Gross Income: Synonymous with value of output (both main and by product)
Farm Business Income: Gross Income – Cost A2
Family Labour Income: Gross Income – Cost B2
Net Income: Gross Income – Cost C2
Farm Investment Income: Net Income + Rental value of own land + interest on owned fixed capital
25 1.13 CHAPTERISATION
The present Study has been organised in seven chapters. The First Chapter is an introductory one, which also spelt out the need for the study, the research problem, objectives, methodology used and organization of the work. In the Second Chapter, existing available literature on the studies conducted on the performance of organic farming practice throughout the World and in India is presented. In the Third Chapter, a basic profile of the selected three districts has been presented. In the Fourth Chapter, socio-economic characteristic features of the sample households have been presented. The costs and returns of organic farming practices in contrast with the conventional farming practices have been analyzed by using various standard concepts of costs and returns in the Chapter Five. The Sixth Chapter is the core to the Study, which presents the economic efficiency of organic farming practices vis-à-vis conventional farming practices. Chapter Seven summaries the conclusions of the Study and provides some policy implications for the Study.
26 REFERENCES:
Arrouays, D. and P.Pelissier (1994), “Changes in Carbon Storage in Temperate Humic Soils After Forest Clearing and Continuous Corn Cropping in France”,
Plant Soil, Vol.160, pp.215-223.
Cole, C.V.; J. Duxbury, J. Freney, O. Heinemeyer, K. Minami, A. Mosier, K. Paustin, N. Rosenberg; N. Sampson, D. Sauerbeck and Q. Zaho (1997), “Global Estimates of Potential Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Griculture,”
Nut Cycl Agroecosyst, Vol. 49, pp. 221-228.
Economic Survey 2011, Planning Commission, Government of India
Fliessbach, A. and P. Mader (2000), “Microbial Biomass and Size-Density Fractions Differ Between Soils or Organic and Conventional Agriculture Systems”, Soil
Biol. Biochemistry, Vol.32,pp. 757-768.
Joshi. P.K., (2010) “Conservation Agriculture: An Overview”, Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics, Vol.66, No.1 pp.53-63.
Kramer, S.B.; J.P. Reganold; J.D. Glover; B.J.M. Bohannan H. A. mooney (2006), “ Reduced Nitrate Leaching and Enhanced Denitrifier Activity and Efficiency in Organically Fertilised Soils” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the USA., Vol. 103, pp. 4522-4527
Kurma Charyulu D and Subho Biswas (2010), “Economics and Efficiency of Organic Farming vis-à-vis Conventional Farming in India” Working Paper No. 2010-04-
03, CMA, IIM Ahmadabad, April 2010
Lampkin N H (1994) “Economics of organic farming in Britain” in The economics of organic farming – An international perspective (ed) by Lampkin N.H and Padel S.,
CAB International Publishers
Mader, P., A. Fliebach, D. Dubois, L. Gunst, P. Fried and U. Niggli (2002), “Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming”, Science, Vol.296,pp.1694-1697. Mohana Rao. L.K (2011) Detailed discussion on the general economic development
of India in the recent past, budget meet 2011 held at Dept. of Economics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam
Nemecek, T; O. Hugnenin. Elie, D. Dubois and G. Gailord (2005) “Okobilanzierung von anbausystemen im schweizericschen Acker – und futterbau”, Schriftenreihe
der FAL, 58 FAL Reckenholz, Zurich
Niggli, U., A. Fliebach, P. Hepperly, J. hanson, D. Douds and R. Seidel (2009), “Low Greenhouse Gas Agriculture: Mitigation and Adoption Potential of Sustainable Farming System”, Food and Agriculture Organization, Review – 2, pp.1-22. Pimentel,D., P. Hepperly, J. Hanson, D. Douds and R. Seidel (2005), “Environmental,
Energetic and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems”, Bioscience, Vol.55 pp.573-582.
Prasad, R. (1999), Organic farming vis-à-vis modern agriculture Curr. Sci., 1999, 77, 38–43.
27
Pretty, Jules and Ball Andrew (2001), Agricultural Influences on Carbon Emissions and Sequestration: A Review of Evidence and the emerging Trading Options,
Occasional Paper, Centre for Environment and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, U.K.
Rasmussen, P.E., K.W.T. Goulding, J. R. Brown, P. R. Grace, H.H. Janzen and M. Korschens (1998), “Long Term Agro-ecosystem Experiments: Assessing Agricultural Sustainability and Global Change”, Science, Vol.282, pp.893-896. Regonald, J.P, L.F. Elliot and Y.L. Unger (1987), Long-Term Effects of Organic and
Conventional Farming on Soil Erosion”, Nature, Vl.330, pp.370-372
Reicosky, D.C, W.D. Kemper, G. W. Langdale, C.L. Douglas and P.E. Rasmussen (1995), “Soil Organic Matter Changes Resulting From Tillage and Biomass Production,” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol.50, No.3, pp.253-261. RobertM., J. Antoine and F. Nachtergaele (2001), Carbon Sequestration in soils,
Proposal for Land Management in Arid Areas of the Tropics, AGLL, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Sala, O.E. and J.M. Paruelo (1997), “Ecosystem Services in Grasslands”, in G. Daily (Ed) (1997), Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Island Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Siegrist, S., D. Staub, L. Pfiffner and P. Mader (1998) “Does Organic Agriculture Reduce Soil Erodibility? The Results of a Long-Term Field Study on Losses in Switzerland,” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, Vol.69, pp. 253-264. Smith, K.A. (1999), “After Kyoto Protocol: Can Scientists Make a Useful
Contribution?” Soil Biol. Biochemistry, Vol.15,pp.71-75.
Statistics and Emerging Trends, 2010, The World of Organic Agriculture – IFOAM and FiBL, Frick.
The Organic Standard and The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) 2010.
Tilman, D. (1998), “The Greening of the Green Revolution”, Nature, Vol.396, pp.211-212.
UNDP (1992), Benefits of Diversity: An Incentive towards Sustainable Agriculture,
United Nations Development Programme, New York
Wyss E.,H. Luka,L. Pfiffner,C. Schlatter,G. Uehlinger,C. Daniel “Approaches to Pest Management in Arganic Agriculture: a case study in European apple orchards” Paper presented at a symposium entitled “IPM in Organic Systems”, XXII International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane, Australia, 16 August 2004, Yadav C.P.S., Harimohan Gupta, Dr. R. S. Sharma, Organic Farming and Food
28