© 1976 by Monthly Review Press Translated by Brian Pearce
Originally published as Les luttes de classes en URSS © 1974 by Maspero/Seuil, Paris, France
Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo, [email protected] (June 2000)
page 7
Charles
Bettelheim
Class
Struggles
in the
USSR
First Period: 1917-1923
[Section 6 -- Bibliography and Index]
Contents
[ Section 6 ]
Bibliography 531
Key to abbreviations, initials, and Russian words used in the text
Artel A particular form of producers' cooperative Cadet party The Constitutional Democratic Party
CLD See STO
Cheka Extraordinary Commission (political police) Glavk
One of the chief directorates in the Supreme Council of the National Economy or in a people's commissariat
Gosplan State Planning Commission
GPU State Political Administration (political police) Kulak
A rich peasant, often involved in capitalist activities of one kind or another, such as hiring out agricultural machinery, trade, moneylending, etc.
Mir The village community
Narkomtrud People's Commissariat of Labor NEP New Economic Policy
NKhSSSRv
National Economy of the USSR in (a certain year or period)
NKVD People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs OGPU
Unified State Political Administration (political police)
Orgburo Organization Bureau of the Bolshevik Party Politburo Political Bureau of the Bolshevik Party Rabfak Workers' Faculty
Rabkrin See RKI
RCP(B) Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik): official
page 8
name of the Bolshevik Party, adopted by the Seventh Party Congress in March 1918 RKI Workers' and Peasants' Inspection RSDLP Russian Social Democratic Labor Party RSDLP(B) Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
(Bolshevik)
RSFSR Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic Skhod General assembly of a village
Sovkhoz State farm
Sovnarkhoz Regional Economic Council Sovnarkom Council of People's Commissars SR Socialist Revolutionary
STO Council of Labor and Defense Uchraspred
Department in the Bolshevik Party responsible for registering the members and assigning them to different tasks
Uyezd County Volost Rural district
VTsIK
All-Russia Central Executive Committee (organ derived from the Congress of soviets)
Zemstvo
Administrative body in country areas before the Revolution
page 531
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page 532
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page 539
Index
Absenteeism, 181
Administrative apparatus Bolshevik Party relations with, 251, 293-300, 400,
529n-30n
central government organs and, 255-56
Cheka and, 284, 286-88 class character and indepen- dence of administration, 337-43
dissolution of party in, 302 and elimination of bourgeois organizations, 259, 261-70 independence from party,
and disappearance of exploit- ing classes, 29-32
effects of prolonged recourse to, 514
and governmentalization of trade unions, 35, 52n, 182-83, 384-91, 395, 455
hostile to dictatorship of pro- letariat, 525-26
identified with dictatorship of proletariat, 518
identity of masses and, in ac- tion, 460
272-74, 332
in internal functions of party, 300-11
intraparty struggle over, 408-10
in party membership, 320 and purge of party, 524-25 and Red Army, 275-78, 282 and Soviet organs, 270-73 theoretical heritage and, 342-43
class character of, 337-43, 515-16, 522-23
controlling size of, 511 development of socialist economic relations and, 490-93
class effect, 329-31 conditions for, 333-43 independence from party and government, 272-74 intraparty struggle over, 408-10
objective basis of process, 331-33
labor discipline and, 186 "left communists" dispersed by, 376
mass control of, 493-95, 507 mass line or administrative centralism, 428-311 middle peasants and, 227 as not socialist, 446-47 petty bourgeois in, 162-63
page 540
Administrative apparatus (cont.) principle of subordination to, 182-84
problem of appointment of, 405-8
Red Army feeding, 283 transformation of, 255 in transformation of role of soviet organs, 270-72 undeclared opposition from, 415-31
Workers' Opposition and, 388-89
See also Technicians
Administrative centralism, 153, 201, 428-31
Afghanistan, 70
Agricultural communes, 226, 247n, 248n
emergence of, 228-29 land code of 1922 and, 236 land held by, 220
numbers of, 228, 229 Agricultural labor, 237 Agricultural production collapse of, 238
compulsion and, 355
decline in, 221, 232, 241-42, 249n
features of forms of, 517-18 increasing, 248n
requisitioning and, 353; see also Requisitioning See also Grain production
148, 149, 151, 179, 256, 302, 383
Bolshevik Party and, 105-10 bourgeois parties and, 259-60 Cheka supervised by, 285, 287 Mensheviks and, 266
and poor peasants' committees, 350-51
