Characterization of the Lightning Safety Education Programs in the World as a First Step for the Creation of a Lightning Safety Policy in Colombia
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(2) public address systems and placing directions in event programs, bulletin boards and crowded venues [19,38].. same difficulties when trying to spread the lightning safety message, particularly because of the preconceived ideas of people [60] and the common use of small unsubstantial shelters during thunderstorms, which increase the risk of injury by lightning [58]. Unfortunately, safer protection schemes used for permanent structures are not always viable due to high costs and social issues [64]. As expressed in [13,20,69-72], this fact along with a low level of awareness about lightning safety have contributed significantly to the number of casualties, mainly in developing countries. In response, educational efforts among urban and semi-urban communities have been made, for example employing surveys and reading materials like leaflets and booklets [13,14,73].. C. Camps and Park Agencies Camping areas and national parks comprise large extensions of open field exposed to meteorological conditions, where dwellers and visitors are at risk because they are permanently exposed to thunderstorm activity, as reports of lightning casualties show [31,39-42]. Several recommendations have been suggested by national and international organizations interested in promoting lightning prevention among campers and park managers, and one of the mechanisms indicated to spread effectively the safety message is to raise awareness about lightning danger among camps and parks administrators and staff, because they are capable of providing information, training and support, applying standard procedures previously established according to the content of existing lightning safety guidelines and research publications [25,35,43-47].. G. Livestock As result of their high frequency, lightning related fatalities in livestock are becoming more important for forensic veterinarians and local veterinary practitioners [74]. Four legged livestock in the farms are especially vulnerable [75]. Some registered cases are summarized in [12,72,76-78]. It has been addressed by researches that lightning protection measures should be implemented to decrease the number of livestock casualties [79]. Recommendations include advices for the convenient location of herds (away from mountain tops and open slopes) and technical instructions about how to make holding pens and enclosures safer against lightning [78]. Lamentably, almost never farmers have this safety information at hand, although this topic is already starting to be covered in some lightning safety educational programs [20].. D. Rescue Teams Rescue team members are trained to help others facing dangerous situations. However, sometimes their own security could be at risk because of a lack of knowledge about how to protect themselves before, during or after hazard events, especially considering a sudden and random event like a lightning. The safety of both, rescuers and rescued, should be always the priority [48], for which the rescue team personnel must ensure their own safety first [29,49]. In general, as indicated in [42], published practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of lightning injuries do not bring guidance to reduce the risk of lightning injury to rescuers who attend calls for help. In the case of firefighters, the steps to develop guidelines for lightning safety are proposed in [50].. III.. DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTNING INCIDENTS. This section describes some lightning accidents occurred recently in Colombia (except one from Tanzania), where members of the groups previously mentioned were implicated. The reports were taken from local media websites.. E. Rural Population and Agricultural Workers It is known that throughout the years the lightning fatality rates have had a tendency to be concentrated in rural areas and have a direct relation with manual labor-intensive agriculture [4,18,51-53]. Nowadays, this fact still remains [5,54-57], so reaching inhabitants of rural zones with the lightning safety message is an ambitious goal and a priority. Awareness programs on lightning safety have been launched in some African and Asian countries where the population is predominantly rural. These programs have taken into account factors as the beliefs, myths and possible misconceptions about lightning phenomenon [21,58-61], literacy rate [9,12,13,20,62] and access to technology and medicine [9,63,64]; such programs suggest methods for communicating safety information to the public, some of which are exposed in [8,12,13,20,21,62]. Additionally, it has to be highlighted that awareness should be accompanied with appropriate low-cost sheltering structures [64].. A. School Population Event 14/04/2015 – Kigoma/Tanzania Six students, aged between seven and nine years old, and one teacher were killed at a school in north western Tanzania due to a lightning. Kigoma regional police chief said fifteen other people, including schoolchildren and teachers, were injured. The lightning reached their classroom following the heavy rains. Fatalities during lightning storms are common in northwestern regions of Tanzania during its two rainy seasons, which typically occur in October/November and March/April (primary source: ¨Lightning kills teacher and six children at Tanzania school¨, Reuters Africa, April 14, 2015). B. Sports and Recreation Event 20/08/2012 – Marialabaja/Bolivar/Colombia At 5:30 p.m., a 19 years old man crossed the football field of San Pablo Township, Bolivar, during a heavy rain. At that moment a lightning struck him. He was waiting next to the field to start the match in which he would play, but it was postponed due to rain. So he decided to return home crossing. F. Urban and Semiurban Population Lightning hazards in urban areas follow certain patterns of cloud-to-ground flashes, which differ from rural ones [65-68]. Nevertheless, both rural and small urban areas may face the. 147.
