Representación porcentual de la información

Conclusion: A zero sum game?

Evidence and analysis throughout this paper indicates how problematic NEEDS will be hard to implement in Nigeria, and how there is no understanding of what Nigeria wants to what China is doing. The Nigerian government does not have the ability to achieve the NEEDS’ goals, due to a weak institution and other factors that surround the state. China’s investment in Nigeria’s trade and debt has developed a mixture of positive and negative results in Nigeria’s economy. In regards to NEEDS, China’s engagements in these sectors have no alignment with the state’s objectives and have only worsen what was trying to be improved by the Nigerian government. The Nigerian government believed that by opening its markets to foreign investors like China, it could achieve its development aspirations. Although its partnership has been of help for increasing

investments, developing oil and gas fields’ exploration, and increasing oil production for economic growth, China’s foreign policy has been obstructive to NEEDS in many ways. China’s investments in the trade sector does not increase Nigeria’s opportunity to develop its manufacturing industries, promote local and small medium enterprises, increase employment, reduce the importation of cheap goods, reduce goods smuggling, and develop Nigerian local markets. It has been contradictory to NEEDS goal of

increasing local manufacturing of goods to promote industries, while improving Nigeria’s export orientation intentions. Moreover, its investments in the oil sector are only

worsening the reliance over Nigeria’s natural resources, while degrading the environment and violating laws. Reducing corruption and lack of transparency, which was another ambition, is only deepening with China partaking in corrupted methods to secure oil

blocks and assets. Decreasing debt and government expenditures featured in the numerous goals of NEEDS can hardly be achieved with China’s aid packages and loan concessions. Investors like China have deviated from everything Nigeria hopes to achieve for its development, making it harder for the policy package to be implemented in the country. Ultimately, pursuing and following China’s policies and interests in Nigeria in hope to increase economic growth has been an obstacle to achieve Nigeria’s development aspirations.

Overall, there is no doubt that China is a good economic partner that can promote investments and help increase economic growth in Nigeria, but China’s aid and

partnership comes at an expense. The local markets and businesses, as well as employment will suffer from this partnership if right policies are not implemented. Nigeria’s industry, natural resources and corruption are a real challenge to any

development in the state. China’s partnership has been relieving some urgent needs, but these needs cannot eradicate poverty and underdevelopment in Nigeria. Its investments are not sustainable to Nigeria’s economy that is becoming increasingly dependent on China. As this study has hopefully relayed, China’s partnership with Nigeria is based on concrete national interests that will only depend in optimal outcomes if Nigeria puts in place the policies and institutions to maximize the complementary effects and minimize the competing effects of this relation.

Recommendations: The way forward

1. Nigerian government needs to institute policies aimed at maximizing the direct and indirect benefits as well as minimizing the possible negative impacts (Oyeranti, el al, 2010, p. 4)

2. The government needs to ensure implementation of laws and regulations in Nigeria as well as ensure compliance by the Chinese investors (Oyeranti et al, 2011, p. 196). 3. The Nigerian government must be conscious of the high level of unemployment prevalent and thereby gives local contractors some considerations in the award of contracts with a view t creating jobs for Nigerians. Local contractors can equally be encouraged to partner with Chinese firms (Oyeranti et al, 2010, p. 5).

4. The Nigerian government needs to examine the structure of tariff and non- tariff barriers facing Nigeria’s exports to China. Perhaps more importantly is an analysis of constraints facing producers and exporters in responding fully to market openings (Ogunkola, 2008, p. 12).

5. Nigeria needs to improve in negotiating tactics with Chinese MNCs, and learn from some of the negotiating positions that the chine government has itself adopted towards Western companies looking to grow their presence in China (Salter, 2009, p. 26). 6. Chinese MNCs should be obliged to build a capacity of Nigerian sub-contractors and to work towards the manufacture of a growing proportion of their materials in Nigeria (Salter, 2009, p. 26).

7. Make full use of other policy instruments at both countries disposal and in this context seek in a systematic way the highest possible degree of coherence between trade,

on trade, agriculture, national security, environment, social and physical and infrastructures and research and technology (Amadasun, 2008, p. 27).

8. Adopt an integrated bilateral trade, economic and development framework and apply common sectoral economic and development policy guidelines based on identified priority fields (Amadasun, 2008, p. 27).

9. The Nigerian government should take the lead and point out the disjuncture between Chinese activities and the norms expected and promoted if China does not abide by broad governance standards (Taylor, 2006, p. 957).

10. The Nigerian government should use oil revenue to improve the state of infrastructure and social amenities, and should invest export receipts in activities with high employment potential such as agriculture and manufacturing (Adewuyi, 2010, p. 95).

11. Nigeria should increase export to China by encouraging manufacturers and exporters, and the government should not enter into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with China (Adewuyi, 2010, p. 95).

12. Ensure better coordinations of both countries development programs and to the greatest extent possible use the procedures that are most beneficial (Amadasun, 2008: 28).

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