Relationships between Typha angustifolia, Phalaris arundinacea and Typha latifolia stem density and soil properties such as plant available (a) P, (b) K, and (c) Mg. Relationships between invasive and native species biomass and soil. e) salinity measurements observed in water samples collected from each.
Introduction, Background, and Research Objectives
- Wetlands: Functions, Values, and Vegetation Characteristics
- Constructed Wetlands
- Various Designs for Constructed Stormwater Wetland
- The Role of Vegetation in Constructed Stormwater Wetlands
- Invasive Plant Species in Wetland Communities
- Research Objectives and Significance
Pond/wetland systems consist of shallow marshes associated with a wet pond (Anderson et al., 2001). It depends on the type of plant and the nature of the chemical species (Brown et al., 1999).
Methodology
Vegetation Sampling
From there, the sampling design extended three subplots into the wetland and two subplots wide. From there, the sampling design extended one subplot into the wetland and three subplots wide.
Environmental Variables
- Soil Sampling
- Water Sampling
These are water chemistry characteristics that have been analyzed in similar studies and could be directly measured by a water quality meter (Goslee et al., 1997; Panno et al., 1999; Borin et al., 2001; Kennedy and Mayer, 2002). TKN and P are water chemistry characteristics that have been analyzed in similar studies, and Cu and Zn represent common metal contaminants found in urban stormwater runoff (Kennedy and Mayer, 2002; SWAMP, 2002; Houlahan et al., 2006 ).
Data Analysis
This species was found only in cell 1 of the wetland complex at the Markham BMP. However, there were no significant correlations between any of the invasive and native plant species and TKN in the Markham BMP wetland complex.
Results
Species Composition within the Wetland Complex
Since 1900 this species has migrated steadily into inland wetlands (Grace and Harrison, 1986; Galatowitsch et al., 1999). Moreover, it can be an aggressive invader, especially when there is an increase in nutrient concentration and increased sedimentation (Schooler et al., 2006).
Species Abundance within the Wetland Complex
Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Scirpus tabernaemontani et Phalaris arundinacea, densitate caulis uti mensura specierum opulentiae statutae sunt.
Assessment of Invasive and Native Species in the Wetland Complex
- Invasive and Native Species Composition and Abundance within the
- Relationship between Invasive and Native Species within the Wetland
In general, the wetland complex in the Markham BMP was dominated by invasive species, particularly virtual monocultures of T. Collectively, invasive plants made up 88% of the plants sampled, while native species made up only 12% of the plants sampled (Figure 6a) ). In general, the biomass in the wetland complex was primarily dominated by invasive plant species (Figure 7).
Together, the biomass percentage of invasive species accounted for 73% of the sampled plants, while native species accounted for 27% of the sampled plants (Figure 7a). Proportions of invasive and native species were determined using stem density as a measure of abundance. Relationships were observed in a correlation analysis between stem density of invasive and native plant species and biomass (Figure 8).
The relationship between the stem density of invasive and indigenous plant species and the biomass produced correlation coefficient values of r=0.5331 and r=0.5861, respectively (Figure 8a and 8b). There are statistically significant relationships between the stem density of invasive and native plant species (r P No consistent trends were observed when examining the amounts of NH4-N, NO3-N, soil organic matter, and soil pH in each cell of the constructed wetland complex (Figure 9). Overall, no consistent trends were observed when examining soil chemistry measurements in each cell of the constructed wetland complex (Figures 9 and 10). Relationships between invasive and native species, stem density, and soil characteristics such as (a) N~·N, (b) N03-N, (c) soil organic matter, and (d) soil pH. Relationships between stem density of invasive and native species and soil characteristics such as available plant (a) P, (b) K and (c) Mg. The direction of the correlation was positive, implying that native plant biomass increases with increasing plant-available P concentrations in the soil (Figure 18a). The direction of the correlation was positive, which means that native plant biomass increases with increasing plant-available Mg concentrations in the soil (Figure 18c). All other correlations were not statistically significant (P>0.05) and therefore there were no systematic associations between these soil haractensucs and d 1 piant 10mass. Relationships between biomass of invasive and native species and soil characteristics such as available plants (a) P, (b) K and (c) Mg. All other correlations were not statistically significant (P>0.05) and therefore there were no systematic associations between these water chemical traits and plant stem entity. D. Relationships between average invasive and native species stock density and water chemistry characteristics such as (a) TKN, (b) water pH, (c) DO %saturation, (d) TDS and (e) salinity. Overall, no consistent trends were observed when soil chemistry measurements were examined in each cell of the constructed wetland complex. First, competitive ability can be influenced by the local abiotic environment, such as nutrient concentrations, latitude, and water level (Grace and Wetzel, 1998; Tanaka et al., 2004). KNP is a constant that increases with increasing N and P concentrations and