MEDICAL DEVICES AND
INSTRUMENTATION
Second Edition
VOLUME 3
Editor-in-Chief John G. Webster
University of Wisconsin–Madison Editorial Board
David Beebe
University of Wisconsin–Madison Jerry M. Calkins
University of Arizona College of Medicine Michael R. Neuman
Michigan Technological University Joon B. Park
University of Iowa
Edward S. Sternick
Tufts–New England Medical Center
Editorial Staff
Vice President, STM Books:Janet Bailey Associate Publisher:George J. Telecki Editorial Director:Sean Pidgeon
Director, Book Production and Manufacturing: Camille P. Carter
Production Manager:Shirley Thomas Illustration Manager:Dean Gonzalez Senior Production Editor:Kellsee Chu
MEDICAL DEVICES AND
INSTRUMENTATION
Second Edition
Volume 3
Echocardiography and Doppler Echocardiography – Human Spine, Biomechanics of
Edited by
John G. Webster
University of Wisconsin–Madison
TheEncyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentationis available online at http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emdi
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Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encylopedia of medical devices & instrumentation/by John G. Webster,
editor in chief. – 2nd ed. p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation. 1988. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13 978-0-471-26358-6 (set : cloth) ISBN-10 0-471-26358-3 (set : cloth) ISBN-13 978-0-470-04068-3 (v. 3 : cloth) ISBN-10 0-470-04068-8 (v. 3 : cloth)
1. Medical instruments and apparatus–Encyclopedias. 2. Biomedical engineering–Encyclopedias. 3. Medical physics–Encyclopedias. 4. Medicine–Data processing–Encyclopedias. I. Webster, John G.,
1932- . II. Title: Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation.
[DNLM: 1. Equipment and Supplies–Encyclopedias–English. W 13
E555 2006] R856.A3E53 2006 610.2803–dc22 2005028946
Printed in the United States of America
CONTRIBUTOR LIST
ABDEL HADY, MAZEN, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada, Bladder Dysfunction, Neurostimulation of
ABEL, L.A.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,
Ocular Motility Recording and Nystagmus
ABREU, BEATRIZ C., Transitional Learning Center at Gal-veston, GalGal-veston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computers in Cognitive
ALEXANDER, A.L.,University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madi-son, Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
ALI, ABBAS,University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign, Bioinformatics
ALI, MU¨ FTU¨,School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachu-setts, Tooth and Jaw, Biomechanics of
ALPERIN, NOAM,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treat-ment of
ANSON, DENIS,College Misericordia, Dallas, Pennsylvania, Environmental Control
ARENA, JOHNC.,VA Medical Center and Medical College of Georgia, Biofeedback
ARIEL, GIDEON,Ariel Dynamics, Canyon, California, Biome-chanics of Exercise Fitness
ARMSTRONG, STEVE, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Biomaterials for Dentistry
ASPDEN, R.M., University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, Ligament and Tendon, Properties of
AUBIN, C.E., Polytechniquie Montreal, Montreal Quebec,
Canada, Scoliosis, Biomechanics of
AYRES, VIRGINIAM.,Michigan State University, East Lan-sing, Michigan, Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling
AZANGWE, G., Ligament and Tendon, Properties of
BACK, LLOYDH.,California Institute of Technology, Pasa-dena, California, Coronary Angioplasty and Guidewire Diagnostics
BADYLAK, STEPHENF.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, Sterilization of Bio-logic Scaffold Materials
BANDYOPADHYAY, AMIT,Washington State University, Pull-man, Washington, Orthopedic Devices, Materials and Design for
BANERJEE, RUPAKK.,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, Coronary Angioplasty and Guidewire Diagnostics
BARBOUR, RANDALLL.,State University of New York Down-state Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, Peripheral Vascular Noninvasive Measurements
BARKER, STEVENJ.,University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, Oxygen Monitoring
BARTH, ROLF F., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
BECCHETTI, F.D.,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Radiotherapy, Heavy Ion
BELFORTE, GUIDO, Politecnico di Torino – Department of Mechanics, Laryngeal Prosthetic Devices
BENKESER, PAUL,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Biomedical Engineering Education
BENNETT, JAMES R., University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Digital Angiography
BERSANO-BEGEY, TOMMASO, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Microbioreactors
BIGGS, PETERJ.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massa-chusetts, Radiotherapy, Intraoperative
BIYANI, ASHOK,University of Toledo, and Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, Human Spine, Biomechanics of
BLOCK, W.F., University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
BLUE, THOMAS E., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
BLUMSACK, JUDITH T., Disorders Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, Audiometry
BOGAN, RICHARDK.,University of South Carolina, Colum-bia, South Carolina, Sleep Laboratory
BOKROS, JACKC.,Medical Carbon Research Institute, Aus-tin, Texas, Biomaterials, Carbon
BONGIOANNINI, GUIDO,ENT Division Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy, Laryngeal Prosthetic Devices
BORAH, JOSHUA, Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford, Massachusetts, Eye Movement, Measurement Techni-ques for
BORDEN, MARK,Director of Biomaterials Research, Irvine, California, Biomaterials, Absorbable
BORTON, BETTIEB.,Auburn University Montgomery, Mont-gomery, Alabama, Audiometry
BORTON, THOMASE.,Auburn University Montgomery, Mont-gomery, Alabama, Audiometry
BOSE SUSMITA,, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, Orthopedic Devices, Materials and Design for
BOVA, FRANK J., M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, FL, Radiosurgery, Stereotactic
BRENNER, DAVID J., Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, Computed Tomography Screening
BREWER, JOHNM.,University of Georgia, Electrophoresis
BRIAN, L. DAVIS,Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland
Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, Skin, Biomechanics of
BRITT, L.D.,Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk,
Vir-ginia, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
BRITT, R.C., Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk,
Virginia, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
BROZIK, SUSANM.,Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquer-que, New Mexico, Microbial Detection Systems
BRUNER, JOSEPH P., Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, Intrauterine Surgical Techniques
BRUNSWIGNEWRING, KIRK A.,University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, Sexual Instrumentatio n
BRUYANT, PHILIPPEP.,University of Massachusetts, North Worcester, Massachusetts, Nuclear Medicine, Computers in
BUNNELL, BERTJ.,Bunnell Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, High Frequency Ventilation
CALKINS, JERRY M., Defense Research Technologies, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, Medical Gas Analyzers
CANNON, MARK,Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Resin-Based Composites
CAPPELLERI, JOSEPH C., Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, Quality-of-Life Measures, Clinical Significance of
CARDOSO, JORGE,University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal, Office Automation Systems
CARELLO, MASSIMILIANA,Politecnicodi Torino – Department of Mechanics, Laryngeal Prosthetic Devices
CASKEY, THOMAS C., Cogene Biotech Ventures, Houston, Texas, Polymerase Chain Reaction
CECCIO, STEVEN,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Heart Valve Prostheses, In Vitro Flow Dynamics of
CHAN, JACKIE K., Columbia University, New York, New York, Photography, Medical
CHANDRAN, K.B.,University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Heart Valve Prostheses
CHATZANDROULIS, S.,NTUA, Athens, Attiki, Greece, Capaci-tive Microsensors for Biomedical Applications
CHAVEZ, ELIANA,University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, Mobility Aids
CHEN, HENRY, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, Exercise Stress Testing
CHEN, JIANDE,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galves-ton, Texas, Electrogastrogram
CHEN, YAN,Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, Skin, Biomechanics of
CHEYNE, DOUGLAS, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Biomagnetism
CHUI, CHEN-SHOU, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Cen-ter, New York, New York, Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning, Monte Carlo Calculations in
CLAXTON, NATHANS.,The Florida State University, Talla-hassee, Florida, Microscopy, Confocal
CODERRE, JEFFREYA.,Massachus etts Institute of Technol-ogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
COLLINS, BETH, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Hyperbaric Medicine
