Procedimientos de actuación ante emergencias

As discussed throughout this thesis, malacological surveys provide a wealth of information that can be used to best implement schistosomiasis control strategies. However, control programme managers will have to make decisions based on financial and logistical constraints whether to implement additional snail surveys and/or control (Table 8.1), and if so, in which manner? This is particularly topical since current WHO guidelines state the need for implementing additional snail surveillance and control (WHO, 2020a), however it is not stated specifically which methods should be implemented. This is primarily due to the current absence of on the ground implementation of these snail surveillance and control measures, except for more historic insights into the effect of chemical mollusciciding (Sokolow et al., 2018). Although updated guidelines for the field use of molluscicides have recently been

published (WHO, 2017a), their uptake in sub-Saharan Africa has not been widespread in recent years due to the increased costs of chemicals, the reduced cost/donation of preventive chemotherapy, concerns over pollution and other biological impacts to non-target organisms (Savioli et al., 2015; Sokolow et al., 2016) (Table 8.1). In an endemic area where no previous medical malacology has been performed, but is implementing preventive chemotherapy, snail surveillance should be first implemented to map the schistosomiasis transmission risk through snail surveys and identifying snails and schistosomes to the species level (Table 8.1), following which, snail xenomonitoring can be performed to establish where continuing transmission is taking place and interventions (such as educational/behavioural change programmes) can be focalised. Only after establishing this foundation should snail control be considered and protocols be tailored to appropriate focal spatial and temporal epidemiology identified through the data collected during malacological surveys.

The uptake of phylogenetic methodologies in identifying and exploring intermediate host snail distributions and diversity has provided both answers and spurred new questions in schistosomiasis surveillance and control. Comparing DNA sequences to delimit snail species and then incriminate S histosoma transmission with one or more of these has improved our ability to accurately map freshwater bodies in terms of S histosoma transmission risk, a clear benefit. However, the huge amount of underlying diversity in genera such as Bulinus, as demonstrated throughout this thesis in both reviewed literature and new results, muddles our understanding of what separates one species from another (i.e. which species concepts to employ). This is important from a public health perspective since schistosomiasis control programmes and policies need clear guidelines supported by the scientific knowledge of how S histosoma transmission takes place in endemic areas. Placing further emphasis on the need for malacological surveys during schistosomiasis projects, employing new S histosoma surveillance techniques and pursuing studies into the taxonomy of intermediate host species is the only way to demonstrate the importance of medical malacology.

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