6. MARCO TEÓRICO
6.3. TIPOS DE LIMITACIÓN DE TRATAMIENTO DE SOPORTE VITAL
Within this context, the planning initiative of the Taiwan Knowledge-based Flagship Park (TKFP) Special District has no significant interrelationship with the HSC Development
Plan. It has been identified as a nationally important project involving different levels
of government and one knowledge institute in the planning process. However, the TKFP project can only be considered as a local initiative land development project (446 hectares), because there is no substantial support from the national government, although it has been included in the national economic development plan. The TKFP project is a bottom-up initiative dominated by two local actors—the National Chiaotung University (NCTU) and the Hsinchu county government.In 1999 the NCTU proposed the TKFP project to the Hsinchu county government as an attempt to enhance their competitiveness and to work towards the status of one of the top universities in the world by acquiring new campus lands nearby their main campus, the HSP as well as the High-speed Rail Hsinchu station. At the same time, the Hsinchu county government expected that the High-speed Rail Hsinchu Station Special District would be developed quickly and the development demands on its surrounding non-urban land would be triggered as well because of the enormous housing demand of the HSP development (see Figure 25 in section 6.4.1). An urban land use plan was needed to regulate and direct the potential land developments in the area, but the legal
16 In March 2002 the Director General of SPA invited the mayor of Hsinchu city, the magistrate of Hsinchu county and the chairperson of the Allied Association for Science Park Industries to hold the first Governor Forum.
During the forum, they reached a consensus and agreed to strive for funds from the national government (Lin, 2007). In 2003 the national government approved a new administrative regulation, the Principles for the Allocation of Science Park Subsidy for Local Development, to establish annual funding based on the Operation Fund of the Science Park Administration to subsidise local development located within three kilometres from the boundary of the HSP. The establishment of the subsidy indeed solidified the collaboration (Jhan 2008; Lin
process consumed much time and money and the county government did not have enough budget and resources to conduct the planning project. As a result, when the NCTU proposed the TKFP project and expressed their willingness to be responsible for the planning funds in return for campus land free of rent,17 the county government was more than happy to accept their proposal (Wu 2011; Liu 2011; Li 2011; Lin 2011; Chen 2011).
The NCTU is one of the best universities in Taiwan and most of the knowledge workers and high-tech entrepreneurs in the HSP graduated from NCTU. The county government considered that the participation of NCTU would help to gain the support of high-tech industries as well as the national government and thus guarantee success of the tech oriented planning project proposal. In addition to the good relations with the high-tech industries and the national government, the biggest advantage is that the NCTU brought money and new planning knowledge into the project (Liu 2011; Li 2011). In contrast with the HSP development, the masterplan of the TKFP Special District not only is devoted to the development of high-tech economy, but also strives for quality of place. For example, one of its major planning strategies is to establish comprehensive networks of green and water structures by using existing irrigation systems, historical buildings, small temples, and certain public spaces in relation to the culture identity of local residents (see Figure 37). This strategy shows an attempt to take both local environmental and cultural aspects into consideration in the planning process.
17 According to article 4 of Land Expropriation Act in Taiwan, zone expropriation can be carried out, when all or part of a newly established urban area is to undergo development and construction, so the Hsinchu county government can apply zone expropriation to develop the TKFP. According to article 55-2 of the Equalisation of Land Rights Act, after planning and preparation, lands in lieu of compensation shall be given to the original owners. But the competent authorities may allocate a part of the land, which is located within the area of zone expropriation, to government agencies for public facilities as indicated in the expropriation plan. Since the NCTU is a national university, a higher education administrative authority under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education in Taiwan, it is possible for the NCTU to acquire the campus land for free after zone expropriation according to the law.
Figure 37
Green and water structures of the TKFP Plan (Source: Hsinchu County Government 2011, 91. 114)
§ 7.2.2 New Spatial Planning and Governance Approach in Hsinchu City-region
The HSP development project in the 1980s, the HSC Development Plan in the 1990s and the TKFP project in the 2000s are the three most important high-tech oriented spatial planning and development projects in the Hsinchu city-region. The HSP project and the HSC Development Plan were dominated by the central government. Their planning style was hierarchical and technocratic. The central government acted as a provider and imposed the plans on the city-region. The role of other actors was very minor. But the situation has gradually changed since the end of the 1990s.
The Taiwan provincial government was downscaled in 1998. Together with the release of the Local Government Act in 1999, some of the administrative powers and responsibilities have been devolved to the local governments, including spatial planning, environmental protection, and so on. The devolution increased bargaining leverage of the local governments in spatial planning and governance. After the end of the HSC Development Plan and the administration reorganisation and devolution, the local governments have tried to formulate a series of spatial planning and development initiatives to deal with the externalities of the HSP development on their own. However,
the local governments are relatively limited. They also lack experience in planning and developing high-tech spaces, so it is necessary for them to cooperate with other powerful actors in the city-region.
As a result, since the 2000s some alternative spatial planning and governance approaches have emerged. The local governments adopt a ‘contract network’ approach, which links actors through agreements, contracts, or joint ventures based on the consent of the involved actors, so joint gains across the involved actors are a necessary condition (Feiock 2009). This approach is project-based. In the contract network, relationships are based on bilateral exchanges between involved actors. Decision-making is based on individual bargaining rather than broad consensus building. I take the TKFP project as an example to demonstrate the alternative spatial planning and governance approach to high-tech spatial developments in the Hsinchu city-region. After the NCTU proposed the TKFP project to the Hsinchu county government, in 2000 an agreement was signed between the two parties to co-develop the non-urban land in search for new opportunities for Hsinchu.
As shown in Table 31, the agreement specified the functional divisions between the county government and the NCTU, and indicated that the Hsinchu county government would be the major implementer of the project in charge of zone expropriation and the legal administrative procedure after the promulgation of the legal plan according to the law. The NCTU was responsible for the operation of spatial planning in the legal planning procedure. This type of functional division was very unique in Taiwan, because the operation of spatial planning should be part of the autonomies and duties of local governments. It was the first time a local government authorised a national university to conduct a spatial planning project, an experiment that has brought many advantages and disadvantages.
Responsibilities Hsinchu County Government NCTU
Work Items – To provide administrative support and assist in holding relevant meetings.
– To delineate planned area.
– To undertake zone expropri-ation.
– While promoting the project, the NCTU should assign a particular person in close contact with the county government to inform the working process and content, exchange opinions and discuss relevant issues.
– To prepare relevant legal plans and maps to go through the legal planning procedure.
– Topographic survey.
– Environmental impact assessment.
Finance To cover the costs related to zone expropriation and relevant administrative procedure.
To cover the costs related to: 1. Holding international seminars, workshops, conferences and over sea study tours; 2. Preparing relevant legal plans and maps; 3.
Conducting topographic survey and environmental impact assessment.
Table 31
Functional divisions in the TKFP project (based on Source: Xu 2004)