COLLINS, DIANE,University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, Mobility Aids
CONSTANTINOU, C.,Columbia University Radiation Oncol-ogy, New York, New York, Phantom Materials in Radi-ology
COOK, ALBERT, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Communication Devices
COOPER, RORY,University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, Mobility Aids
CORK, RANDALL C., Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana, Monitoring, Umbilical Artery and Vein, Blood Gas Measurements; Transcuta neous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS); Ambulatory Monitoring
COX, JOSEPHINEH.,Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, Blood Collection and Processing
CRAIG, LEONARD,Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwes-tern University, Chicago, Illinois, Ventilators, Acute Med-ical Care
CRESS, CYNTHIA J., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Communicative Disorders, Computer Applica-tions for
CUMMING, DAVID R.S., University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
CUNNINGHAM, JOHNR.,Camrose, Alberta, Canada, Cobalt 60 Units for Radiotherapy
D’ALESSANDRO, DAVID, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, Heart–Lung Machines
D’AMBRA, MICHAELN.,Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cardiac Output, Thermodilution Mea-surement of
DADSETAN, MAHROKH, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, Microscopy, Electron
DALEY, MICHAELL.,The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, Monitoring, Intracranial Pressure
DAN, LOYD,Linko¨ping University, Linko¨ping, Sweden, Ther-mocouples
DAS, RUPAK,University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Brachytherapy, High Dosage Rate
DATTAWADKAR, AMRUTA M., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Ocular Fundus Reflecto-metry
DAVIDSON, MICHAELW.,The Florida State University, Tal-lahassee, Florida, Microscopy, Confocal
DELUCA, CARLO,Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, Electromyography
DE SALLES, ANTONIO A.F., UCLA Medical School, Los Angeles, California, Stereotactic Surgery
DECAU, SABIN,University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Shock, Treatment of
DECHOW, PAULC.,A & M University Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, Strain Gages
DELBEKE, JEAN,Catholique University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, Visual Prostheses
DELL’OSSO, LOUIS F., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, Ocular Motility Recording and Nystag-mus
DELORME, ARNAUD,University of San Diego, La Jolla, Cali-fornia, Statistical Methods
DEMENKOFF, JOHN,Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, Pul-monary Physiology
DEMIR, SEMAHAT S., The University of Memphis and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, Electrophysiology
DEMLING, ROBERTH.,Harvard Medical School, Skin Sub-stitute for Burns, Bioactive
DENNIS, MICHAEL J., Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, Computed Tomography
DESANTI, LESLIE,Harvard Medical School, Skin Substitute for Burns, Bioactive
DEUTSCH, STEVEN, Pennsylvania State University, Univer-sity Park, Pennsylvania, Flowmeters
DEVINENI, TRISHUL,Conemaugh Health System, Biofeedback DIBELLAEDWARD, V.R.,University of Utah, Tracer Kinetics DIAKIDES, NICHOLASA.,Advanced Concepts Analysis, Inc.,
Falls Church, Virginia, Thermography
DOLAN, PATRICIA L.,Sandia National Laboratories, Albu-querque, New Mexico, Microbial Detection Systems
DONOVAN, F.M.,University of South Alabama, Cardiac Out-put, Indicator Dilution Measurement of
DOUGLAS, WILSONR.,Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Intrauterine Surgical Tech-niques
DRAPER, CRISSA,University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, Sex-ual Instrumentation
DRZEWIECKI, TADEUSZ M., Defense Research Technologies, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, Medical Gas Analyzers
DURFEE, W.K.,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Min-nesota, Rehabilitation and Muscle Testing
DYSON, MARY, Herts, United Kingdom, Heat and Cold, Therapeutic
ECKERLE, JOSEPHS.,SRI International, Menlo Park, Cali-fornia, Tonometry, Arterial
EDWARDS, BENJAMIN, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation
EDWARDS, THAYNE L., University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, Chromatography
EKLUND, ANDERS,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treat-ment of
ELSOLH, ALIA.,Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, New York, Sleep Studies, Computer Analysis of
ELMAYERGI, NADER, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Bladder Dysfunction, Neurostimula-tion of
ELSHARYDAH, AHMAD, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Ambulatory Monitoring; Monitoring, Umbilical Artery and Vein, Blood Gas Measurements
FADDY, STEVEN C.,St. Vincents Hospital, Sydney, Darlin-ghurst, Australia, Cardiac Output, Fick Technique for
FAHEY, FREDERICH.,Childrens Hospital Boston, Computed Tomography, Single Photon Emission
FAIN, S.B., University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,
Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
FELDMAN, JEFFREY, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Anesthesia Machines
FELLERS, THOMASJ.,The Florida State University, Talla-hassee, Florida, Microscopy, Confocal
FERRARA, LISA, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, Human Spine, Biomechanics of
FERRARI, MAURO, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Drug Delivery Systems
FONTAINE, ARNOLDA.,Pennsylvania State University, Uni-versity Park, Pennsylvania, Flowmeters
FOUST, MILTONJ., JR,Medical University of South Carolina Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, Electroconvulsive Therapy
FRASCO, PETER,Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, Temperature Monitoring
FRAZIER, JAMES,Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Ambulatory Monitoring
FREIESLEBENDEBLASIO, BIRGITTE,University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Impedance Spectroscopy
FRESTA, MASSIMO,University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Germaneto (CZ), Italy, Drug Delivery Systems
FREYTES, DONALDO., McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, Sterilization of Bio-logic Scaffold Materials
FROEHLICHER, VICTOR,VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, Cali-fornia, Exercise Stress Testing
FUNG, EDWARD K., Columbia University, New York, New York, Photography, Medical
GAGE, ANDREWA.,State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, Cryosurgery
GAGLIO, PAULJ.,Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Liver Transplantation
GARDNER, REEDM.,LDS Hospital and Utah University, Salt Lake City, Utah, Monitoring, Hemodynamic
GEJERMAN, GLEN,Hackensack University Medical, Hacken-sack, New Jersey, Radiation Therapy, Quality Assurance in
GEORGE, MARK S., Medical University of South Carolina Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, South Carolina, Electroconvulsive Therapy
GHARIEB, R.R.,Infinite Biomedical Technologies, Baltimore, Maryland, Neurological Monitors
GLASGOW, GLENN P., Loyola University of Chicago, May-wood, Illinois, Radiation Protection Instrumentation
GLASGOW, GLENN,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madi-son, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation
GOEL, VIJAYK.,University of Toledo, and Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, Human Spine, Biomechanics of
GOETSCH, STEVEN J.,San Diego Gamma Knife Center, La Jolla, California, Gamma Knife
GOLDBERG, JAYR.,Marquette University Milwaukee, Wis-consin, Minimally Invasive Surgery
GOLDBERG, ZELENNA, Department of Radiation Oncology, Davis, California, Ionizing Radiation, Biological Effects of
GOPALAKRISHNAKONE, P.,National University of Singapore, Singapore, Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Tran-sistors
GOPAS, JACOB, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, Monoclonal Antibodies
GORGULHO, ALESSANDRA, UCLA Medical School, Los Angeles, California, Stereotactic Surgery
GOUGH, DAVIDA.,University of California, La Jolla, Cali-fornia, Glucose Sensors
GOUSTOURIDIS, D.,NTUA, Athens, Attiki, Greece, Capacitive Microsensors for Biomedical Applications
GRABER, HARRYL.,State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, Peripheral Vascular Noninvasive Measurements
GRAC¸A, M., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
GRANT, WALTER III,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, Radiation Therapy, Intensity Modulated
GRAYDEN, EDWARD,Mayo Health Center, Albertlea, Minne-sota, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
GREEN, JORDAN R., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Communicative Disorders, Computer Applica-tions for
HAEMMERICH, DIETER,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, Tissue Ablation
HAMAM, HABIB,Universite´ de Moncton, Moncton New Bruns-wick, Canada, Lenses, Intraocular
HAMMOND, PAULA.,University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
HANLEY, JOSEPH,Hackensack University Medical, Hacken-sack, New Jersey, Radiation Therapy, Quality Assurance in
