CAPÍTULO 6: ASPECTOS LEGALES Y ORGANIZACIONALES
6.2. Aspecto organizacional
6.2.2 Requerimientos del Personal
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F ittlew orth -> “
Fittleworth River Rother
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Reproduced from Ordnance Survey maps with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office, © Crown Copyright NC/01/26450.
4.3.2. Climate
The climate of the four field sites is broadly similar reflecting the general climate characteristics of the catchment, section 4.2.1. Approximate annual average precipitation for Fittleworth is
883mm, for Tillington is 848mm, for Perryfields is 900mm and for Hesworth is 900mm (Water Resource Associates, 1999). Other climate variations, such as exposure to winds and solar radiation, are due to variation in vegetation cover and location. Fittleworth and Perryfields are both located on the south side of the river but Fittleworth is more protected due to a steeper slope section south of the site. Tillington and Hesworth are located north of the river but both are sheltered due to slope sections surrounding them.
4.3.3. Geology
The geological maps for Perryfields, Tillington, Fittleworth and Hesworth are shown in Figure 4- 8, Figure 4-9, Figure 4-10 and Figure 4-11 respectively. The dominant geology within all four fieldsites is the superficial deposits of Alluvium, Head and River Terrace. The most extensive of these are the Alluvium deposits. The floodplain area of all four sites consists entirely of Alluvium. The slope areas closely surrounding the sites consist largely of River Terrace deposits with Tillington, Perryfields and Hesworth also containing Head deposits. The River Terrace deposits consist of sands with gravels whilst the Head is made up of variable deposits of impure clays, silts, sands, and sometimes can be locally gravelly.
Figure 4-8 - Perryfields G eological Map
Figure 4-9 - Tillington Geological Map
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Rlv»r R y tk ii Rlwtr T e n a c e D epeiil 1 (((■<> vwtk i n v e l i )
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Figure 4-10 - Fittlew orth Geological Map
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R iv e r R e tk e r R iver T e i r ic e D epeeN 2 (sakd» vyith fra v e U )
S a a P g a te F a r r k a t i » (B a ie k a a n ie M em ker: Fiac t e m e« ian i-fraiK c a e a a ë e l e a e e w itk c a lc a r e a a e ae p a le e )
H ca«: v a ria k lc a c p a s itk af iia p a rc c la y * , a ille , ea aË e . ie c a ily g ra v elly
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F ittlc w e rtk M ciaker (e aa4 y cla y e aak c la y e y eaaWe)Figure 4-11 - H esw orth Geological Map
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The wider slope areas for Tillington, Perryfields and Hesworth, that contribute surface water to the sites, also consist of Lower Greensand deposits. These are represented by the Sandgate and Folkstone Beds. The Folkstonc formation consists of fine to coarse-grained sandstone whilst the Sandgate formation is made up of fine to medium sandstones. These Beds are permeable in nature so surface run off in the slope areas of these three field sites is not as great as in other areas of the catchment. The situation at Fittleworth is in contrast to this because the slope area surrounding the site is part of the Gault formation. This formation consists of impermeable clays that promote rapid surface drainage and little infiltration.
4.3.4. Soils
The river valley of all four field sites is made up of the Fladbury 3 soil type. These soils consist of river alluvium that are stoneless, clayey, fine silty and loamy soils affected by groundwater. The soils that are found on the slope areas surrounding the four sites in the most part reflect the underlying geological deposits. South of the river valley at Fittleworth the Fladbury 3 soils give way to Efford 1 soils. These consist of well drained brown fine loamy soils on level or gently sloping river terraces. At Tillington the soils surrounding the river valley come from the Fyfield
2 series. These are well-drained, coarse loam or sand soils. These soils are also found around the Hesworth site along with the Shirrel Heath 2 soils. These soils are well-drained sandy soils with a bleached sub-surface horizon, and coarse loams that are affected by groundwater. At Perryfields the Frilford soil type is located on the slope areas around the river valley. These soils are deep well-drained sandy and coarse loamy soils, that sometimes are ferruginous or coarse loam that area also affected by groundwater.
4.3.5. Hydrological regime
Results for this study indicate that all four of the field sites experience hydrological inputs from
overbank inundation, precipitation, surface runoff and groundwater discharge. Complex
hydrological pathways exist across the sites for overbank inundation, surface runoff and groundwater discharge. Later chapters describe these pathways in detail but this complexity is especially true of overbank inundation as it can occur in localised positions within the sites.