salaries of, 165 SRs and, 262, 269
All-Russia Committee for Aid to Famine Victims (1921), 258
All-Russia Conference of Factory Committees, 75
All-Russia Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Soviets
(1917), 77, 106-7
All-Russia Council of Factory Committees, 151
All-Russia Council of Workers' Control, 148-49, 151-53 All-Russia Electrification Com- mission (Goelro), 153
All-Russia Peasant's Congress (1917), 211
All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, 370
Anarchists, 179, 190, 362 and dictatorship of proletariat, 189
Aigun, Treaty of (1858), 87n Alaska, 70
Albania, 13
All-Russia Central Executive Committee of the
Soviets (CEC, VTsIK),
and Kronstadt, 365 and rise of soviets, 75 and workers' control, 150 and Workers' Opposition, 398, 403
Anarcho-populists, 364
page 541
Anarcho-syndicalists, 150, 179 Andreyev, A. A., 390
Apparatchiki, defined, 312; see also Administrative ap- paratus
Asia, 424, 496
Association of Agronomists, 151 Association of Engineers and Technicians, 151
Austrian Social Democratic Party, 469-70
Autonomization, 421
Bebel, A., 29, 461 Black market, 361
Bogayevsky, General, 206n Bogdanov, A. A., 122
Bolshevik, origin of term, 120 Bolshevik Central Committee, 26, 123, 401
administrative staff of, 303-4 and appointment of cadres and functionaries, 405-8
and Brest-Litovsk treaty, 372-74
coalition government and, 371-72
demand for workers on, 383 increasing size with, 429-31 diminishing authority of, 311 favors insurrection, 81-83, 90n, 370, 371
and foreign-trade monopoly, 417-19
government in hands of, 108 Lenin's view of (1917-1918), 378
mass line and administrative centralism in, 429
military opposition and, 382
nationalities problem in, 419-23
nature of discussions in, 300-1 intraparty factions, 399, 400 party discipline and, 125 party unity rule and, 526, 527 proletarian party policy and, 309
Secretariat of, see Secretariat technicians used by, 374-75 Trotsky's and Bukharin's ideas opposed in, 389-91
undeclared opposition in, 416 Bolshevik Party, 58, 345-435 administrative apparatus and, see Administrative ap- paratus
bourgeoisie and, see Bourgeoisie
dictatorship of proletariat and, see Dictatorship of pro- letariat
discussions in, 368
factions, 399, 430, 432n, 526 economism and, 33-42 and NEP, 497-503 See also Economism on eve of October, 80 formed, 117-18
ideological and political strug- gles in, 345-46, 368-435 before civil war, 368-79 at end of "war communism" and beginning of NEP, 395-435
during "war communism" period, 380-94
internationalist attitude of, 90n
in July days, 90n, 127n
and Kronstadt uprising, 365-66
page 542
Bolshevik Party (cont.)
Lenin's last writings and, 438; see also Lenin, Vladimir Ilich
membership of, 207n-8n, 292-93
increase in, 317-18 introducing workers and peasants, 429-31
1917, 124 1917-1923, 194
peasants in, 194, 216, 315 21, 429-31
social composition of, 315-21
peasantry and, see Peasantry primacy of productive forces for, 26, 27
proletarian character of, fragile, 447-48
purges, 10, 317-18, 320, 524-27
replacing, 48n
and rise of soviets, 73, 75-76 state capitalism as policy of, 464-69, 487; see also State capitalism tasks of, 60-62, 63n
and "war communism," 456 mistakes, 456-59
origin of illusions on, 459-62
in winter crisis (1920- 1921), 362-63
and working class, see Working class
See also specific organs of the Party; for example: Bol- shevik Central Commit- tee; Politburo
Bolshevism, 359, 368, 377
Bourgeois-democratic revolu- tion, see Democratic revolution
Bourgeois humanism, 170 Bourgeois ideology
and cult of spontaneity, 115-16 in educational system, 168-71 and independence of state machine, 332-36
influence on petty bourgeoisie, 162
labor discipline and, 178-80 in Marxism, 50n
partial shaking of, 202 in party, 309-10, 368 in Red Army, 281-82 workers' control and, 147 in Workers' Opposition, 405 Bourgeois nationalism, 419 Bourgeois parties and press, 257-70
Bourgeois repression in party, 426
Bourgeoisie
administrative apparatus under influence of, 295; see
also Administrative ap- paratus
and Bolshevik Party dominates party, 296-300 party leadership style and, 311-12, 324-25
penetrates party, 521 transformation of relations with, 133-42
undeclared intraparty oppo- sition and forces of, 415-31
breakdown of collaboration be- tween peasants and,
80-85
page 543
breaking power of, 57, 84, 91-92
bureaucracy as embryo of new, 314; see also State
bourgeoisie
concepts of socialism, 470 democratic revolution and, 116 dictatorship of proletariat trans- forms relations with,
133-42
and foreign-trade monopoly, 416
in intraparty struggles, 384 ideas of j 408, 413, 498 Lenin opposes, 389-92 nationalities question and, 419, 420
educational system and con- solidation of, 168-71
elimination of private, 160-61, 332-33
at end of "war communism," 159-71
inside proletarian party, 413-14
"left Communists" and, 374 NEP and, 401
and rise of soviets, 74 rural, 160, 243-45, 337-38 Russian village and, 78 technicians and restored lead- ership of, 153-55, 203n; see also Technicians weakness of, in tsarist times, 71, 72, 88n
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 106, 261, 263, 348, 468, 520
intraparty struggle over, 372-74
Britain, 70, 71, 480
Bukharin, N., 99, 144, 152, 354 administrative apparatus and, 530n
and Brest-Litovsk, 373 change of line by, 204n economism and, 34, 38
"left Communist" trend of, 375, 378
managerial technicians and, 156-59, 204n
piece work and, 174 on Politburo, 302
removed from VSNKh, 154 Russification opposed by, 310 state capitalism and, 468 views on compulsory self- discipline, 387
views on restoration of bourgeois power, 297-300 and "war communism," 455 on workers' democracy in party, 313
Bureaucracy, 327n
opposition to, 313-18, 330, 482, 511, 516-17; see also
Administrative ap- paratus
Cadet party, 130n, 262 in educational system, 169 elimination of, 257-59 and Kronstadt uprising, 364, 365
Capitalism crisis of, 47
page 544
Capitalism (cont.) development of, 118
in countryside, 214, 215, 244 illusions about disappearance of capitalist relations, 461-62
proletarian practices in social relations of, 334-35
requisitioning and, 353-54; see also "War communism" period
as social relation, 156, 205n transition from, to communism, 127n
labor discipline and, 176 See also State capitalism; and entries beginning with term: Production
Central Committee (Congress of Soviets), bourgeois par- ties and, 260
in provinces, 295 SRs in, 261
China,10, 242, 291n, 322-23, 492 army of, 129n, 281, 290n
socialist transition in, 42, 47 state capitalism and, 476n tsarist expansion and, 70, 71, 87n-88n
USSR and, 13-16
Chinese Communist Party, 300-1, 410, 443, 476n, 500
army under, 129n, 281 dictatorship of proletariat and, 49n
leading role of, 128n, 291n on Stalin, 26
Coercion, 34-35
Central Committee (Russian So- cial Democratic Labor
Party), 121, 122
Central Committee (Russian So- cial Democratic Labor
Party [Bolshevik]), 273, see also Bolshevik Cen- tral Committee
Central Control Commission (1920), 287, 288, 305-6, 527
Central Executive Committee of Russia, formed, 74
Central Trade Union Council, 151, 173
Cheka (extraordinary commis- sion), 111, 131n, 456 development of, 283-88, 293 as indispensable, 266
intelligentsia in, 161 labor camps under, 207n
under "war communism," 454-57, 459
See also Labor discipline Collective farms, 349
compelling peasants to join, 226
poor peasants and, 222 property of, 21-23
Collectivism, emergence of, 228-29
Collectivization, 27, 300 Committee of Public Safety (France), 284
Commodity relations, 15, 16, 461-62
reestablished, 484-85
Communal facade of mir, 214; see also: Mir
Communist Saturdays, 196-98, 209n
Communist work, 198-202
page 545
Compulsion, state, 34; see also Coercion
Concessions, defined, 248n Confiscation, 467; see also Nationalization; Requi- sitioning
Congress of Peasants' Soviets, 106
Constitutional Assembly, 103, 107, 257, 262, 362
Contracts, labor, 186 Cooperation, 487-90, 511 Council of Labor and Defense (STO), 187-88
Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom)
administrative machinery of, 111, 272, 302
Bolshevik Palty and, 105-6 Cadet party banned by, 257 Cheka created by, 283 labor discipline and, 186-87 local authorities and, 110 relations between VTsIK and, 107-10
soviet congresses and, 256 soviet organs and, 272 VSNKh under, 153 Councils
school, 169-70
Currency depreciation, 175, 361, 388, 461
Czechoslovakia, 9, 14
Dan, F. I., 266
Democracy, workers', lack of, in Party, 312-13
Democratic centralism (concept), 122, 153, 369, 411, 520,
521
Democratic Centralism (group), 384, 388
Democratic parties, 366 elimination of, 257-70
Democratic revolution, 101, 202, 348-49, 449, 478-79,
517
agrarian, and hope for socialist agrarian revolution,
219-24
balance sheet of, 439-42
carrying out, 116-17
class character of, 210; see also Peasantry -- class rela-
tions
system of economic, 153 See also Soviets; Workers' con- trol
Countryside class relations, see Peasantry
Craftsmen, 162 Cuba, 14, 48n
Cult of spontaneity, 115-16 Cultivation methods, mir and, 218
Cultural revolution, 298-99, 493-95, 511
Deserters, workers as, 187, 188 Détente, 13
Dictatorship of proletariat, 91-132
Bolshevik Party leadership in, 359-61
administrative machinery of state and, 111; see also Administrative ap- paratus
and changes in party, 292 328, 347-67
page 546
Dictatorship of proletariat Bolshevik Party leadership in (cont.)
