CAPÍTULO 1 MARCO LEGAL – TEÓRICO Y CONCEPTUAL
1.2 Marco teórico conceptual
1.2.3. Prácticas para mejorar la convivencia escolar
• The deficiencies scenario as per census 2001 and October 2004 survey is depicted in annexure K • Deficiencies will be resolved in span of 10 years.
3. Master plans for sewerage system with approach towards at least 90-100% house connectivity. It may be initially for year 2031 with five year investment plans and updated regularly with 5 years interval.
4. Approach of phased construction of sewage system & STP-Outfall sewers-Trunk sewers-Laterals and house connectivity. 5. Quality of treated effluent for reuse.
6. Sewerage system in non-feasible areas.
7 Identification of non-feasible area in terms of road width, trench excavation depth and type of underground strata. (8) Pumping in sewerage system.
(9) Financial resources for sustainability of the system.
(10) Maintenance / rehabilitation / replacement of the sewerage system for efficient service delivery. (11) Drainage system for industrial effluent / house sewage / storm water.
(12) GIS mapping of the existing and proposed sewerage system. Waste water and sewerage disposal :-
• Collection, conveyance and treatment of toilet waste and waste water from kitchen and bathrooms of households. • One of the following sewerage disposal systems will be adopted in every human settlement area.
- Leaching pits/ septic tanks/ battery of septic tanks/ duck weed plant systems/ sewerage treatment plant system according to load.
• Provision of toilet facilities for all residents of the city, including individual toilets, public toilets & community toilets. The importance of maintenance of public toilets will also be considered.
• The policy would not include storm water drainage for which separate facilities have to be created, offer preparing drainage plans of each city.
• The proposed arrangements would not cover industrial liquid waste, unless it has been treated to acceptable standards before being discharged into sewage drains.
• Recycling of treated effluents will be integral part of the policy. This should mean they can be used by local industries and gardens. Partial recovery of costs will be possible through the sale of sludge and effluents and will form an important part of the policy.
City based models
Each city will be considered as a separate unit and the solutions will be will be suggested after considering various methods, including on site disposal and available low cost sanitation methods. An under ground sewage collection and conveyance system should not be considered unless it is accompanied with treatment facilities. Disposal of untreated sewage is a violation of the pollution control laws and would invariably lead to pollution of under ground sources of water. The model will also contain the following :
1. Technical feasibility 2. Financial feasibility 3. Environmental feasibility 4. Social acceptability Subsidies by the Government :
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After incurring capital costs, O&M costs will not be subsidized by the Government. The necessary legal and institutional systems to levy and collect charges from individual beneficiaries will be altered, to ensure:-
1. Extending the coverage to the entire city, by using all methods.
2. Preparation of a master plan for the city, if it has not already been provided. 3. Ensuring 100% connectivity of the existing facility
4. Provision for adequate legal systems, including bye laws.
5. Provision for adequate institutional system, including the need for minimum staff, equipment and training. 6. Capacity building for the municipal body.
7. Calculation and recovery of all O and M costs.
Sewerage treatment plants :-There is an acute shortage of treatment plants and trained staff for setting up and maintaining STPs. O&M of these plants is costly and highly technical.
Setting up a nodal agency at state level:-There is a need to set up a nodal agency at the state level. It may be PHED and DLB. The GOR will set up this nodal agency.
O and M agencies of divisional HQ's:- Under municipal bodies O&M agencies have to be outsourced through companies. Setting up of regulatory body
The issue of tariffs for sewerage facilities has not even been considered. It will be possible through independent regulatory bodies set up by law, to make it obligatory for municipalities to adopt set tariffs.
5.16.C Sewerage connections – ordinance
Where are ULB’s have laid sewer lines, house owners be supposed to take sewer connections within a reasonable time say 6 months, failing which even other wise they will have to pay sewer charges because sewer lines are serving the area.
Even if land/house owners refuse for sewer connection, they will have to pay sewer charges.
With above system there will be no open drainage and polluted free environment will be there. Even if owner constructs 2 pits for sewerage, underground water quality will be deteriorated.
