Enfin, la dernière partie a examiné l'effet de la protection de l'emploi sur le stress des travailleurs. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à l’impact de la protection de l’emploi sur la variation de la durée du travail et des heures supplémentaires.
Introduction
For workers employed full-time in the previous year, the average effect of a layoff with an expected recall to work in six months is −13.7%, while there is no measurable effect of a layoff with a known recall date or loss of hours due to business conditions. Income shocks can vary widely depending on the timing of the temporary change in income and on news about expected future income.
The data
- Consumption
- The labor market situation
- Mobility supplement
- Outgoing rotation groups
Thanks to the numerous CPS items, it is possible to assess the labor market situation of employees very accurately. With monthly observations after a consumption observation, it is also possible to determine whether an employee expected a certain outcome on the labor market.
A reduced-form approach
- Impact of hours loss
- A matching analysis
- Additional labor market outcomes, food aggregates and subgroups 21
- Earning elasticities
- The impact of labor market displacement on yearly change in
In accordance with the previous section, I consider three possible 'treatments': layoff6m (layoff with recall within six months), layoff (layoff with known recall date) and loss of hours.12. The difference is also significant when comparing to loss of hours (row 4) and dismissal (row 6), and there is no measurable impact of loss of hours compared to employed workers (row 3).
A structural model
- Instantaneous utility
- Credit constraints
- Current income
- Wage growth and job displacement
- Households with multiple incomes
- The worker’s intertemporal problem
- Results
- Response paths
- Simulation
- Policy discussion
An additional stable income reduces the share of labor market earnings in the total budget, reducing the importance of shocks. The income of the rest of the household will increase at the same rate as the worker's.
Conclusion
Full sample includes private for profit or government workers who were employed full-time last year and are now either still employed in similar conditions, worked less than 35 hours last week for business-related reasons, or are on temporary layoff. Full sample includes private for profit or government workers who were employed full-time last year and are now either still employed in similar conditions, worked less than 35 hours last week for business-related reasons, or are on temporary layoff.
A model of labor force and work time adjustment under uncertainty
- Structure of the model
- Labor adjustment costs
- The dynamic optimization problem
- Benchmark results
- Hours regulations : minimum hours
- Two testable predictions
As for the impact of the adjustment of hours on the firm's output, it is initially ambiguous. The derivation of the company's reaction in the presence of a working time threshold is presented in Appendix B.1.1.4.
Empirical section
- Dependant variable : Paid overtime
- Empirical approach
- Estimation
- Robustness checks and sub-group estimations
- Right hand side variables
- Results
- First identification strategy
- Second identification strategy
- Third identification strategy
- Cross-province estimates
- Robustness checks and sub sample regressions
- Discussion
Since the average percentage of overtime workers is 10%, this is a 20% increase in the number of overtime workers. Using the estimates in Table 2.2, we can calculate the impact of a temporary increase in the layoff rate for different levels of individual notification requirements, shown in columns 3 and 4 of Table 2.3.
Conclusion
For now, the increasing popularity of work-sharing programs16 suggests that a growing number of Canadian workers may prefer collective reductions in work hours to selective layoffs, especially during economic downturns. Job sharing programs are designed to allow managers and employees to agree on a temporary reduction in work hours to avoid temporary layoffs during economic downturns.
Tables and figures
The positive effect of EPL on stress comes from regulations on collective dismissal, restrictions on the use of temporary contracts and the interaction of said restrictions on the use of temporary contracts with individual and collective employment protection. 1. Factors affecting stress in a country (or region), such as employment or wages, may influence the determination of employment protection.
Mechanisms
Economic intuitions
3.1), where the worker's utility decreases by c(e) +qm, where qm≥0 is the monitoring intensity, and c(e) increases convexly in effort. The quantity qw is the variable that the firm chooses to affect the worker's utility.
Insights on workplace bullying from other social sciences
To avoid mass layoffs (which generally mean risk and litigation), layoffs for cause can become one of several ways to downsize or redeploy workers in the event of a restructuring. At the end of the period, layoffs for cause became the second leading cause of entry into unemployment, with twice as many entries as layoffs for economic reasons.
Empirical strategy
- The regressor : the OECD Employment protection legislation
- Identification
- Two stage estimation
- Job separation rates
Job destruction rates are calculated from firm data in Bureau van Dijk's Amadeus database, a rich firm-level database covering all EU countries. Our measure of the level of job destruction for sector s will be ˆβs, interpreted as the hypothetical job destruction rate for a country with zero EPL.
