pharmacy. The problem was all survivors or other people who were in Bam after the earthquake had to wait for a very long time for a porta cabin or other types of temporary shelters to present their agricultural or other types of products.

185 Figure 4.11: Temporary shelters as a butchery and pharmacy in the Bam post-earthquake

scenario (Ref: by author) 4.4.7 Report of an architect from Bam after earthquake

Dr Cyrus Majid-Zadeh a professor in Azad University of Mashhad where he teaches environmental design, was invited to Bam three months after the Bam earthquake by the Home Ministry for an inspection. The author had an interview with him in Mashhad on Monday 6^th April 2015 in Azad University of Mashhad about the Bam earthquake in Persian language. Below are some questions and answers:

FB: Dr Cyrus Majid-Zadeh when you think about the Bam earthquake what do you remember about the process of sheltering and temporary shelters?

CM: The Earthquake in the city of Bam had been more destructive than villages around Bam. More than 85% of the city has been damaged. The Bam earthquake occurred 41 years after Buin-Zahra earthquake and 13 years after Roudbar earthquake. Only 15% of Iranians live in earthquake resistant buildings. Public buildings that are collapsed or damaged seriously are the city council, which was supposed to be crisis management centre, Bam fire station, different banks, civil justice court that is collapsed completely, new Bam hospital that was constructed less than ten years ago, Bam airport including control tower and hall of residence for students. The interesting point is: generally old building of Bam such as old Bam hospital, schools and mosques were damaged less in comparison with new constructed public buildings. The Local authority closed Bam citadel as a UNICEF world registered heritage site. The collapsing new buildings in Bam is a sign of weakness in building industry in recent decades.

FB: Dr Majid-Zadeh, I know it is not a good condition, but what were people thinking about their shelter? Were people satisfied about their shelter?

CM: Meeting with some survivors who were living in emergency shelters shows that, firstly, delivered goods to their tents do not match with their actual requirements and emergency NGOs do not deliver their actual requirements. Some of them had to erect their own shelter after medical treatments and it took a long time to erect their shelters.

Secondly, no one asked any question from survivors about temporary sheltering types.

The temporary sheltering happened in different camps without considering survivor’s

186 life style and the role of gardens in their daily lives and economic dependency of families. There is a strong link between the economy of families in Bam and palm gardens. Access to palm gardens because of long distance from their temporary