characteristics and limita- tions of party role, 93-96 effects of party changes on functions of, 311-25 and establishment of soviet organs and Soviet gov- ernment, 104-5
and government in hands of party, 108-10
ideological obstacles to strengthening dictator- ship, 514-23
and inexperience of party, 125
and "infallible" party, 387 internal changes in party and, 300-11
leading role of party,113-26, 127n-28n
mass line and, 191-93 and merging of party with advanced elements of working class, 193-95, 358
October and, 92-96 political obstacles to strengthening dictator- ship, 523-29
proletarian power wielded through, 97-99
Red Army and, 112; see also Red Army
state capitalism and, 464-69; see also State capitalism strengthening of dictator- ship, 506-14
class struggle under, 16; see also specific classes
and constitution of proletariat as dominant class, 188-91 difficulty in maintaining, 179-80
establishment of soviet organs and Soviet government under, 104-13
forms of ownership of means of production and, 21-22;
see also Means of pro- duction
forms of proletarian power and, 96-104
NEP and, see New Economic Policy
as new era, 442-43, 446-49 peasant-worker alliance and, 478-81, 485-86, 491-96 proletarian party and con- solidating, 414-15
special features of, established by October, 87
state and, 391-92; see also State
state capitalism under, 464-75; see also State capitalism the system of dictatorship, 97-99
transformation of principal in struments of, 251-53; see also Administrative apparatus
transformed relations with bourgeoisie, 132-42
Workers' Opposition weakness on, 403, 404
worker-peasant alliance and, 99-103
also "War communism" period
page 547
District soviets, rise of, 73 Dogadov, A. I., 429 Duma, 72, 117, 123 Dutov, General, 206n
Dzerzhinsky, F., 310, 390, 426,
Economic apparatus, bourgeoisie in, after October, 141;
see also Technicians
Economic councils, system of, 153; see also Workers' control
Economic reforms, 11-12 Economism, 51n, 52n cessation of fight against, in Bolshevik Party, 33-42 criticized (1902), 115-16 in European labor movements and Communist parties, 41-45
five year plans and, 37-41 in foreign-trade monopoly question, 418
in interpretation of NEP, 497-503; see also New Economic Policy in Lenin's thought, 473 Marxism as, 16, 46 problematic of productive forces and, 32
social foundations of, 36-37 of Workers' Opposition, 409 Economy, see specific aspects of economy; for example: Capitalism; Industry; Production relations Educational system, 205n bureaucracy and, 516, 517 and consolidation of bourgeoisie, 168-71
Eight-hour day, 173
Eighth All-Russia Congress of Soviets (Dec. 1920),
267, 390
Eighth Congress of Bolshevik Party (Mar. 1919), 317, 330, 352, 382
and control of Soviet republic, 273, 295, 302
and middle peasants, 224, 226-30
new party program at, 186, 382-84
party membership at, 124, 315 self-determination of nations and, 420, 421
VTsIK and, 107
Eighteenth Congress of Soviet Communist Party (1939), 30
Eleventh Congress of Bolshevik Party (Mar. 1922), 288, 295-97, 303, 306-8, 330, 446-47, 493, 513, 525 "Emancipation of Labor" (group), 115
Emancipation of the serfs, 70 Employment, regulation of, 186; see also entries begin-
ning with term: Labor Engels, Friedrich, 29, 49n, 115, 131n, 343, 470
cooperation and, 489-90 economism and, 43 on kulaks, 249n
Russia and, 214, 215, 218, 245, 246n, 255
state and, 460-61
on state and social classes, 30 Epidemics, 463n
Estonia, 373
page 548
Exchange, peasant demand for freedom of, 234-35; see also New Economic Pol- icy
First Congress of Peasants (May 1917), 77
Expropriations, 467 generalized, 160
in industry and trade, 144-45 See also Nationalization; Req- uisitioning
Extraordinary commission, see Cheka
Factory committees, 178, 374 rise of, 73
technicians and, 155, 157 and town soviets, 75
workers' control and, 146-51 Workers' Opposition and, 388 Famine, 58, 463n
Fifth Congress of Russian Social- Democratic Labor Party
(1907), 121
Fifth Congress of Soviets, 107, 263