Figure 4-12 - Perryfields hydrology
GW. O i l . ROi R O . R O . R O ,
During times of high river stage a site can often be flooded through backward flow up the ditch network before the exact occurrence of overbank inundation takes place. The frequency and duration of inputs can therefore be highly variable due to site and catchment characteristics. The
Figure 4-13 - Tillington H ydrology / R O , R O , G W , R O . . 01.. R O . 01,.
GMAn - G roundwatef input ROin Runoff input
own Overbank inundation input ROout • Runoff output
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principle location of surface and groundwater inputs and outputs within Perryfields, Tillington, Fittleworth, and Hesworth are illustrated by Figure 4-12, 4-13, 4-14 and 4-15 respectively.
Figure 4-14 - Fittlew orth hydrology
Oil. 01.. 4 RO. GW, RO. GVWn - Groundwater h pul itOin Runoff iiqrui I OSn - Overbank inuidaiion input ______ HOotd - Runoff oidpul_______
Figure 4-15 - Hesworth hydrology R O i . R O i. GWi< O i l . ' R O w
u s a CMAn doundwalef mpul ROÉi Ruton kipui Otn - cvef bar* Inundadon feipu KOoUI - KunoH cM«piil
The hydrological outputs at all four field sites include surface runoff, seepage and évapotranspiration. After the occurrence of flood conditions the principal hydrological output is surface runoff that takes place via ditch networks located at all four sites. However, during non flood conditions seepage and évapotranspiration become more significant as the hydrological outputs to the four sites.
4.3.6. Vegetation types
Vegetation types of the four field sites are predominantly wet grassland communities and wet woodland communities. Perryfields, Figure 4-16, contains a number of different wet grassland communities such as creeping bent fescue swards, tall rush pasture, flood swards and tufted hairgrass meadow.
Tillington, Figure 4-17, has a combination of ash / alder woodlands, wet grassland areas containing tufted hairgrass and creeping bent fescue swards, and tall rush and reed bed areas containing meadowsweet and reed canary grass stands.
Figure 4-16 - Perryfields A erial Photograph
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Figure 4-17 - Tillington A erial Photograph
The Fittleworth site. Figure 4-18, contains oak woodland and grey willow scrub areas as well as tufted hairgrass, flood swards and creeping bent fescue grassland areas.
Figure 4-18 - Fittlew orth A erial Photograph
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Hesworth, Figure 4-19, has a combination of ash / alder woodlands, wet grassland areas such as flood swards as well as reed bed areas containing meadowsweet, reed sweetgrass and bur reed stands.
Figure 4-19 - H esworth Aerial Photograph
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4.3.7. Land use
All four sites have traditionally been pasture areas for various types of livestock. Fittleworth is currently being grazed by over 30 sheep for approximately 8 months of the year. Tillington is managed as an area for conservation and education but still has one or two young cattle grazing throughout the year. Previously the site was grazed more intensively but since the drainage of die site has been neglected it has been too dangerous to have more cattle within the area. Perryfields is grazed all year round with over 20 head of cattle. They are only removed from the site during flood conditions. Hesworth is the only site where grazing is not currently taking place. It was previously grazed by horses, during the summer months, but due to a change in hydrological management it is now unsafe for them to enter the site even during the driest periods of the year.
Perryfields and Fittleworth are the only sites where the traditional ditch networks have been maintained. Within these sites the ditches have been improved within the last 10 years and function effectively. Within Hesworth and Tillington the ditches are now choked with vegetation and are not acting efficiently.
Other land management within the field sites includes river bank vegetation control to allow access for trout fishermen and woodland and scrub management for both rough and static pheasant and duck shooting.
4.4. Summary
This chapter has discussed the rationale and criteria used for catchment and site selection needed for the testing of the detailed statements of potential functioning contained within the functional classification. It has examined the vahdity of the approach to testing the classification and argued that although the functional classification cannot be fully tested due to the constraints of this study the testing undertaken at the four field sites is useful for indicating the accuracy of the classification. It has also undertaken a detailed description of the catchment and individual sites focusing on the climate, geology, vegetation, land use, soil and hydrological characteristics found within the different locations.
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