Either ordinance will be passed or municipal laws will be amended accordingly. 5.17 Infrastructure [Refer NHHP Sec. 2 & 5.5. ]
• Infrastructure provision generates economic momentum, sustainable economic growth, promotes planned urbanization and expands housing activity. Therefore infrastructure works will be prime responsibility of GOR. Therefore public /HFI's / private sector / trusts will be attracted. GOR will create RUDF for creation of planned infrastructure assets. • Up gradation of infrastructure works of towns and cities to meet the present and future need, will be executed on priority. • Specific care will be given to create present time requirements of infrastructure works that improve the urban
environment, as mentioned in detail of Infrastructure during XIth FYP specifically. • Details of infrastructure works which will be executed.
- Utility services - water supply / sewerage / drainage / sanitation / solid waste management / ecological appropriate infrastructure project / integrated area development schemes / transportation / electrification/infrastructure for communication network etc.
- Social infrastructure - schools / colleges / hostels /health centers / community centers / parks / play grounds / crèches rehabilitation center/ lush green gardens etc.
- Economic / commercial infrastructure- shopping centers / market complexes / bridges / technology parks / theatres / trade and business centers / tourist and health resorts / warehouses and industrial estate, hi-fi internet etc. - Urban Infrastructure Expenditure Projections for 2007, 2011, 2012, 2017 & 2021.
Please refer to annex E & G1 for year 2007, Rs. 8601 crores are needed for land, infrastructure work & construction of houses for 3.68 lacs houses Rs. 2600 crores ( at least 30%) are needed for infrastructure works. Rs. 4809 crores will be required for housing & up gradation works for resolving issues of obsolescence houses, congested houses, semi permanent houses & house holds living in one room ( no married couples).
Taking minimum 20% cost towards up gradation/new infrastructure works (of Rs. 4809 crores) we need 960 crores. Total requirement – 2600+960 = 3560 crores say 3600 crores.
The projected finances required on various infrastructure works in forthcoming years are mentioned in annexure G1 in the year 2007, 2011, 2012, 2017 & 2021. the amount mentioned beolow:-
2007-3600 crores 2011-4000 crores 2012-4100 crores 2017-4600 crores
2021-5100 crores.
Special attention will be given to Class I towns, & class II towns with religion & tourism importance.
List of class I towns is mentioned at annex. A5. These are 20 nos. out of 222 urban centres. Migration of population is maximum in class I towns.
- Population of class I towns is 75.58 lacs of total urban population is 1.32 cr. Percentage of population in only 20 towns is 60%. Therefore proper infrastructure works will be created in Class I cities on priority by preparing 20 yr master development plans, as per present and future need of specific infrastructure works.
- After adoption of model Municipal law, Municipal bodies will be responsible for development works.
• PPP concept for infrastructure will be used for development of all areas of infrastructure works. Macro-economic strategies will be utilized to enable flow of resources as per requirement of cities such as.
- Road network / water / sewerage / electricity etc. as per city requirement. - Development of community centers / Parks / Schools, colleges & Hospitals. - Financing for various infrastructure works
- Development of townships. Township policy under PPP concept is under approval with cabinet.
• For this purpose special purpose vehicles (SPV) will be assigned this job by RUIDP/RUIFDCO/ULB’s. In first phase towns with population more than 1 lac will be taken (As per directions of NUHHP-07).City wise physical & financial scenario will be worked out for major infrastructure required works as mentioned above. Municipal bodies will execute
proper infrastructure works in all 222 urban centers, with financial support from RUIFDCO, municipal finance commission, municipal bonds, RUDF, GOI funds etc. for technical support out sourcing will be done if required.
• 20 Years master development plans will be prepared for each city priority wise which will clearly envisage infrastructure works as per present and future needs. CDP's and DPR's will be prepared.
5.17.1 Proposed cess on infrastructure works to be levied for road work/education/recreation set up/ sports/ stadiums/e- connectivity/township/water supply/sewerage/air ports & bus terminals is mentioned as per annexure-L
5.17.2 Transport & trafic ( Refer NHHP 98 – Sec.5.8 (i), & 5.5. (xi) & Sec. (v) NHHP-05) Measures which will be adopted for efficient transportation & traffic management
There is need for comprehensive/ integrated development in various sectors like road infrastructure, regulation of private/ public vehicle, licensing, etc. as all aspects are inter linked.
Income & social disparities lead to heterogeneous traffic, not out of choice but compulsion owing to lack of other options like good public transport, inaccessible door to door facilities, lack of footpaths for pedestrians etc. So there is an urgent need to build a transport system catering to the demands of all sections of society with emphasis on buses, bicycles, pedestrian traffic etc.