HARLEY, BRENDAN A.,Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy, Skin Tissue Engineering for Regeneration
HARPER, JASON C., Sandia National Laboratories, Albu-querque, New Mexico, Microbial Detection Systems
HASMAN, ARIE,Maastricht, The Netherlands, Medical Edu-cation, Computers in
HASSOUNA, MAGDY, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada, Bladder Dysfunction, Neurostimulation of
HAYASHI, KOZABURO, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan, Arteries, Elastic Properties of
HENCH, LARRYL.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomaterials: Bioceramics
HETTRICK, DOUGLAS A.,Sr. Principal Scientist Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, Bioimpedance in Cardio-vascular Medicine
HOLDER, GRAHAM E., Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Electroretinography
HOLMES, TIMOTHY, St. Agnes Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, Tomotherapy
HONEYMAN-BUCK, JANICEC.,University of Florida, Gaines-ville, Florida, Radiology Information Systems
HOOPER, BRETT A., Arete´ Associates, Arlington, Virginia, Endoscopes
HORN, BRUCE,Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, California, X-Rays Production of
HORNER, PATRICIA I., Biomedical Engineering Society Landover, Maryland, Medical Engineering Societies and Organizations
HOROWITZ, PAUL M., University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, Fluorescence Measurements
HOU, XIAOLIN, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Den-mark, Neutron Activation Analysis
HOVORKA, ROMAN, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Pancreas, Artificial
HUANG, H.K.,University of Southern California,
Teleradiol-ogy
HUNT, ALANJ.,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Optical Tweezers
HUTTEN, HELMUT,University of Technology, Graz, Australia, Impedance Plethysmography
IAIZZO, P.A.,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minne-sota, Rehabilitation and Muscle Testing
IBBOTT, GEOFFREY S., Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, Radiation Dosimetry, Three-Dimensional
INGHAM, E., University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Hip Joints, Artificial
ISIK, CAN,Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, Blood Pressure Measurement
JAMES, SUSANP., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Biomaterials: Polymers
JENSEN, WINNIE, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, Electroneurography
JIN, CHUNMING,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, Biomaterials, Corrosion and Wear of
JIN, Z.M.,University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Hip
Joints, Artificial
JOHNSON, ARTHURT.,University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, Medical Engineering Societies and Organiza-tions
JONES, JULIANR.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomaterials: Bioceramics
JOSHI, ABHIJEET, Abbott Spine, Austin, Texas, Spinal Implants
JUNG, RANU, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Functional Electrical Stimulation
JURISSON, SILVIA S., University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, Radionuclide Production and Radioactive Decay
KAEDING, PATRICIA J., Godfrey & Kahn S.C., Madison, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Medical Devices
KAMATH, CELIA C., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, Quality-of-Life Measures, Clinical Significance of
KANE, MOLLIE,Madison, Wisconsin, Contraceptive Devices KATHERINE, ANDRIOLEP.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems
KATSAGGELOS, AGGELOSK.,Northwestern University, Evan-ston, Illinois, DNA Sequencing
KATZ, J. LAWRENCE, University of Missouri-Kansas City,
Kansas City, Missouri, Bone and Teeth, Properties of
KESAVAN, SUNIL, Akebono Corporation, Farmington Hills, Michigan, Linear Variable Differential Transformers
KHANG, GILSON,Chonbuk National University, Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds
KHAODHIAR, LALITA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mas-sachusetts, Cutaneous Blood Flow, Doppler Measurement of
KIM, MOON SUK, Korea Research Institutes of Chemical Technology, Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering and Scaf-folds
KIM, YOUNG KON, Inje University, Kimhae City, Korea, Alloys, Shape Memory
KINDWALL, ERICP.,St. Luke’s Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation
KING, MICHAELA.,University of Massachusetts, North Wor-cester, Massachusetts, Nuclear Medicine, Computers in
KLEBE, ROBERTJ.,University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, Fluorescence Measurements
KLEIN, BURTON,Burton Klein Associates, Newton, Massa-chusetts, Gas and Vacuum Systems, Centrally Piped Medical
KNOPER, STEVENR.,University of Arizona College of Med-icine, Ventilatory Monitoring
KONTAXAKIS, GEORGE,Universidad Polite´cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Positron Emission Tomography
KOTTKE-MARCHANT, KANDICE,The Cleveland Clinic Founda-tion, Cleveland, Ohio, Vascular Graft Prosthesis
KRIPFGANS, OLIVER, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ultrasonic Imaging
KULKARNI, AMOL D., University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Ocular Fundus Reflectometry, Visual Field Testing
KUMARADAS, J. CARL,Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Hyperthermia, Interstitial
KUNICKA, JOLANTA,Bayer HealthCare LLC, Tarrytown, New York, Differential Counts, Automated
KWAK, KWANJ JOO, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, Microscopy, Scanning Force
LAKES, RODERIC, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Bone and Teeth, Properties of
LAKKIREDDY, DHANUNJAYA, The Cleveland Clinic Founda-tion, Cleveland, Ohio, Hyperthermia, Ultrasonic
LARSEN, COBY,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, Vascular Graft Prosthesis
LASTER, BRENDAH., Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, Monoclonal Antibodies
LATTA, LOREN,University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, Rehabilitation, Orthotics in
LEDER, RONS.,Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico, Distrito Federal, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
LEE, CHIN,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, Optimization of; Hyperthermia, Interstitial
LEE, HAI BANG, Korea Research Institutes of Chemical Technology, Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds
LEE, SANG JIN, Korea Research Institutes of Chemical Technology, Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds
LEI, XING,Stanford University, Stanford, California, Radia-tion Dose Planning, Computer-Aided
LEWIS, MATTHEWC.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwau-kee, Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation
LI, CHAODI,University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Bone Cement, Acrylic
LI, JONATHANG.,University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Radiation Dose Planning, Computer-Aided
LI, QIAO, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Immunotherapy
LI, YANBIN,University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, Piezoelectric Sensors
LIBOFF, A.R., Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, Bone Ununited Fracture and Spinal Fusion, Electrical Treatment of
LIGAS, JAMES,University of Connecticut, Farmington, Con-necticut, Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange
LIMOGE, AIME,The Rene´ Descartes University of Paris, Paris, France, Electroanalgesia, Systemic
LIN, PEI-JANPAUL,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusets, Mammography
LIN, ZHIYUE,University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, Electrogastrogram
LINEAWEAVER, WILLIAMC.,Unive rsity of Mississippi Med-ical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Hyperbaric Medicine
LIPPING, TARMO, Tampere University of Technology, Pori, Finland, Monitoring in Anesthesia
LIU, XIAOHUA, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Polymeric Materials
LLOYD, J.J., Regional Medical Physics Department,
New-castle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom, Ultraviolet Radiation in Medicine
LOEB, ROBERT, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, Anesthesia Machines
LOPES DEMELO, PEDRO,State University of Rio de Janeiro, Te´rreo Salas, Maracana˜, Thermistors
LOUDON, ROBERTG., Lung Sounds
LOW, DANIELA.,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Radiation Therapy Simulator
LU, LICHUN, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, Microscopy, Electron
LU, ZHENG FENG, Columbia University, New York, New York, Screen-Film Systems
LYON, ANDREWW.,University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
LYON, MARTHAE.,University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
MA, C-M CHARLIE,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, X-Ray Therapy Equipment, Low and Med-ium Energy
MACIA, NARCISO F., Arizona State University at the Poly-technic Campus, Mesa, Arizona, Pneumotachometers
MACKENZIE, COLIN F., University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Shock, Treatment of
MACKIE, THOMAS R., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Tomotherapy
MADNANI, ANJU, LSU Medical Centre, Shreveport, Louisi-ana, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
