❊①t❡♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧
❆♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❘❡❞❡s ❆ér❡❛s ❞❡
❉✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥
■✈á♥ ❆r❝❤✉♥❞✐❛ ❆r❛♥❞❛
✹
❘❡s✉♠❡♥✳
❊♥ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ② ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❡♥ r❡❞❡s r❛❞✐❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❉✐❝❤♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ♠✉❧t✐❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❧❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ❛❝❡♣t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ s✉s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❡s ❛❧ ♥♦ r❡q✉❡r✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✳ ❊❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣✉❡st♦ s❡ ♣r♦❜ó ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ r❡❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♦❝❤♦ ♥♦❞♦s ② ❝♦♥ ❞♦s r❡❞❡s tr✐❢ás✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡ ♦❝❤♦ ② ❝✐❡♥t♦ ✈❡✐♥t✐❝✉❛tr♦ ♥♦❞♦s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡❀ ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s s❡ r❡♣♦rt❛♥ ❜✉❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡✳
P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛s✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝❛s ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❀ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐é♥❞♦s❡ ♣♦r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❧❛ ❡①❛❝t✐t✉❞ ❞❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ s❡ r❡t♦♠❛ ❡♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣✉❡st❛ ♣♦r ♦tr♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t✳
■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥ts ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❙✉❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❝❛rr✐❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❡♥✈✐r♦♠❡♥t t❤❡ ✇❡❧❧ ❛❝❡♣♣t❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t s✇❡❡♣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♣♦✇❡r ✢♦✇ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❤❛t ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦♥✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❡✐❣❤t✲♥♦❞❡ ♦♥❡✲♣❤❛s❡ ❢❡❡❞❡r ❛♥❞ t✇♦ t❤r❡❡✲♣❤❛s❡ ❢❡❡❞❡r✱ ❡✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞ ❛♥❞ t✇❡♥t② ❢♦✉r ♥♦❞❡s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ■♥ ❛❧❧ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡s ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✐s r❡♣♦rt❡❞✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❛♥❛❧✐③❡❞✳
✺
El principio de la sabiduría es el temor de Jehová
✻
❉❡❞✐❝❛t♦r✐❛✳
❆ ❏❡❤♦✈á ❉✐♦s✱ ❛ q✉✐é♥ ❛❣r❛❞❡③❝♦ ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✳
❆ ♠✐s P❛❞r❡s✱ ▼❛rí❛ ❚❡r❡s❛ ② ❘❛ú❧✳
✼
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✳
❆❧ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❖✳ ❆✳ ▼♦t❛ P❛❧♦♠✐♥♦✳
❆ ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás ♠✐❡♠❜r♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✐s✐ó♥ r❡✈✐s♦r❛✿ ❉r ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❖❧❣✉í♥ ❙❛❧✐♥❛s✱ ❉r✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❘♦♠❡r♦ ❘♦♠❡r♦✱ ❉r✳ ❈❧❛✉❞✐♦ ❘✉❜é♥ ❋✉❡rt❡ ❊sq✉✐✈❡❧✱ ❉r✳ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ ▼❛❞r✐❣❛❧ ▼❛rtí♥❡③ ② ❉r✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❙❡❜❛st✐á♥ ❇❛❧t❛③❛r✳
❆ ♠✐ ❜✉é♥ ❛♠✐❣♦ ▼✳ ❡♥ ❈✳ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❏✐♠❡♥❡③ ●✉③♠á♥✳
❆❧ Pr♦②❡❝t♦ ◆♦✳ ✹✽✺✹✺ ❞❡❧ ❋♦♥❞♦ ❙❡❝t♦r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡♥ ❊♥❡r❣í❛ ❈❋❊✲❈❖◆❆❈②❚✲■P◆✲✑❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❈❡♥tr♦s ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❈❋❊✑✳
❆ ❧❛ ❉✐✈✐s✐ó♥ ❙✉r❡st❡ ❞❡ ❈❋❊✳ ❆ ❧❛ ❩♦♥❛ ❖❛①❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❋❊✳
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥✳ ✶✼
✶✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✷✳ ❆♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✸✳ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✶✳✹✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✺✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❚❡s✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✻✳ ❆♣♦rt❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷✳ ▼❛r❝♦ ❚❡ór✐❝♦✳ ✷✼
✷✳✶✳ ❋❧✉❥♦s ❞❡ P♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✳✶✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✳✷✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❡stát✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✶✳✸✳ ❊❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡stát✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✹✳ ❋❧✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s r❛❞✐❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✹✳✶✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❤✐r♠♦❤❛♠♠❛❞✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✷✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ② ❉✐st♦rs✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✷✳✶✳ P❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡ñ♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷✳✶✳✶✳ ❋❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ❘✐③♦ ② ❋❛❝t♦r ❞❡ ❋♦r♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷✳✶✳✷✳ ❉✐st♦rs✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❚♦t❛❧ ② ❋❛❝t♦r ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✸✳ ❆♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
❮◆❉■❈❊ ●❊◆❊❘❆▲ ✾
✷✳✸✳✶✳ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✸✳✷✳ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✸✳✸✳ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✸✳✹✳ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✹✳ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❞ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✹✳✶✳ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❘❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✹✳✷✳ ❊❝✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡ñ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✺✳ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✺✳✶✳ ■♠♣❡❞❛♥❝✐❛ s❡r✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✺✳✶✳✶✳ ■♠♣❡❞❛♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✷✳✺✳✶✳✷✳ ■♠♣❡❞❛♥❝✐❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✷✳✺✳✷✳ ❆❞♠✐t❛♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❞❡r✐✈❛❝✐ó♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✷✳✺✳✸✳ ❆❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✷✳✻✳ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✷✳✻✳✶✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✳✻✳✷✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈■●❘❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✻✳✸✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠♦t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✉❝❝✐ó♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✷✳✻✳✹✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ s❡r✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✸✳ ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ Pr♦♣✉❡st♦✳ ✻✾
❮◆❉■❈❊ ●❊◆❊❘❆▲ ