RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN
PTERIDOPHYTA ADIANTACEAE
“There are 86,400 seconds in a day. It's up to you to decide what to do with them” – Jimmy Valvano
Under the increasing stress on water resources, new tools are needed to determine the merits of seemingly sustainable solutions. This analysis provides methods for assessing local and regional impacts of reclaimed water consumption for cooling power plants.
Chapter 3 reveals important insights regarding water reuse, both under existing de facto conditions and in a simulated engineered reuse scenario. Reclaimed water use for power plant cooling incurs high infrastructure investment costs for pipeline construction and cooling system retrofits. These investments, however, mitigate the risk of power generation reliability concerns from thermal variances and capacity loss due to elevated water temperatures. When considering factors such as the environment or public policy, cooling power plants with reclaimed water can minimize the risk of the unknown. Understanding and quantifying these benefits and tradeoffs can help support sustainable water reuse and power generation.
Demonstrated in Chapter 4, the method provides clear and quantifiable ways of determining regional downstream impacts from consumptive water reuse, along with accounting for the legal structure of the state. Reclaimed water consumption in the Chicago region of 200 MGD would result in a statistically significant difference in streamflow within 50 river miles, but would be insignificant further downstream. The maximum probability of failure would increase from about 1% to 2%; however, barge traffic along the Illinois River accounts for less than 1% of the value of commodities shipped in Illinois, making the difference in streamflow relatively minor in terms of economics. Overall, in the model of cooling power plants with reclaimed water in Chicago, there are minimal downstream impacts (lower river stage) on an already insignificant industry (waterborne transportation).
It is important to use quantitative metrics because the merits of a reclaimed water system change with geographic factors. As reclaimed water becomes more necessary for resource management, policy makers have the opportunity to define simple rules for handling reclaimed water conflicts before they arise. By allowing uncertainty about reclaimed water outcomes to persist, the region might be sub-optimally allocating resources. Enabling a system where customers can buy reclaimed water without sacrificing other stakeholder’s rights to water creates a more economically efficient and environmentally sustainable society.
The following primary research questions were answered for the case study of the greater Chicago area of Illinois:
Given a specific scenario, is cooling power plants with reclaimed water beneficial? In cases where the supply is sufficient to meet demand, the reliability of water supply and lower water temperature might warrant the high infrastructure costs.
How can the costs and benefits of cooling power plants with reclaimed water be
quantitatively assessed? Given accurate information, geospatial assessment tools,
reliability metrics, and generation performance models can be used to accurately estimate the costs and benefits.
How can the impacts downstream of the reuse be quantitatively assessed? Scenario analysis, along with t tests and conditional probability, can quantitatively assess downstream impacts.
What are the legal barriers and policy impacts of reuse? The current legal environment concerning reclaimed water is not well formed; however, policy can be shaped to allow for efficient utilization with minimal risk.
More broadly, the methods presented are a necessary evolution in sustainable resource management. Reclaimed water, along with other seemingly sustainable propositions, requires holistic spatial and quantitative analyses that include stakeholder engagement. Moving forward, the techniques described should be expanded and others introduced so that projects and polices can be objectively evaluated to determine the local, distant, and future impacts.
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