MADNANI, SANJAY,LSU Medical Centre, Shreveport, Louisi-ana, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
MADSEN, MARK T., University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Anger Camera
MAGNANO, MAURO, ENT Division Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy, Drug Delivery Systems
MANDEL, RICHARD, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, Colorimetry
MANNING, KEEFE B., Pennsylvania State University, Uni-versity Park, Pennsylvania, Flowmeters
MAO, JEREMYJ.,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of
MARCOLONGO, MICHELE, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Spinal Implants
MAREK, MIROSLAV,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Biomaterials, Corrosion and Wear of
MARION, NICHOLAS W., University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of
MASTERS, KRISTYN S., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Tissue Engineering
MAUGHAN, RICHARDL.,Hospital of the University of Penn-sylvania, Neutron Beam Therapy
MCADAMS, ERIC,University of Ulster at Jordanstown, New-townabbey, Ireland, Bioelectrodes
MCARTHUR, SALLY L., University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Biomaterials, Surface Properties of
MCEWEN, MALCOM,National Research Council of Canada, Ontario, Canada, Radiation Dosimetry for Oncology
MCGOWAN, EDWARD J., E.J. McGowan & Associates, Bio-feedback
MCGRATH, SUSAN,Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hamp-shire, Oxygen Analyzers
MEEKS, SANFORD L., University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Radiosurgery, Stereotactic
MELISSA, PETER,University of Central Florida NanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, Florida, Biosurface Engi-neering
MENDELSON, YITZHAK, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Optical Sensors
METZKER, MICHAELL.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, Polymerase Chain Reaction
MEYEREND, M.E., University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MICHLER, ROBERT,Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, Heart–Lung Machines
MICIC, MIODRAG,MP Biomedicals LLC, Irvine, California, Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Near-Field
MILLER, WILLIAM, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, Radionuclide Production and Radioactive Decay
MITTRA, ERIK, Stony Brook University, New York, Bone Density Measurement
MODELL, MARK, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massa-chusetts, Fiber Optics in Medicine
MORE, ROBERTB.,RBMore Associates, Austin, Texas Bio-materials Carbon
MORE, ROBERT,Austin, Texas, Heart Valves, Prosthetic MORROW, DARREN, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,
Australia, Intraaortic Balloon Pump
MOURTADA, FIRAS,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, Brachytherapy, Intravascular
MOY, VINCENT T., University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, Microscopy, Scanning Force
MU¨ FTU¨, SINAN,Northeastern University, Boston, Massachu-setts, Tooth and Jaw, Biomechanics of
MURPHY, WILLIAM L., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Tissue Engineering
MURRAY, ALAN,Newcastle University Medical Physics, New-castle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, Pace makers
MUTIC, SASA,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Radiation Therapy Simulator
NARAYAN, ROGER J.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Biomaterials, Corrosion and Wear of
NATALE, ANDREA, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, Hyperthermia, Ultrasonic
NAZERAN, HOMER,The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, Electrocardiography, Computers in
NEUMAN, MICHAELR.,Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Houghton, Michigan, Fetal Monitoring, Neo-natal Monitoring
NEUZIL, PAVEL,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotech-nology, Singapore, Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
NICKOLOFF, EDWARD L., Columbia University, New York, New York, X-Ray Quality Control Program
NIEZGODA, JEFFREY A., Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation
NISHIKAWA, ROBERT M., The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Computer-Assisted Detection and Diag-nosis
NUTTER, BRIAN, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, Medical Records, Computers in
O’DONOHUE, WILLIAM,University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, Sexual Instrumentation
ORTON, COLIN,Harper Hospital and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, Medical Physics Literature
OZCELIK, SELAHATTIN, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, Drug Infusion Systems
PANITCH, ALYSSA,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Biomaterials: An Overview
PAOLINO, DONATELLA, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, Germaneto (CZ), Italy, Drug Delivery Systems
PAPAIOANNOU, GEORGE,University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Joints, Biomechanics of
PARK, GRACE E.,Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indi-ana, Porous Materials for Biological Applications
PARMENTER, BRETT A., State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, Sleep Studies, Computer Analysis of
PATEL, DIMPI,The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, Hyperthermia, Ultrasonic
PEARCE, JOHN, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, Electrosurgical Unit (ESU)
PELET, SERGE,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam-bridge, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Fluorescence
PERIASAMY, AMMASI,University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Cellular Imaging
PERSONS, BARBARA L., University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Hyperbaric Medicine
PIPER, IAN, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, Monitoring, Intracranial Pressure
POLETTO, CHRISTOPHER J., National Institutes of Health, Tactile Stimulation
PREMINGER, GLENN M., Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, Lithotripsy
PRENDERGAST, PATRICKJ.,Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Orthopedics, Prosthesis Fixation for
PREVITE, MICHAEL,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Fluorescence
PURDY, JAMESA.,UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, Radiotherapy Accessories
QI, HAIRONG, Advanced Concepts Analysis, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia, Thermography
QIN, YIXIAN,Stony Brook University, New York, Bone Den-sity Measurement
QUAN, STUART F.,University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, Ventilatory Monitoring
QUIROGA, RODRIGOQUIAN,University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, Evoked Potentials
RAHAGHI, FARBOD N., University of California, La Jolla, California, Glucose Sensors
RAHKO, PETERS.,University of Wisconsin Medical School, Echocardiography and Doppler Echocardiography
RALPH, LIETO,University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation
RAMANATHAN, LAKSHMI,Mount Sinai Medical Center, Ana-lytical Methods, Automated
RAO, SATISHS.C.,University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, Anorectal Manometry
RAPOPORT, DAVIDM.,NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
REBELLO, KEITHJ.,The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, Laurel, Maryland, Micro surgery
REDDY, NARENDER, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, Linear Variable Differential Transformers
REN-DIH, SHEU, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, Radiation Therapy Treatment Plan-ning, Monte Carlo Calculations in
RENGACHARY, SETTI S., Detroit, Michigan, Human Spine, Biomechanics of
REPPERGER, DANIELW., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Human Factors in Medical Devices
RITCHEY, ERIC R., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Contact Lenses
RIVARD, MARKJ.,Tufts New England Medical Center, Bos-ton, Massachusetts, Imaging Devices
ROBERTSON, J. DAVID, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, Radionuclide Production and Radioactive Decay
ROTH, BRADLEY J.,Oakland University, Rochester, Michi-gan, Defibrillators
ROWE-HORWEGE, R. WANDA, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, Hyperthermia, Systemic
RUMSEY, JOHNW.,University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, Biosurface Engineering
RUTKOWSKI, GREGORYE.,University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, Engineered Tissue
SALATA, O.V., University of Oxford, Oxford, United King-dom, Nanoparticles
SAMARAS, THEODOROS, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece, Thermo-metry
SANGOLE, ARCHANA P., Transitional Learning Center at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computers in Cognitive
SARKOZI, LASZLO,Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Analy-tical Methods, Automated
SCHEK, HENRY III, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Optical Tweezers
SCHMITZ, CHRISTOPHH.,State University of New York Down-state Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, Peripheral Vascular Noninvasive Measurements
SCOPE, KENNETH, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Ventilators, Acute Medical Care