(3) tried to save some of her belongings, but it was too late (primary source: ¨Incendio producido por un rayo destruyó una casa en La Mojana¨, El Universal, October 8, 2014).. the field and received the discharge (primary source: ¨Le cae un rayo y lo mata¨, El Universal, August 22, 2012). Event 08/09/2012 – Baranoa/Atlántico/Colombia A young player died struck by a lightning while playing a football game in Baranoa Township, Atlántico. According to his colleagues, he was carrying the ball when received the discharge that killed him instantly. Witnesses said that it was raining and thundering, but the referee apparently did not see any danger and decided to start the match. After ten minutes of playing, the young player took the ball and moved it some meters. He was alone at the time of the discharge (primary source: ¨Muere joven futbolista impactado por un rayo en Atlántico¨, El Universal, September 8, 2012).. Event 07/09/2014 – Marialabaja/Bolivar/Colombia A 26 years old farmer, who used to move herds of cows between towns, was struck by a lightning. According to his father, at 2:00 p.m., the young man was riding his horse while he was eating on a metal dish, it was raining and suddenly the lightning struck. The farmer died instantly, like his horse and a dog which was close to him. His relatives believe that the metal dish attracted the lightning (primary source: ¨Rayo mató a hombre que arreaba vacas en Marialabaja¨, El Universal, September 9, 2014).. C. Camps and Park Agencies. F. Urban and Semiurban Population. Event 19/09/2013 – Zambrano/Bolivar/Colombia A farmer with three companions was sleeping in a tent on the farm Tucurinca at night, when a severe thunderstorm began. The man, who was 37 years old, got out the tent with his fellows because the water was getting into it and got wet. They settled near a radiotelephone antenna installed on the site, when a lightning reached them. The electric shock killed the man instantly. The other three farmers were also affected (primary source: ¨Rayo mató a campesino y dejó heridos a otros tres¨, El Universal, September 19, 2013).. Event 04/08/2011 – Marialabaja/Bolivar/Colombia A woman was in her house at 3:00 p.m. while it was raining and she received a strong electric shock when a lightning struck her house. People said the woman leaned back on the kitchen wall when she received the discharge. The electric shock burned her left arm and affected her heart (primary source: ¨Un rayo la mató¨, El Universal, August 6, 2011). G. Livestock Event 02/06/2012 – Tierralta/Córdoba/Colombia A lightning killed twenty three calves between 7 and 9 months old at a farm in Tierralta Township. When the animals were together under a tree, they were surprised by the electric shock that killed them. It was 9:30 p.m. when it started a storm with lightning in Tierralta. The owner of the farm said that the economic loss was around 7.500 USD (primary source: ¨Un rayo mató a 23 animales en Córdoba¨, El Universal, June 6, 2012).. Event 06/10/2014 – Santa Marta/Magdalena/Colombia During sunrise, eleven members of an indigenous community lost their lives and fifteen were wounded, eight of them seriously, as result of a lightning that impacted a hut named Casa María, place where the ethnic authorities of the Sierra Nevada Mountains were carrying out a traditional ritual of their culture. The powerful lightning storm happened on Kemakumake, a town of Santa Marta rural zone, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada (primary source: ¨Gobierno ofrece apoyo a familias indígenas de la Sierra Nevada¨, El Universal, October 6, 2014).. IV.. D. Rescue Teams. DISCUSSION. A. Present of Colombia on Lightning Safety In Colombia, a set of lightning protection standards have been developed and applied as outcome of multiple researches done to understand the lightning phenomenon and its consequences, attempting to reduce its negative effects. The Technical Regulations for Electrical Installations (RETIE in Spanish), the Colombian Electrical Code (NTC 2050) and the Colombian Electrical Standard NTC 4552 are the most representative standards implemented to design and build electrical facilities and lightning protection systems, the latter named Lightning Protection Integral System (SIPRA in Spanish). SIPRA is defined as an integral system used to reduce physical damage that may be caused by lightning to a living being or to a structure, usually constituted by internal and external protection, personal safety and protection measures [80]. According to NTC 4552, all structures, from a small building to a large stadium, at risk of being struck by lightning must have a SIPRA as requirement to be approved for service.. Event 04/09/2011–San Juan de Acosta/Atlántico/Colombia A 30 years old lifeguard was struck by a lightning when he was asking some swimmers for leaving the beaches because a strong electric storm in Turipaná, Juan de Acosta Township, Atlántico. The lifeguard was in the beach taking people out of water. However, before he protected from rain a lightning struck close killing him and injuring other three people who were near him (primary source: ¨Rayo mata a salvavidas en San Juan de Acosta, Atlántico¨, El Universal, September 4, 2011). E. Rural Population and Agricultural Workers Event 08/10/2014 – La Mojana/Sucre/Colombia A fire produced early morning by a lightning destroyed the house of a woman in the village of La Palma, in a Sucre township. The woman indicated that at 2:45 a.m. she heard a powerful thunder and a part of her house started to burn. She. 148.