indicates the availability of nutrients for growth (Tanaka et al., 2004). Latitude and water level are other factors to consider in relation to KNP values (Tanaka et al., 2004). As a result, rhizome biomass increases which affects the belowground competition between Typha species (Tanaka et al., 2004). Ultimately, this will translate into increased above-ground competition in the coming years (Tanaka et al., 2004). This is especially true for habitats that experience altered water and soil conditions, such as constructed wetlands (Galatowitsch et al., 1999). As Typha x glauca populations establish, this species can be competitively superior to both parental species and has the potential to be even more invasive (Galatowitsch et al., 1999; This can be attributed to Typha x glauca's high levels of primary productivity and ability to monopolize resources such as light, nutrients and root space (Angeloni et al., 2006; Boers et al., 2007).This species is most often found in sites that undergo constantly changing hydrological conditions such as Cell 2 and Cell 4 (Owen, 1999; Kercher et al., 2004). There were no significant correlations between any of the invasive and native plant species identified in the Markham BMP wetland complex and soil N03-N concentrations. 2006) also found no significant associations between species such as T. However, there are studies showing significant correlations between N03-N concentrations and plant biomass for species found in the Markham BMP wetland complex. In contrast, there were significant correlations between invasive and native plant species identified in the Markham BMP wetland complex and soil N~-N concentrations. There are studies that show no significant correlation between N~-N. concentrations and plant productivity for species found in the Markham BMP wetlands complex. In the Markham BMP wetland complex, biomass of native species (T. .. latifolia and S. tabernaemontani) was positively correlated with plant-available phosphorus (P<0.05) and plant-available magnesium (P In terms of water pH and dissolved oxygen, no significant correlations were also observed for the invasive and native plant species identified in the Markham BMP wetland complex. In fact, current TKN concentrations in the Markham BMP effluent water are comparable to those from the 1992-1993 study (Tables 16 and 18). The potential inefficiencies at the Markham BMP can also be attributed to factors such as pH levels and phosphorus availability. For example, Boers et al. 2007) suggested that when plantings are not carried out in stormwater wetlands, Typha spp. Constructed wetland managers must be able to manipulate water levels to maintain water depths within the constructed wetland that discourage certain types of vegetation establishment (Thullen et al., 2005). However, it is important to maintain appropriate water depths in some areas to promote vegetation growth and to plant desirable species in these sites (Thullen et al., 2005). Thus, this configuration maintains vegetation in open water areas that isolate plants from aggressive invasive species (Thullen et al., 2005). Management of the accumulation and decomposition of plant debris should also be considered, in order to create places for the creation and development of new emergent plant species (Thullen et al., 2005). Hummock configurations support this objective in that the rate of vegetation decomposition increases significantly when open water surrounds and inundates the vegetation (Thullen et al., 2005). It is also interesting to note that the hummock configuration provides optimal habitat for wildlife such as wetland birds (Knight, 1997; Thullen et al., 2005). It would be particularly beneficial if the hummock configuration were used as native plants could be introduced into shallow water zones (Thullen et al., 2005). In general, for those designing and constructing stormwater wetlands, vegetation is usually one of the last aspects considered (Thullen et al., 2005). An analysis of water samples collected for the current study showed an increase in TKN levels by the time the water reached cell 4 of the wetland complex. Despite the capacity for TKN removal in previous assessments, both the current study and the SWAMP study (2002) demonstrated an increase in salinity or chloride concentrations in the Markham BMP effluent water during wet weather conditions. Furthermore, there appear to be no significant differences in water chemistry values between the vegetated and non-vegetated subsystems of the constructed wetland at this time. Appendix A: Evaluation of the relationships between environmental variables and species abundance at the Markham BMP site using multiple regression analysis. Appendix B: Raw data values for soil chemical variables observed in soil samples collected in each of the four wetland cells at the Markham BMP site in July 2007. Modeling the long-term competition between Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia in shallow water effects of eutrophication, latitude and initial benefit of subsurface organs. Plants for constructed wetland treatment systems -A comparison of the growth and nutrient uptake of eight emerging species. Tracing the effects of tidal gate removal and long-term drought on a tidal marsh. Effects of nutrients and soil moisture on competition between Carex stricta, Phalaris arundinacea and Typha latifolia.Environmental Relationships within the Wetland Complex
Interaction between Invasive and Native Plant Species at the Markham BMP
Relationship between Plant Species and Environmental Conditions at the
Management Recommendations for Constructed Stormwater Wetlands
Summary of Important Conclusions