SCOTT, ADZICKN.,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Intrauterine Surgical Techniques
SEAL, BRANDON L., Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Biomaterials: An Overview
SEALE, GARY, Transitional Learning Center at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computers in Cognitive
SEGERS, PATRICK, Ghent University, Belgium, Hemody-namics
SELIM, MOSTAFAA.,Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospi-tal, Palm Coast, Florida, Colposcopy
SETHI, ANIL,Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, X-Rays: Interaction with Matter
SEVERINGHAUS, JOHN W., University of California in San Francisco, CO2Electrodes
SHALODI, ABDELWAHAB D.,Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Palm Coast, Florida, Colposcopy
SHANMUGASUNDARAM, SHOBANA,New Jersey Institute of Tech-nology, Newark, New Jersey, Polymeric Materials
SHARD, ALEXANDER G., University of Sheffield, Sheffield United Kingdom, Biomaterials, Surface Properties of
SHEN, LI-JIUAN,National Taiwan University School of Phar-macy, Taipei, Taiwan, Colorimetry
SHEN, WEI-CHIANG,University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, Colorimetry
SHERAR, MICHAELD.,London Health Sciences Centre and University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, Hyperthermia, Interstitial
SHERMAN, DAVID,The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Electroencephalography
SHI, DONGLU, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, Biomaterials, Testing and Structural Properties of
SHUCARD, DAVID W.M., State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, Sleep Studies, Computer Analysis of
SIEDBAND, MELVIN P., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Image Intensifiers and Fluoroscopy
SILBERMAN, HOWARD,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Nutrition, Parenteral
SILVERMAN, GORDON,Manhattan College, Computers in the Biomedical Laboratory
SILVERN, DAVID A., Medical Physics Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, Prostate Seed Implants
SINHA, PIYUSH,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Drug Delivery Systems
SINHA, ABHIJIT ROY, University of Cincinnati, Cin-cinnati, Ohio, Coronary Angioplasty and Guidewire Diagnostics
SINKJÆR, THOMAS,Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, Electroneurography
SLOAN, JEFFREY A., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, Quality-of-Life Measures, Clinical Significance of
SO, PETER T.C., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Fluorescence
SOBOL, WLAD T., University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System, Birmingham, Alabama, Nuclear Mag-netic Resonance Spectroscopy
SOOD, SANDEEP,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treat-ment of
SPECTOR, MYRON,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Biocompatibility of Materials
SPELMAN, FRANCIS A.,University of Washington, Cochlear Prostheses
SRINIVASAN, YESHWANTH, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, Medical Records, Computers in
SRIRAM, NEELAMEGHAM,University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, Cell Counters, Blood
STARKO, KENTON R.,Point Roberts, Washington, Physiolo-gical Systems Modeling
STARKSCHALL, GEORGE,The University of Texas, Radiother-apy, Three-Dimensional Conformal
STAVREV, PAVEL,Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, Optimiza-tion of
STENKEN, JULIE A.,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, Microdialysis Sampling
STIEFEL, ROBERT,University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, Equipment Acquisition
STOKES, I.A.F.,Polytechniquie Montreal, Montreal Quebec, Canada, Scoliosis, Biomechanics of
STONE, M.H.,University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom,
Hip Joints, Artificial
SU, XIAo-LI, BioDetection Instruments LLC, Fayetteville, Arkansas, Piezoelectric Sensors
SUBHAN, ARIF, Masterplan Technology Management, Chatsworth, California, Equipment Maintenance, Biomedical
SWEENEY, JAMES D., Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Functional Electrical Stimulation
SZETO, ANDREWY.J.,San Diego State University, San Diego, California, Blind and Visually Impaired, Assistive Tech-nology for
TAKAYAMA, SHUICHI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Microbioreactors
TAMUL, PAULC.,Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Ventilators, Acute Medical Care
TAMURA, TOSHIYO,Chiba University School of Engineering, Chiba, Japan, Home Health Care Devices
TANG, XIANGYANG,GE Healthcare Technologies, Wankesha, Wisconsin, Computed Tomography Simulators
TAYLOR, B.C.,The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, Cardiac Output, Indicator Dilution Measurement of
TEMPLE, RICHARD O., Transitional Learning Center at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computers in Cognitive
TEN, STANLEY,Salt Lake City, Utah, Electroanalgesia, Sys-temic
TERRY, TERESA M., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, Blood Collection and Processing
THAKOR, N.V.,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Mary-land, Neurological Monitors
THIERENS, HUBERTM.A.,University of Ghent, Ghent, Bel-gium, Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry
THOMADSEN, BRUCE, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation
TIPPER, J.L.,University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, Hip Joints, Artificial
TOGAWA, TATSUO,Waseda University, Saitama, Japan, Inte-grated Circuit Temperature Sensor
TORNAI, MARTIN,Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, X-Ray Equipment Design
TRAUTMAN, EDWIND.,RMF Strategies, Cambridge, Massa-chusetts, Cardiac Output, Thermodilution Measurement of
TREENA, LIVINGSTONARINZEH,New Jersey Institute of Tech-nology, Newark, New Jersey, Polymeric Materials
TRENTMAN, TERRENCE L., Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Spinal Cord Stimulation
TROKEN, ALEXANDER J., University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of
TSAFTARIS, SOTIRIOSA.,Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, DNA Sequence
TSOUKALAS, D., NTUA, Athens, Attiki, Greece, Capacitive Microsensors for Biomedical Applications
TULIPAN, NOEL, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, Intrauterine Surgical Techniques
TUTEJA, ASHOKK.,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, Anorectal Manometry
TY, SMITHN.,University of California, San Diego, Califor-nia, Physiological Systems Modeling
TYRER, HARRYW.,University of Missouri-Columbia, Colum-bia, Missouri, Cytology, Automated
VALVANO, JONATHAN W., The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, Bioheat Transfer
VAN DENHEUVAL, FRANK,Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, Imaging Devices
VEIT, SCHNABEL, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, Electroneurography
VELANOVICH, VIC,Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, Esophageal Manometry
VENKATASUBRAMANIAN, GANAPRIYA, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Functional Electrical Stimulation
VERAART, CLAUDE,Catholique University of Louvain, Brus-sels, Belgium, Visual Prostheses
VERDONCK, PASCAL, Ghent University, Belgium, Hemody-namics
VERMARIEN, HERMAN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Phonocardiography, Recorders, Graphic
VEVES, ARISTIDIS,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass-achusetts, Cutaneous Blood Flow, Doppler Measurement of
VICINI, PAOLO,University of Washington, Seattle, Washing-ton, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
VILLE, JA¨ NTTI, Tampere University of Technology, Pori, Finland, Monitoring in Anesthesia
VRBA, JINI,VSM MedTech Ltd., Biomagnetism
WAGNER, THOMAS, H., M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, Radiosurgery, Stereotactic
WAHLEN, GEORGEE.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, Anorectal Manometry
WALKER, GLENN M., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, Microfluidics
WALTERSPACHER, DIRK,The Johns Hopkins University, Bal-timore, Maryland, Electroencephalography
WAN, LEO Q., Liu Ping, Columbia University, New York, New York, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of
WANG, GE,University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, Computed Tomography Simulators
WANG, HAIBO, Louisiana State University Health Center Shreveport, Louisiana, Monitoring, Umbilical Artery and Vein, Ambulatory Monitoring
WANG, HONG, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, Anesthesia, Computers in
WANG, LE YI, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, Anesthesia, Computers in
WANG, QIAN, A & M University Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas, Strain Gages
WARWICK, WARREN J., University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Cystic Fibrosis Sweat Test
WATANABE, YOICHI, Columbia University Radiation Oncology, New York, New York, Phantom Materials in Radiology
WAXLER, MORRIS,Godfrey & Kahn S.C., Madison, Wiscon-sin, Codes and Regulations: Medical Devices
WEBSTER, THOMAS J., Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Porous Materials for Biological Applications
WEGENER, JOACHIM,University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Impe-dance Spectroscopy