(4) Additionally, Colombia counts with a great development in lightning detection systems thanks to the national research in electrostatic field sensors technology, designing the construction and implementation of electric field mills and evaluating their performance as constituent part of the lightning warning systems in the country [81-86]. However, the compliance of technical standards and the recent progress in lightning forecasts in Colombia have not been enough to concern people in general about what is the right manner to act when a lightning strikes, that is taking correct decisions and keeping order and calm. On February 2011, a lightning struck during a soccer match between local teams at Nemesio Camacho El Campín Stadium, located in Bogotá. Because of the lightning, some players threw themselves to ground immediately and stood there for an instant, another player jumped when he saw the flash, others expressed that they felt current through the body. However, despite that first moment of confusion and concern, the game was restarted after just six minutes. Although the SIPRA of the stadium worked well and there were no injuries or human losses, it is clear that there were big faults from the point of view of prevention because the game should not be neither developed under thunderstorm weather conditions nor resumed almost immediately, since it is necessary to wait more than 30 minutes since the last sight of lightning or sound of thunder [38]. This event and the aforementioned events show the current reality of lightning safety in Colombia, which is characterized by great advances in technical protection and a lack of prevention strategies.. committees at departmental and municipal levels, having associated funds. The principal purpose of the creation of the SNGRD is to perform the social process of disaster risk management in the country to guarantee the protection of the Colombian population.. Another important aspect related to lightning safety in Colombia is that the main source of information about lightning incidents is still news from local media, mostly presented without enough accuracy to offer a correct image of lightning threat, especially in regard to lightning injury, affecting directly the safety perception among people [87,88]. Public and private entities are making a big effort to collect updated information on lightning injury cases, but it is also necessary to improve the reliability of fatality and injury reports, including details about the injury mechanisms, for which the previous knowledge of victims and witnesses is decisive [89].. C. The need of an articulation The statistical data presented in [56] and [92] reveal that currently lightning is a factor of high risk of disaster in Colombia. For this reason, the Authors propose that, in accordance with the hierarchy of hazard control mechanism developed by Gomes and Gomes [9], the Colombian designers of lightning safety promotion take the structure of the SNGRD as starting point to formalize a general lightning safety education program, within the framework of Law 1523 of 2012, considering proper characteristics of bound communities, always attempting to get the effective participation of the population.. Fig. 1. Structure of the National System of Disaster Risk Management. Adapted from [91].. B. National System of Disaster Risk Management In April 2012, the National Government of Colombia enacted Law 1523 of 2012 [90], stablishing the national politics about disaster risk management and the National System of Disaster Risk Management (SNGRD in Spanish), with its own organizational structure depicted in Fig. 1. The hierarchy of the structure starts from the President of the Republic as first instance of direction and chief of the National Council for Risk Management, followed by the Director of the National Unit for Disaster Risk Management (UNGRD in Spanish) which coordinates the three National Committees for Risk Management – Knowledge Committee, Risk Reduction Committee and Disaster Management Committee. At the same time, local Governors and Mayors coordinate these. V.. CONCLUSSIONS. Different educational methodologies oriented to prevent accidents and damages caused by lightning have been evaluated. In all scenarios, it is evident that mechanisms involving different community members and competent authorities are required. In the case of Colombia, historically there have been a lot of accidents due to lightning, but one of the main obstacles when evaluating the causes and consequences of such accidents is the lack of reliable information. From the existing laws it is possible to develop and implement a public policy for lightning prevention education, and this is the path that must be followed in coming years.. 149.
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Figure
![Fig. 1. Structure of the National System of Disaster Risk Management. Adapted from [91].](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_es/7315095.353537/4.892.483.810.73.457/fig-structure-national-disaster-risk-management-adapted.webp)
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