How does EPL affect health through work-related stress ?
- Definition of workplace stress
- Sample
- Results
- The role of unemployment insurance
- The effect of sub-components of EPL
In countries with high EPL, workers in sectors with high job-loss rates have more health problems related to work stress compared to sectors with low job-loss rates. The effect of EPL changes is indeed greater in sectors with a large number of job cuts, consistent with the third explanation for the insignificance of the interest rate coefficient in column 4 (see #4 above).
A cross-province analysis in Canada : work stress and its components . 103
- The Canadian National Population Health Survey (NHPS)
- Sample and data description
- Empirical strategy : a difference-in-differences analysis
- Results
- Overall stress
- Components of stress and job’s characteristics
However, given the specific nature of the data set, we can improve the accuracy of the EPL indicators applied to individuals in the survey as follows. Table C.4 of Appendix C.1 gives the composition of the sample by province with a significant number of individuals in each.
Alternative variables describing workplace problems
Harrassment and health effects of work disorder and job satis-
Job satisfaction is another interesting subjective variable to consider: it includes work stress, pay and other working conditions. Column 12's specification shows that countries with high EPL have the least job satisfaction and that EPL changes are mildly associated with improvements in job satisfaction, but confirms the absence of differential effect between sectors.
Incidence of stress at work, job satisfaction and fear of job loss
- Sample and data description
- Correlations
- An identification strategy based on time differences
A disadvantage of the data sets is the lack of information about the sectors of activity of the individuals surveyed. Recall that we cannot use the triple difference based on job termination data, as the sector of activity of the individuals in the survey is not available.
Is work too demanding and stressful ? (EQLS 2003)
In addition to the incidence of stress, we also investigate various additional variables that reflect the perceived quality of workplace relationships and job satisfaction. One interpretation is a general equilibrium effect: EPL protects jobs but increases the risk of not finding a new job after relocation.
Use of psychoactive drugs and depression incidence in NHPS . 113
Therefore, a policy package that increases unemployment insurance and reduces employment protection may increase worker welfare, albeit with two additional concerns. The most important source of stress in the OECD employment protection index is restrictions on temporary contracts.
Solving analytically the benchmark model when adjustment is
- A 1.1 First order conditions
- A 1.2 Optimal hours and labor
- A 1.4 No labor adjustment
- Minimum hours
The price variation (p−p) increases both hours and employment fluctuations, again provided that the second-order derivatives of adjustment costs are not too large. If so, hmin only has a first-order effect: it should be negative, again, provided that adjustment costs are not too concave.
Microfoundations for a convex wage function
A natural trade-off between consumption and leisure . 141
The problem is the same as the benchmark version if the wage rate function has the same properties as the original one. Of course, assuming both a rising wage rate and a falling marginal productivity will produce similar results since they both work in the same way.
A ‘standard’ wage function with overtime premium
If W− were too high, the optimal hours of work would be zero and there would be no labor market.
Two-step estimation procedure
As for the upper bound, the marginal value of an extra hour can in principle always be higher than W+, which would lead to an infinite number of hours. Note that since this estimate is at the province×sector level, the dimension of firm size is lost, and we must use provincial average values of collective notification requirements.
The data
The available individual controls that could be harmonized between the EWCS and Eurobarometer panels are gender, age, number of children in the household, total household size, company size, sector of activity (12), job title (10), having to respect deadlines, working with high speed, having enough skill for the job, weekly hours, working in hard positions, with noise, on repetitive work, with dangerous substances, in extreme temperatures, with fumes, having to carry heavy objects, feeling that the work deteriorates the health by affect breathing, hearing, vision or skin, having to work at night, changing work methods or work speed, getting help from colleagues, being a supervisor and being the family's main earner. TABLE 5: Canadian NHPS, Variable used for build-up stress index, interaction with JD (same specification as Table 3.5, Column 7) Dependent variable: Hostility at work Repetitive tasks Hectic job No decision freedom Little talk about job Unhelpful Supervisor Independent Repetitive colleagues ctic job No decision freedom Littlesayon job Unhelpful Supervisor Unhelpful Colleagues Job Uncertainty.
Data Source
Controls
- The cross country controls
- Individual controls
Many controls are most likely independent of the labor market and will be included in all regressions. For example, if requiring employees to change work methods or speed is one way in which EPL causes work stress, this should be disregarded.
Summary statistics
Since stress would determine the overall working environment, we must be careful before introducing too many controls.