WEI, SHYY,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Blood Rheology
WEINMEISTER, KENTP.,Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Spinal Cord Stimulation
WEIZER, ALONZ.,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, Lithotripsy
WELLER, PETER,City University , London, United Kingdom, Intraaortic Balloon Pump
WELLS, JASON,LSU Medical Centre, Shreveport, Louisiana, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
WENDELKEN, SUZANNE, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, Oxygen Analyzers
WHELAN, HARRYT.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwau-kee, Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation
WHITE, ROBERT, Memorial Hospital, Regional Newborn Program, South Bend, Indiana, Incubators, Infant
WILLIAMS, LAWRENCEE., City of Hope, Duarte, California, Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation
WILSON, KERRY, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, Biosurface Engineering
WINEGARDEN, NEIL,University Health Network Microarray Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Microarrays
WOJCIKIEWICZ, EWA P.,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, Microscopy, Scanning Force
WOLBARST, ANTHONY B., Georgetown Medical School, Washington, DC, Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, Optimization of
WOLF, ERIK,University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-vania, Mobility Aids
WOOD, ANDREW,Swinburne University of Technology, Mel-bourne, Australia, Nonionizing Radiation, Biological Effects of
WOODCOCK, BRIAN, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Blood, Artificial
WREN, JOAKIM,Linko¨ping University, Linko¨ping, Sweden, Thermocouples
XIANG, ZHOU,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mas-sachusetts, Biocompatibility of Materials
XUEJUN, WEN, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, Biomaterials, Testing and Structural Proper-ties of
YAN, ZHOU,University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Bone Cement, Acrylic
YANNAS, IOANNISV.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Skin Tissue Engineering for Regeneration
YENI, YENER N.,Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, Joints, Biomechanics of
YLI-HANKALA, ARVI,Tampere University of Technology, Pori, Finland, Monitoring in Anesthesia
YOKO, KAMOTANI,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Microbioreactors
YOON, KANGJI,Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, Micropower for Medical Applications
YORKE, ELLEN, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, Radiation Therapy Treatment Plan-ning, Monte Carlo Calculations in
YOSHIDA, KEN,Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, Elec-troneurography
YOUNGSTEDT, SHAWN D., University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, Sleep Laboratory
YU, YIH-CHOUNG,Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, Blood Pressure, Automatic Control of
ZACHARIAH, EMMANUELS.,University of Medicine and Den-tistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Immu-nologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
ZAIDER, MARCO,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, Prostate Seed Implants
ZAPANTA, CONRAD M., Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, Heart, Artificial
ZARDENETA, GUSTAVO, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, Fluorescence Measurements
ZELMANOVIC, DAVID, Bayer HealthCare LLC, Tarrytown, New York, Differential Counts, Automated
ZHANG, MIN,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, Biomaterials: Polymers
ZHANG, YI,University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, Cell Counters, Blood
ZHU, XIAOYUE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Microbioreactors
ZIAIE, BABAK, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana, Biotelemetry
ZIELINSKI, TODDM.,Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minne-sota, Bioimpedance in Cardiovascular Medicine
PREFACE
This six-volume work is an alphabetically organized compi-lation of almost 300 articles that describe critical aspects of medical devices and instrumentation.
It is comprehensive. The articles emphasize the contri-butions of engineering, physics, and computers to each of the general areas of anesthesiology, biomaterials, burns, cardi-ology, clinical chemistry, clinical engineering, communica-tive disorders, computers in medicine, critical care medicine, dermatology, dentistry, ear, nose, and throat, emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, geriatrics, gynecology, hematology, heptology, internal medicine, medical physics, microbiology, nephrol-ogy, neurolnephrol-ogy, nutrition, obstetrics, oncolnephrol-ogy, ophthalmol-ogy, orthopedics, pain, pediatrics, peripheral vascular disease, pharmacology, physical therapy, psychiatry, pul-monary medicine, radiology, rehabilitation, surgery, tissue engineering, transducers, and urology.
The discipline is defined through the synthesis of the core knowledge from all the fields encompassed by the applica-tion of engineering, physics, and computers to problems in medicine. The articles focus not only on what is now useful but also on what is likely to be useful in future medical applications.
These volumes answer the question, ‘‘What are the branches of medicine and how does technology assist each of them?’’ rather than ‘‘What are the branches of technology and how could each be used in medicine?’’ To keep this work to a manageable length, the practice of medicine that is unassisted by devices, such as the use of drugs to treat disease, has been excluded.
The articles are accessible to the user; each benefits from brevity of condensation instead of what could easily have been a book-length work. The articles are designed not for peers, but rather for workers from related fields who wish to take a first look at what is important in the subject.
The articles are readable. They do not presume a detailed background in the subject, but are designed for any person with a scientific background and an interest in technology. Rather than attempting to teach the basics of physiology or Ohm’s law, the articles build on such basic concepts to show how the worlds of life science and physical science meld to produce improved systems. While the ideal reader might be a person with a Master’s degree in biomedical engineering or medical physics or an M.D. with a physical science under-graduate degree, much of the material will be of value to others with an interest in this growing field. High school students and hospital patients can skip over more technical areas and still gain much from the descriptive presentations.
TheEncyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumenta-tionis excellent for browsing and searching for those new divergent associations that may advance work in a periph-eral field. While it can be used as a reference for facts, the articles are long enough that they can serve as an educa-tional instrument and provide genuine understanding of a subject.
One can use this work just as one would use a dictionary, since the articles are arranged alphabetically by topic. Cross references assist the reader looking for subjects listed under slightly different names. The index at the end leads the reader to all articles containing pertinent information on any subject. Listed on pages xxi to xxx are all the abbrevia-tions and acronyms used in theEncyclopedia. Because of the increasing use of SI units in all branches of science, these units are provided throughout theEncyclopediaarticles as well as on pages xxxi to xxxv in the section on conversion factors and unit symbols.
I owe a great debt to the many people who have con-tributed to the creation of this work. At John Wiley & Sons, Encyclopedia Editor George Telecki provided the idea and guiding influence to launch the project. Sean Pidgeon was Editorial Director of the project. Assistant Editors Roseann Zappia, Sarah Harrington, and Surlan Murrell handled the myriad details of communication between publisher, editor, authors, and reviewers and stimulated authors and reviewers to meet necessary deadlines.
My own background has been in the electrical aspects of biomedical engineering. I was delighted to have the assis-tance of the editorial board to develop a comprehensive encyclopedia. David J. Beebe suggested cellular topics such as microfluidics. Jerry M. Calkins assisted in defining the chemically related subjects, such as anesthesiology. Michael R. Neuman suggested subjects related to sensors, such as in his own work—neonatology. Joon B. Park has written extensively on biomaterials and suggested related subjects. Edward S. Sternick provided many suggestions from medical physics. The Editorial Board was instrumen-tal both in defining the list of subjects and in suggesting authors.
This second edition brings the field up to date. It is available on the web at http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley. com/emdi, where articles can be searched simultaneously to provide rapid and comprehensive information on all aspects of medical devices and instrumentation.