Careful understanding & innovative solutions will be worked out to promote innovations in road designs, institutional modifications vehicle designs & innovative financial schemes.
Urban transport has a strong impact on urban growth. An optimum mix of reliable and eco-friendly public transport system would be planned at the planning stage to meet the cities requirement, but not as consequential requirement. Bus Terminals and Parking, will be developed according to need works which will be executed.
Encouragement will be for co oriented & integrated public transport and non motorized modes. While developing new towns GOR will ensure coherence between transport, land use & other social & economic policies like BRTS system will be developed in Jaipur.
Transport Policy will be framed by transport department. Traffic institutes in important cities, will also be established under JNNURM scheme of GOI.Urban Transport Policy (UTP) will be inconsonance with UTP of GOI. Guide lines of transport policy will be as per annexure M.
Rail transport is the cheapest transport. While preparing / reviewing master plans & while macro & micro planning, efforts will be made to plan, townships near railway stations already existing or have scope of establishment/development near railway stations. Where ever railway station in locality of townships is not possible, high speed bus services roads will be planned, with adequate bus stops, petrol pumps etc.
16.91% population is living in slums in urban areas in 26 towns ( as per census 2001) Government will ensure cheap & speedier public transport is available for slum dwellers to reach their work places / housing sites so that economic distance balance rich & poor is reduced & quality of life of poor is increased.
Rapid-transit-system or transport will be ( like BRTS in Jaipur ) provided to the satellite towns/cities developed as growth centers around the main city for easy access to main city with integrated transport system. Accelerated city infrastructure projects of Rail over bridge wherever requirements will be taken up.
Traffic Congestion:
• Simply building more roads is not solution to universal problem of road traffic congestion. GOR will ensure :-
Traffic deptt. will manage traffic more efficiently on existing roads by widening, ring roads one way system & slip lanes wherever possible, to be constructed by relevant department.
In new town ship policy which is being shortly issued for township area, minimum road width will be 40 feet. Also due attention will be given to planning of parking lots. The tendency of converting the existing parking plots to commercial use for financial gains, if any will be curbed
(ii) Problem of stray cattle for Jaipur and all major cities :-Dairies in residential areas will be shifted in satellite areas away from city at 25-30 Km. Distance.
(iii) Encroachment on foot path & roads specially on road Junctions / corners :-
Such areas will be identified & THADI MARKET & planned kiosks/vegetable platforms will be constructed in planned way so that encroachments are not there.
(iv) In future in every residential area/complexes 2% provision for such informal commercial areas will be made compulsorily & encroachments on foot paths & roads will not be allowed.
(v) Long stay of city bus stops in their routs at undesired places :- A committee has been formed of following departments :- Transport/Traffic Deptt./JDA/Road ways/Nagar Nigam
This committee will ensure planning of proper bus shelters/bus stops with kiosks at desired places. Buses will stop only at such regular bus stops.
(vi) While sanctioning plans of commercial/residential complexes to be constructed by developers/builder, proposed parking areas will be owned by ULB's. Builders/developers will not be the owners of parking places as these will rest with ULB's 5.17.3 Electricity :-
• While clearing development plans of any builder or CDP’s/ RIICO / RHB / UIT’s JDA / MB's etc. provision for electricity consumption will be intimated to Vidyut Nigam by respective deptts. will in advance, just after preparation of plans, so that Vidyut Nigam, plans for availability of energy well in advance for present and future projects.
• Financing for electrification work will be through JNNURM/ IHSDP/ULB's/ bodies/. • Electricity waste will be controlled.
• Energy production in the state will be increased, keeping in view the growing demand due to rapid urbanization. Public will be educated about energy waste and efforts will be made to reduce losses.
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5.17.4 Water ( One of the MDG issues) Drinking water policy will be issued by PHED.All relevant details on water infrastructure works have been mentioned in section 5.15. Action plans accordingly will be prepared
5.17.5 Health
Due care & provision will be taken in Master development plan of 20 years & XIth five year plan.
• Efforts shall be made to open satellite hospitals & Health centers, family planning centers etc. in the urban centers to relieve the main hospitals. This will also lead to less traffic problem and conservation of fuel.
• PPP concept will be used in establishing medical centers-Land will belong to a local/private agency and financial assistance of private builder/trust. Construction agency will be private/public sector. This concept will be included in the infrastructure action plan.
5.17.6 Sanitation
Due care & provision will be taken in Master development plan of 20 years & XIth five year plan. Integrated waste water management policy at all urban centers will be framed by RUIDP.
Waste water disposal / sewerage line works will be executed under different state/National/external funded programmes. Sewerage infrastructure plans / drainage plan /disposal of sewers will be prepared city wise and priority wise.
As per census 2001 only 32% households avail sewer facilities.
Sanitary deficiencies mentioned in section 3.3.1.6 will be resolved through JNNURM / IHSDP/ UIDSSMT /ADB funds/ Finance Commission/ RUDF etc.
5.17.7 Education
Rajasthan is below national average in this field (65.3% / 61.03%)
Special attention will be given in 11th five year plan & master development plans of 20 years for establishment of education centers i.e. Primary upper primary/Secondary/Senior Secondary Schools in small and medium towns through State/National/external funded projects throughout the 222 urban centers according to priority.
Use of PPP concept in establishing various educational institutions. 5.17.8 General infrastructure services / issues
• Developing cities and towns in a healthy environment manner with increased use of renewable energy sources and pollution free atmosphere with concerned for solid waste disposal, drainage etc.
• PPP /PPPP concept will be explored in all types of infrastructure works for execution & maintenance.
• Encouraging the use of construction technologies for infrastructure works which are cost effective, incrementally up- gradable and environmentally appropriate with computer aided programmes.
• Development & beautification of roads, rotaries, road junctions, traffic island, gardeners etc. including maintenance works under Mission Anupam.
• Strengthening the financial and implementation capacity of the local bodies and functional agencies and augmenting their resources through proper planning for the cities & to ensure adequate cost recovery & proper maintenance set up & up gradation of personal capability.
• All class I to III urban centers according to priority of class wise town will be on GIS mappings according o priority. • Habitat infrastructure action plans/master development plans will be prepared by MB's/ RUIDP.
• Management Information System (MIS) on home building activities will be strengthened to help with the design and development of housing programmes.
• Balanced development of towns including small and medium towns and strengthening of local bodies to ensure adequate investments in infrastructure works under JNNURM/UIDSSMT/RUDF/RUIDP/ULB's funds (Town planning department is nodal agency for small and medium town improvement).
• Sustainable strategies would be devised for the maintenance of housing and infrastructure services.
Policy for Road Cuts :- For Jaipur, a city road cutting policy has been issued. It will be implemented strictly and for other cities also a road cutting policy will be declared so that there is no harassment to the public.
5.18 Policy for management of solid waste and biomedical waste and its implementation [NHHP 3.1.2] 1.GOR declared the above policy in October 2004 incorporating the municipal solid waste (management and handling) (MSW) rules 2000 of G.O.I. These rules will be implemented strictly.
2. Compendium of SWM policy directives has also been issued by Dir. (local bodies)
3. Zero garbage movement (implementation of action plan for SWM) will be started in Rajasthan through a complete and integrated solid waste management system including collection, transportation, transfer stations, land fills, incinerators (compost plant) and health education in 1st phase class I - 20 towns. It will be implemented through scientific techniques and green lines services.
4. Solid waste treatment plants will be installed in Ist phase in major cities (Jaipur, Kota, Ajmer, Udaipur & then in other cities). 5. For implementation of urban solid waste management programme, machines, vehicles & equipment (road sweeping machine
etc. ) will be purchased on priority.
6. Compositing & vermi composting work in all ULB’s will be executed.
7. Land fill sites & transfer station will be developed in Urban Contractor (Project wise) 8. HLC will also ensure implementation of action plan.
9. Execution of common bio medical waste treatment facilities in all major cities.
10 .Also there is less awareness of proper disposal of bio medical waste. Therefore, there is always threat to public health. Hospitals & Clinic authorities & common public men will be made aware of proper & scientific disposal of common biomedical waste as per MSW rules 2000. Municipal bodies will be required to create a general public awareness within medical, communities (Sweepers/Compounders/Nurses etc) for disposal of bio medical waste.
- Encouragement of green buildings (environmentally safe, ecofriendly and sustainable) (a) Sustainability concern i.e. emergence of sustainable habitat.
• Suitable strategies for housing & sustain able development of human settlements.