Fifth Trade Union Conference (Nov. 1920), 389
Finland, 70, 365
First All-Russia Conference on Party Work in the Coun- tryside (1919), 231 First All-Russia Congress of Soviets (Jun. 1917), 74, 75
First All-Russia Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Soviets (Mar. 1917), 74 First Conference of Factory Committees (spring 1917), 75
First Congress of Farm Laborers of Petrograd Gubemia
(Mar. 1919), 226
Foreign intervention, 58 and dictatorship of proletariat, 507
and independence of state machine, 336
peasant support and, 238 proletariat-peasant alliance and, 221, 224
Red Army organization and, 94-95, 113
victory over, 200, 232, 233 Foriegn policy, recent Soviet, 13-14
Foreign-trade monopoly, 416-19 Fourth All-Russia Congress of Soviets (Mar. 1918), 154 Fourth Congress of Communist International (1922),
330
Fourth Congress of Russian So- cial Democratic Party
(1906), 121 France, 42, 48n, 71 Franchise, 130n
Functionaries, see Administra- tive apparatus
Gegochkori, 206n General Secretary influence of, 310
Lenin on Stalin as,324; see also Stalin, Joseph
post, established, 303
German Social Democracy, 359 German Social Democratic Party, 36, 327n, 460, 469-70
Germany, 42, 481, 486-87 Glavki (industrial direction), 154
page 549
Gorky, Maxim, 122, 527 Gotz, A. R., 206n
Governmentalization of trade unions, 35, 52n, 182-83, 384-91, 395, 455
GPU (State Political Administra- tion), 310, 426, 527, 528 function of, 287-88
Grain production fall in, 233
1909-1913 and 1920-1921, 248n
socialism and large-scale, 479-80
town class relations and mea- sures affecting, 143-59 tsarist, 71-72
Intelligentsia, 21, 160, 161
Jacobin methods, 342, 343 Japan, 44
Jewish Bund, 122
requisitioning of, suspended, 232-33
Great Proletarian Cultural Rev- olution, 476n
Hilferding, R., 470
Ideological class struggle, labor discipline and, 176-81 Ideological role, conquest of leading, 93-94; see also Bolshevik Party -- ideological and political struggles in; Bourgeois ideology; Petty
bourgeois ideology
Imperial Duma, 72, 117, 123 Imperialism, 69-71, 81, 87n-89n India, 70
Industry
iron and steel, lost to Germany, 373
Management of, see Supreme Council of National Econ- omy; Workers' Control reactivation of, through state capitalism, 181; see also State capitalism
Juridical aspects of production relations, 139-40; see also Means of production
Kabanidze, 426
Kaganovich, L. M., 304 Kaledin, Aleksei, 257, 260 Kalinin, M. I., 302
Kamenev, L. B., 48n-49n, 130n 31n, 327n, 433n
coalition government and, 371-72
defensist line of, 369-71 in intraparty struggles, 396 and Lenin's "Testament," 431 nationalities problem and, 422 on Politburo, 302
rightist trend of, 378 Kamensky, Gen. A. Z., 382 Karelian, 419-20
Kautsky, K., 118, 470
Kerensky, Alexander, 76, 81, 259 Kollontai, Alexandra, 388, 403 Kondrat'ev, N. D., 238
Kornilov, Gen. Lavr, 105, 206n Kosior, L. V., 310, 429
Kozlovsky, Gen. A. N., 363 Krassin, L. B., 430
Krestinsky, N. N., 302, 390
page 550
Kronstadt uprising, 233, 242, 265,
267, 307, 325, 356, 398 described, 362-66
effects of, 402-3
"war communism" and, 455-56 Kropotkin, Peter, 527
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 43, 169 70, 299
Kulaks
agrarian communes and, 228 Engels on, 249n
income of, 244-45 middle peasants in fight against, 225, 230, 284-85 new mir and, 236-37
poor peasants in fight against, 221, 222, 350, 351
See also: Mir
Lamonov, A., 364 Land
decree on (1917), 210-11, 219 drop in uncultivated, 240 held by poor and middle peas- ants, 238-39
household holdings in, 215-16 law on socialization of, 211 lost to Germany, 373 mir and, 213-14, 217 multiparcelization of, 237 peasant struggle for, 82, 84-90; see also Democratic rev- olution
recovered, 246n-47n
revolution and peasant hold- ings in, 237-38
Land associations, decree on, 235-37
Labor, militarizaffon of, 34, 384 88, 390, 455
Labor army, 188 Labor camps, 207n established, 285-86 present population of, 12 Labor Code (RSFSR), 173 Labor desertion, 187, 188 Labor discipline, 34, 176-89 coercive measures, 184-89 Communist work and, 198-202 ideological class struggle and, 176-81