OECD employment protection index
Cross-country datasets
The micro data
NHPS sample
Employment protection in Canadian provinces
Model Appendix
Worker and quits
Firm and layoff
Timing of events
Solution of the model
Optimal separation strategies of the firm
Optimal quit strategies of the worker
Separation decisions
Optimal effort e, monitoring q m , and working conditions q w
Special case : density of worker’s utility ν is a mass point (no
General case
Summary and further discussion of the model
Construction and verification of regional EPL indices in Canada
Construction
Comparison
Data sources
Indice de la protection d’emploi de l’OCDE et problèmes de santé liés au
TABLE1.4: Fit, benchmark specification Dep.Var:∆logfoodexpend. aSmutation results bExcluded observations c Dep.Var:∆logfoodexpend. An annual change in weekly household spending on supermarkets, grocery stores, meat markets, produce, bakeries, restaurants, fast food places, cafes and. b Mahalanobis distance adjustment on propensity score of the treated, propensity score of the controls, sex and dummy for 2006, as described in section 1.3.2. The. cNote, 3495 Employment observations, 19 Hour loss observations, 6 Layoff recall observations and 2 Dismissal 6 mob observations were initially excluded to ensure generality. This means that it costs money to influence - either positively or negatively - the working conditions of the worker.
Typical path of consumption, savings and expected utility loss after a shock 45
Labor, hours and output as a function of firing costs c f , with flexible work
Ratio of employees working paid overtime and average individual and col-
Layoff rates and provincial Individual and Collective notice requirements . 79
EPL indicator and stress-related health problems
EPL is positively associated with stress-related health problems across the cross-section of countries. This interpretation, consistent with the general equilibrium properties of EPL on our input stress, would actually be rejected if we had perfect sector-time controls in the regressions, because those variables would fully capture this equilibrium effect of general of the EPL.
EPL and various stress components
Namely, we used employee data from the Canadian Labor Force Survey or the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey (WES). In the first phase, depending on the nature of the dependent variable, we fit a least square, pro-bit or ordered logit model27.
EPL indicator and stress incidence
EPL and stressful work
Finally, the third chapter challenged the preconceived notion that employment protection is always beneficial for workers on permanent contracts. Breaking down the total effect of job protection in a triple difference setting, job protection reverses increased stress in high-turnover sectors but reduces stress in low-turnover sectors.
Propensity score distributions before and after matching
Appariement, spécification de base
L’impact de divers chocs liés au marché du travail sur des sous-échantillons
Simulation du modèle
Temp supplémentaire payé, probit
L’effet de la protection d’emploi sur le stress au travail : identification entre pays
Probability of involuntary job displacement following a shock
Impact of hours cuts and temporary layoffs on consumption
Matching, benchmark specification
Impact of various shocks on various subsets of observations and subsets of
Impact of job loss and insurance
Income elasticities
Impact of hours cuts and temporary layoffs on yearly income
Model simulation
Policy experiments
Paid overtime, probit
Paid overtime, 2-step linear probability model
Paid overtime, marginal effects (2-step lin proba model)
Results : Various specifications and subgroup regressions
Effect of EPL on workplace stress : cross-sector/country
Control for unemployment insurance (EWCS 2000, 2001, 2005 and Euro-
Effect on workplace stress of EPL components, interaction between EPL
Effect on Work Stress of EPL (Canadian NHPS)
Additional effects of EPL on subjective measure of quality of jobs (EWCS
Effects on workplace stress of EPL : within-country identification (ISSP 1997,
Descriptive Statistics
Estimates of the multinomial logit of the propensity scores are shown in Appendix Table A.3. Combining the equations of the first-order conditions B.3, B.4, B.5, B.6 and the first-order derivative of the profit functions Π(n,p) and Π n,p.
Descriptive Statistics
Propensity scores estimation
Propensity score correlations
Matching, alternative specifications
Alternative parameter specifcations
Taking the total derivative of B.7, B.8, B.9, B.10 with respect to ton,n,h,handL, we find that the impact of an increase in linear firing costs per hour are. Note that the magnitude of these effects depends on q,qandr, which has an intuitive interpretation.
Sample Statistics
Notice requirements for individual and collective dismissal, various Cana-
Construction of regional indices of employment protection
Reasons for Leaving the Job
Mean Weekly Hours by Provinces
Cross-country descriptive statistics, EWCS 2000, 2001, 2005 and Eurobarometer
Cross-country descriptive statistics, EWCS 2000, 2001, 2005 and Eurobar. 1996 . 156
Canadian NHPS, Variables used to build stress index, interaction with JD