JOHN G. WEBSTER
University of Wisconsin, Madison
LIST OF ARTICLES
ALLOYS, SHAPE MEMORY AMBULATORY MONITORING
ANALYTICAL METHODS, AUTOMATED ANESTHESIA MACHINES
ANESTHESIA, COMPUTERS IN ANGER CAMERA
ANORECTAL MANOMETRY
ARRHYTHMIA ANALYSIS, AUTOMATED ARTERIES, ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF AUDIOMETRY
BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS BIOELECTRODES
BIOFEEDBACK BIOHEAT TRANSFER
BIOIMPEDANCE IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE BIOINFORMATICS
BIOMAGNETISM
BIOMATERIALS, ABSORBABLE BIOMATERIALS: AN OVERVIEW BIOMATERIALS: BIOCERAMICS BIOMATERIALS: CARBON
BIOMATERIALS, CORROSION AND WEAR OF BIOMATERIALS FOR DENTISTRY
BIOMATERIALS: POLYMERS
BIOMATERIALS, SURFACE PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIALS, TESTING AND STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES OF
BIOMATERIALS: TISSUE ENGINEERING AND SCAFFOLDS
BIOMECHANICS OF EXERCISE FITNESS BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION BIOSURFACE ENGINEERING
BIOTELEMETRY
BLADDER DYSFUNCTION, NEUROSTIMULATION OF
BLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED, ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR
BLOOD COLLECTION AND PROCESSING BLOOD GAS MEASUREMENTS
BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
BLOOD PRESSURE, AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF BLOOD RHEOLOGY
BLOOD, ARTIFICIAL
BONE AND TEETH, PROPERTIES OF BONE CEMENT, ACRYLIC
BONE DENSITY MEASUREMENT
BONE UNUNITED FRACTURE AND SPINAL FUSION, ELECTRICAL TREATMENT OF
BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY BRACHYTHERAPY, HIGH DOSAGE RATE BRACHYTHERAPY, INTRAVASCULAR
CAPACITIVE MICROSENSORS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
CARDIAC OUTPUT, FICK TECHNIQUE FOR CARDIAC OUTPUT, INDICATOR DILUTION
MEASUREMENT OF
CARDIAC OUTPUT, THERMODILUTION MEASUREMENT OF
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CARTILAGE AND MENISCUS, PROPERTIES OF CELL COUNTERS, BLOOD
CELLULAR IMAGING CHROMATOGRAPHY
CO2ELECTRODES
COBALT 60 UNITS FOR RADIOTHERAPY COCHLEAR PROSTHESES
CODES AND REGULATIONS: MEDICAL DEVICES CODES AND REGULATIONS: RADIATION
COLORIMETRY COLPOSCOPY
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
COMMUNICATIVE DISORDERS, COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCREENING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SIMULATORS COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, SINGLE PHOTON
EMISSION
COMPUTER-ASSISTED DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS COMPUTERS IN THE BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY CONTACT LENSES
CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES
CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY AND GUIDEWIRE DIAGNOSTICS
CRYOSURGERY
CUTANEOUS BLOOD FLOW, DOPPLER MEASUREMENT OF
CYSTIC FIBROSIS SWEAT TEST CYTOLOGY, AUTOMATED DEFIBRILLATORS
DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS, AUTOMATED DIGITAL ANGIOGRAPHY
DNA SEQUENCE
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS DRUG INFUSION SYSTEMS
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
ELECTROANALGESIA, SYSTEMIC
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, COMPUTERS IN ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY ELECTROGASTROGRAM ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ELECTRONEUROGRAPHY ELECTROPHORESIS
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY ELECTROSURGICAL UNIT (ESU) ENDOSCOPES
ENGINEERED TISSUE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE, BIOMEDICAL ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY
EVOKED POTENTIALS EXERCISE STRESS TESTING
EYE MOVEMENT, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR FETAL MONITORING
FIBER OPTICS IN MEDICINE
FLAME ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY AND ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
FLOWMETERS
FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS
FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION GAMMA KNIFE
GAS AND VACUUM SYSTEMS, CENTRALLY PIPED MEDICAL
GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE GLUCOSE SENSORS
HEART VALVE PROSTHESES
HEART VALVE PROSTHESES, IN VITRO FLOW DYNAMICS OF
HEART VALVES, PROSTHETIC HEART, ARTIFICIAL
HEART–LUNG MACHINES HEAT AND COLD, THERAPEUTIC HEMODYNAMICS
HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATION HIP JOINTS, ARTIFICIAL
HOME HEALTH CARE DEVICES
HUMAN FACTORS IN MEDICAL DEVICES HUMAN SPINE, BIOMECHANICS OF
HYDROCEPHALUS, TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF
HYPERBARIC MEDICINE HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION HYPERTHERMIA, INTERSTITIAL HYPERTHERMIA, SYSTEMIC HYPERTHERMIA, ULTRASONIC
IMAGE INTENSIFIERS AND FLUOROSCOPY IMAGING DEVICES
IMMUNOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS
IMMUNOTHERAPY
IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY INCUBATORS, INFANT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TEMPERATURE SENSOR INTRAAORTIC BALLOON PUMP
INTRAUTERINE SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
IONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ION-SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS JOINTS, BIOMECHANICS OF
LARYNGEAL PROSTHETIC DEVICES LENSES, INTRAOCULAR
LIGAMENT AND TENDON, PROPERTIES OF
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMERS LITHOTRIPSY
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION LUNG SOUNDS
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MAMMOGRAPHY
MEDICAL EDUCATION, COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETIES
AND ORGANIZATIONS MEDICAL GAS ANALYZERS MEDICAL PHYSICS LITERATURE MEDICAL RECORDS, COMPUTERS IN MICROARRAYS
MICROBIAL DETECTION SYSTEMS MICROBIOREACTORS
MICRODIALYSIS SAMPLING MICROFLUIDICS
MICROPOWER FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY, NEAR-FIELD MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL
MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY, SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSURGERY
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY MOBILITY AIDS
MONITORING IN ANESTHESIA MONITORING, HEMODYNAMIC
MONITORING, INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING, UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEIN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
NANOPARTICLES
NEONATAL MONITORING NEUROLOGICAL MONITORS NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS NEUTRON BEAM THERAPY
NONIONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY NUCLEAR MEDICINE INSTRUMENTATION
NUCLEAR MEDICINE, COMPUTERS IN NUTRITION, PARENTERAL
OCULAR FUNDUS REFLECTOMETRY
OCULAR MOTILITY RECORDING AND NYSTAGMUS OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
OPTICAL SENSORS OPTICAL TWEEZERS
ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES, MATERIALS AND DESIGN FOR
ORTHOPEDICS, PROSTHESIS FIXATION FOR OXYGEN ANALYZERS
OXYGEN MONITORING PACEMAKERS
PANCREAS, ARTIFICIAL
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENTS
PHANTOM MATERIALS IN RADIOLOGY
PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY, MEDICAL
PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS PNEUMOTACHOMETERS
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION POLYMERIC MATERIALS
POROUS MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY PROSTATE SEED IMPLANTS
PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY
QUALITY-OF-LIFE MEASURES, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
RADIATION DOSE PLANNING, COMPUTER-AIDED RADIATION DOSIMETRY FOR ONCOLOGY
RADIATION DOSIMETRY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION RADIATION THERAPY, INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY SIMULATOR
RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING, MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS IN
RADIATION THERAPY, QUALITY ASSURANCE IN RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMS
RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY
RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL DOSIMETRY RADIOSURGERY, STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY ACCESSORIES RADIOTHERAPY, HEAVY ION RADIOTHERAPY, INTRAOPERATIVE
RADIOTHERAPY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING,
OPTIMIZATION OF RECORDERS, GRAPHIC