"left Communists" and, 375 socialist discipline and, 198 200
trade-union role in, 181-85 under "war communism," 454-55
Labor mobilization, 183, 184, 186-88
Larin, M. A., 154 Lassalle, F., 117 Latvia, 372
"League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" (group), 115, 120
"Left Communists," 156, 158, 174, 326n, 384, 393n lack of realism of, 379n state capitalism and, 372, 374 78, 468
Left opportunism, 413 Leftist-righffst opportunism, 34-35
Legal Marxism, struggle against, 115
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 21, 30, 53n, 57-60, 63n
balance sheet drawn up by, 437-38
page 551
changes in conception of NEP, 477-505
mistakes of "war com- munism," 451-63 in period of "war com- munism," 439-50
on state capitalism, 464-76 campaigns for insurrection, 90n and countryside class relations change in policy, 233-35, 255-57
former social relations in, 212-13
land question, 211, 245n and middle peasants, 224 32, 351-55
mir and, 215
poor peasants and, 220-23 and dictatorship of proletariat on bourgeois-proletarian re- lations, 135
hegemony of class and, 127n and limits of possible action, 95-96
military power and, 126n 27n
and party need to strengthen, see Dictatorship of
proletariat -- Bolshevik Party relations with
breakdown in bourgeois peasant collaboration and, 80-81
and dual power, 72 forecast of April and, 84 insurrection, 82, 83
intraparty struggle, 369-72 national movements and, 86 and peasant revolt, 82 on revolutionary defensism, 79-80
on winning confidence of peasants, 85
going against the tide, 414 illness of, 416-18, 432n and independence of state machine, 329, 337 class character of, 330-31, 338-41, 343
in intraparty struggles, 119, 345 Brest-Litovsk and, 372-74 close of debate with 1920 op- positions, 396-401
in February-October (1917), 369-72
on foreign-trade monopoly, 416-19
social classes defined by, 139-40
soviet organs and,104-6,110 and struggle to build party, 120-25
as system of power, 97-99 worker-peasant alliance and, 99-103
economism opposed by, 33, 35, 39-43
in February-October(1917), 75
mass line and administrative centralism, 428-31
military opposition and, 382 nationalities question, 380, 381, 419-28
opposes Trotsky and Bukha- rin, 389-92, 413
problem of appointment of officials, 405-8
subjection of trade unions to state machine, 384, 386
page 552
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich
in intraparty struggles (cont.) undeclared oppositions and, 416-18
and workers on Central Committee, 383
and Workers' Opposition, 388-89, 402-10
letters of, 311, 321-25, 328n, 433n
Marxism of, 49n, 345-46, 358 59, 477, 519-21
and theoretical struggle for primacy of, 114-17
on theory and practice, 113, 131n
and ownership of means of production, 21, 22 on Politburo, 302 on politics, 252
and productive forces, 24 on Russia, 69
and slogan "All Power to the Soviets," 411-12
state capitalism and,464-75, 476n, 487
"Testament" of, 429, 431, 434n-35n
and town class relations on capital, 205n
and capital as social relation, 156
expropriations and, 144-45 labor discipline and,177-80, 185
managerial technicians and, 156
mass line and, 191-92 new production relations and, 196-201
state bourgeoisie, 167-68 rightist-leftist extremism and, 159
role of party and working class, 358-59
state capitalism and, 154-55, 157
Taylor system and, 174 technicians and, 154, 161, 164, 203n
workers' control and, 145 48, 150, 153, 203n
and workers as party mem- bers, 195
and transformation of organs of power and administra-
tive apparatus, 251, 288 administrative apparatus, 271-74
anarchists and, 264-65 Bolshevik Party transformed, 292-93, 295-99,
302-25
bourgeois parties and, 258 61, 266-69
and central government or gans, 256, 289n
Cheka and, 284-85 Red Army and, 280 Leninism, 358, 359, 469-75 Leninist, term, defined, 125, 132n Lindenberg, Daniel, 169
Lithuania, 372 Livonia, 373
Lunacharsky, A. V., 169, 170 Luxemburg, Rosa, 86, 343, 359
resistance of working class to Mamontov, General, 279
page 553
Management, collective, re- jected, 406; see also Technicians
Mao Tse-tung, 48n, 129n, 326n on correct ideas, 198
going against the tide, 414 on having several parties, 289n-90n
on leadership, 62
on need for an army, 290n-91n Martov, Y. O., 121, 266
Marx, Karl, 115, 470 and cooperation, 489-90 defines capitalist class, 44 economism and, 43, 473-74 and educational system, 169 and indicators of social condi- tions, 137
Jacobinism and, 343
on necessity of revolution, 177 and ownership of means of production, 21, 22 on Paris Commune, 164 and peasant war and working class movement, 496 and political forms, 251 and production relations, 21, 163, 208n-9n, 333, 334, 459, 492
and productive forces, 24, 52n on proletariat, 359
reestablishing contact with thought of, 49n
and Russia, 214, 215, 218, 245, 246n
state and, 460-61
on workers' cooperatives, 529n Marxism, 190
abandoned, 11
in Bolshevik Party, 292, 342, 345, 410-11
bourgeois ideology and, 50n and constitution of proletariat as dominant class, 190, 191
"democratic" parties and de- velopment of, 270
dialectical development of, 119 as economism, 16, 46
emerging conceptions in conflict with, 159 fresh vigor in, 47-48, 49n and ideological obstacles to transforming social rela- tions, 519
of Kautsky, 470
of Lenin, see Lenin, Vladimir Ilich
and political obstacles to dic- tatorship of proletariat, 528
proletarian revolution and rev- olutionary, 113, 114
revisionism and, 19-20; see also Revisionism
sclerotic, 47
struggle for primacy of, in labor movement, 114-18
theses of, congealed, 20-32 Mass line, 191-93, 493-95, 515, 517
Mdivani, B., 427
Means of production, 529n bourgeois loss of power and loss of control over, 136 collective control over, 44 in mir, 244
owned by poor peasants, 244 See also State ownership Mensheviks, 24, 190
changes in trade unions and, 184
page 554
Mensheviks (cont.) Chekawatches, 284
and class relations in country- side, 233, 351
coalition government with,
capitalism and, 216
decree recognizing, 235-37 democratic revolution and, 219-20
371-72
Constitutional Assembly and, 103
and dictatorship of proletariat 189
economism of, 37
in educational system, 169 and election of officials, 407 elimination of party of, 259-61, 265-70
fight against (1905), 116 government structure and, 108 GPU and, 527
Kronstadt and, 267, 363, 365 local militias and, 278 oppose slogan "All Power to Soviets," 89n
origin of term, 120
revolution betrayed by, 105 and ripening conditions for October, 80
and rise of soviets, 73-76, 104
in struggle to form Bolshevik Party, 120-23
in winter crisis (1920-1921), 362
workers' control and, 147, 148 Migration to countryside, 181 Milin, Gen. S., 382
Military expenditure, 13
Military Revolutionary Commit- tee, 283
Militias, local, 278-79
Milyutin, J. P., 154, 416, 432n Mir (village community), 85, 239, 243
land controlled by, 245n-46n land detached from, before revolution, 247n
means of production in, 244 peasant households in, 246n revitalized, 223-24, 517 rural bourgeoisie in, 160, 243- 45, 337-38
Mode of production bureaucracy and, 314 changing, 137-38 mir and, 216-17
political forms and, 251 social coordination of produc- tion and, 146-47
See also Means of production; and entries beginning with term: Production
Molotov, V., 123, 311, 321, 447
Narodniks, 115, 131n, 213-15 National Center, 364-66 National movement, 86, 87 Nationalities problem, 419-28, 433n-34n
Nationalization, 206n-7n, 464, 467, 476n, 518
basis for, 160 decrees, 144 effects of, 136-37 in Ukraine, 204n
New Economic Policy (NEP), 161, 326n, 451, 462, 475 abandoned, 40, 299-300 agrarian legislation of 1922 and, 235
page 555
and alliance with peasants, 524 changes in Lenin's conception of, 477-505
characterized, 446
decrees inaugurating, 235 differentiation in money wages and bonuses under, 175 and disintegration of proletar- iat, 172
economic position of peasants and, 237-45
economism and, 35
established, 58, 356, 401, 453, 456