REHABILITATION AND MUSCLE TESTING REHABILITATION, COMPUTERS IN COGNITIVE REHABILITATION, ORTHOTICS IN
RESIN-BASED COMPOSITES
RESPIRATORY MECHANICS AND GAS EXCHANGE SAFETY PROGRAM, HOSPITAL
SCOLIOSIS, BIOMECHANICS OF SCREEN-FILM SYSTEMS
SEXUAL INSTRUMENTATION SHOCK, TREATMENT OF
SKIN SUBSTITUTE FOR BURNS, BIOACTIVE SKIN TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATION SKIN, BIOMECHANICS OF
SLEEP LABORATORY
SLEEP STUDIES, COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF SPINAL CORD STIMULATION
SPINAL IMPLANTS STATISTICAL METHODS STEREOTACTIC SURGERY
STERILIZATION OF BIOLOGIC SCAFFOLD MATERIALS
STRAIN GAGES
TACTILE STIMULATION TELERADIOLOGY
TEMPERATURE MONITORING THERMISTORS
THERMOCOUPLES THERMOGRAPHY THERMOMETRY TISSUE ABLATION TISSUE ENGINEERING TOMOTHERAPY
TONOMETRY, ARTERIAL
TOOTH AND JAW, BIOMECHANICS OF TRACER KINETICS
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS)
ULTRASONIC IMAGING
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN MEDICINE VASCULAR GRAFT PROSTHESIS
VENTILATORS, ACUTE MEDICAL CARE VENTILATORY MONITORING
VISUAL FIELD TESTING VISUAL PROSTHESES X-RAY EQUIPMENT DESIGN
X-RAY QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM X-RAY THERAPY EQUIPMENT, LOW AND
MEDIUM ENERGY
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AAMI Association for the Advancement of
Medical Instrumentation
AAPM American Association of Physicists in
Medicine
ABC Automatic brightness control
ABET Accreditation board for engineering
training
ABG Arterial blood gases
ABLB Alternative binaural loudness balance
ABS Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene
ac Alternating current
AC Abdominal circumference; Affinity
chromatography
ACA Automated clinical analyzer
ACES Augmentative communication evaluation
system
ACL Anterior chamber lens
ACLS Advanced cardiac life support
ACOG American College of Obstetrics and
Gynecology
ACR American College of Radiology
ACS American Cancer Society; American
College of Surgeons
A/D Analog-to-digital
ADC Agar diffusion chambers;
Analog-to-digital converter
ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular
cytotoxicity
ADCL Accredited Dosimetry Calibration
Laboratories
ADP Adenosine diphosphate
A-D-T Admission, discharge, and transfer
AE Anion exchange; Auxiliary electrode
AEA Articulation error analysis
AEB Activation energy barrier
AEC Automatic exposure control
AED Automatic external defibrillator
AEMB Alliance for Engineering in Medicine
and Biology
AES Auger electron spectroscopy
AESC American Engineering Standards
Committee
AET Automatic exposure termination
AFO Ankle-foot orthosis
AGC Automatic gain control
AHA American Heart Association
AI Arterial insufficiency
AICD Automatic implantable cardiac
defibrillator
AID Agency for International Development
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AL Anterior leaflet
ALG Antilymphocyte globulin
ALS Advanced life support; Amyotropic
lateral sclerosis
ALT Alanine aminotransferase
ALU Arithmetic and logic unit
AM Amplitude modulation
AMA American Medical Association
amu Atomic mass units
ANOVA Analysis of variance
ANSI American National Standards Institute
AP Action potential; Alternative pathway;
Anteroposterior
APD Anterioposterior diameter
APL Adjustable pressure limiting valve;
Applied Physics Laboratory
APR Anatomically programmed radiography
AR Amplitude reduction; Aortic
regurgitation; Autoregressive
Ara-C Arabinosylcytosine
ARD Absorption rate density
ARDS Adult respiratory distress syndrome
ARGUS Arrhythmia guard system
ARMA Autoregressive-moving-average model
ARMAX Autoregressive-moving-average model
with external inputs
AS Aortic stenosis
ASA American Standards Association
ASCII American standard code for information
interchange
ASD Antisiphon device
ASHE American Society for Hospital Engineering
ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
AT Adenosine-thiamide; Anaerobic threshold;
Antithrombin
ATA Atmosphere absolute
ATLS Advanced trauma life support
ATN Acute tubular necrosis
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ATPD Ambient temperature pressure dry
ATPS Ambient temperature pressure
saturated
ATR Attenuated total reflection
AUC Area under curve
AUMC Area under moment curve
AV Atrioventricular
AZT Azido thymidine
BA Biliary atresia
BAEP Brainstem auditory evoked potential
BAPN Beta-amino-proprionitryl
BAS Boston anesthesis system
BASO Basophil
BB Buffer base
BBT Basal body temperature
BCC Body-centered cubic
BCD Binary-coded decimal
BCG Ballistocardiogram
BCLS Basic cardiac life support
BCRU British Commitee on Radiation Units
and Measurements
BDI Beck depression inventory
BE Base excess; Binding energy
BET Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller methods
BH His bundle
BI Biological indicators
BIH Beth Israel Hospital
BIPM International Bureau of Weights and
Measurements
BJT Bipolar junction transistor
BMDP Biomedical Programs
BME Biomedical engineering
BMET Biomedical equipment technician
BMO Biomechanically optimized
BMR Basal metabolic rate
BOL Beginning of life
BP Bereitschafts potential; Break point
BR Polybutadiene
BRM Biological response modifier
BRS Bibliographic retrieval services
BSS Balanced salt solution
BTG Beta thromboglobulin
BTPS Body temperature pressure saturated
BUN Blood urea nitrogen
BW Body weight
CA Conductive adhesives
CABG Coronary artery by-pass grafting
CAD/CAM Computer-aided design/computer-aided
manufacturing
CAD/D Computer-aided drafting and design
CADD Central axis depth dose
CAI Computer assisted instruction;
Computer-aided instruction
CAM Computer-assisted management
cAMP Cyclic AMP
CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis
CAPP Child amputee prosthetic project
CAT Computerized axial tomography
CATS Computer-assisted teaching system;
Computerized aphasia treatment system
CAVH Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration
CB Conjugated bilirubin; Coulomb barrier
CBC Complete blood count
CBF Cerebral blood flow
CBM Computer-based management
CBV Cerebral blood volume
CC Closing capacity
CCC Computer Curriculum Company
CCD Charge-coupled device
CCE Capacitance contact electrode
CCF Cross-correlation function
CCL Cardiac catheterization laboratory
CCM Critical care medical services
CCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal
dialysis
CCTV Closed circuit television system
CCU Coronary care unit; Critical care unit
CD Current density
CDR Complimentary determining region
CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological
Health
CEA Carcinoembryonic antigen
CF Conversion factor; Cystic fibrosis
CFC Continuous flow cytometer
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CFU Colony forming units
CGA Compressed Gas Association
CGPM General Conference on Weights and
Measures
CHO Carbohydrate
CHO Chinese hamster ovary
CI Combination index
CICU Cardiac intensive care unit
CIF Contrast improvement factor
CIN Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CK Creatine kinase
CLAV Clavicle
CLSA Computerized language sample analysis
CM Cardiomyopathy; Code modulation
CMAD Computer managed articulation diagnosis
CMI Computer-managed instruction
CMRR Common mode rejection ratio
CMV Conventional mechanical ventilation;
Cytomegalovirus
CNS Central nervous system
CNV Contingent negative variation
CO Carbon monoxide; Cardiac output
COBAS Comprehensive Bio-Analysis System
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COR Center of rotation
CP Cerebral palsy; Closing pressure; Creatine
phosphate
CPB Cardiopulmonary bypass
CPET Cardiac pacemaker electrode tips
CPM Computerized probe measurements
CPP Cerebral perfusion pressure;
Cryoprecipitated plasma
CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
cps Cycles per second
CPU Central Processing unit
CR Center of resistance; Conditioned response;
Conductive rubber; Creatinine
CRBB Complete right bundle branch block
CRD Completely randomized design
CRL Crown rump length
CRT Cathode ray tube
CS Conditioned stimulus; Contrast scale;
Crown seat
CSA Compressed spectral array
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
CSI Chemical shift imaging
CSM Chemically sensitive membrane
CT Computed tomography; Computerized
tomography
CTI Cumulative toxicity response index