stages between April and Oc- tober, 83-87
Officers (Red Army), 275-78, 281-83
Oganovsky, N. P., 238
Ordzhonikidze, S., 123, 425-27 Orgburo (Organization Bureau), 274, 302-4
Orgotdel, 303, 304
Osinsky, V. V., 174, 302, 376, 383,
384
ideological and political strug- gles at start of, 395-435 middle peasants and, 227 outline of, 468
petty bourgeoisie and, 162 as state capitalism, 58, 468- 69, 478
and strengthening dictatorship of proletariat, 506, 510, 512-13, 515
technicians and, 168
trade-union role in, 330, 391 transformation of, 484-97 wages and, 166, 173
Ninth Congress of Bolshevik Party (Mar. 1920), 157, 183, 185, 188, 201, 285, 317, 384-88, 406
Ninth Congress of Soviets (Dec. 1921), 256, 286-87
Notkin, A. Ya., 25
October Revolution, 65-90 conditions for, 79-83
and rise of soviet movement, 73-79
Ownership, class relations and forms of, 20-23; see also Means of production
Pankhurst, Sylvia, 264
Paris Commune (1871), 92, 164, 178, 459, 489
Partisan detachments, 279 Peasant banditry, 354
Peasant revolts (riots), 217-18, 240, 242, 361-62
February-October (1917), 82, 89n
1920-1921, 232
requisitioning and, 354-55 "war communism" and, 455-56
Peasantry, 21
allied with proletariat, 98-104, 115-17, 210, 323, 332, 478-81,512-13; see also Democratic revolution Bolshevik Party relations with accepting party leadership, 85
change in policy, 233-45, 355-57
page 556
Peasantry
Bolshevik Party relations with (cont.)
danger to party of worker- peasant split, 323
democratic revolution and, 348-49
distrust of peasants, 515 historical relations between, 337-39
and increasing size of Cen- tral Committee, 429-31 and intraparty struggles, 398 lack of support for party, 125-26
land and, 211; see also Land limited representation among peasants, 94-95, 216, 218, 223-24, 485 86, 523-24
middle peasants and, 227 29, 232, 351-52
peasants as members of, 194,
NEP and, 478-503; see also New Economic Policy representation of, 102-3 requisitioning, 34, 58, 330-34, 337, 352-55, 455
revolutionary role of, 495-96 rise of, 87
in rise of soviets, 76-79 size of (1913), 88n
SRs among, see Social Rev- olutionaries
soviets and, see Soviets state capitalism and, 167 struggle for land, see Land tsarist expropriation of, 72 in winter crisis, 361-66 Workers' Opposition and, 403-4
See also Kulaks
Peking, Treaty of (1860), 87n People's Commissariat of Ag- riculture, 488
216, 315-21, 429-31
peasants as political obstacle, 523-25
poor peasants and, 220-24, 349-51
breakdown of collaboration be- tween bourgeoisie and, 80-85
and building socialism, 477 characteristics of, and question of power, 20n
class relations, 210-44 coercion of, 188, 189
cooperation and, 487-90, 511 dual power and, 84
on eve of October (1917), 80 middle, 161, 224-33, 284-85, 337-38, 351-52
of the State, 273-74, 302 People's Commissariat for Food Supplies, 354-55, 488
People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade, 111, 416-17
People's Commissariat of Inter- nal affairs, 287-88
People's Commissariat of Justice, 286
People's Commissariat of Labor, 181, 182, 186-88
People's Commissariat for Nationalities, 381
People's Commissariat for War and the Red Army, 275
People's Commissariat on Work- ers' and Peasants' In-
page 557
spection (RKI; Rabkrin), 274, 288, 302, 428-29
People's Liberation Army (PLA; China), 281
Persia, 70
Peter the Great (tsar), 70 Peters, 284
Petrichenko, S. R., 362, 364 Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, 112
Petrograd Soviet, 362
as administrative machine, 271 Central Executive Committee and, 74
power of (1917), 72
Petrograd Trade-Union Council, 151
Petty bourgeois ideology labor discipline and, 178-80 mir fosters individualism, 218 in party officials, 309-10 Petty bourgeoisie
appearing as workers, 322 banning organizations of, 268-70
as chief enemy, 480, 481, 484 concepts of socialism of, 470 at end of "war communism" period, 159-71
human nature and, 196 "left Communists" as, 379n NEP and, 401
village petty bourgeoisie, 240-43
penetration of party by, 315, 521
size of, 162
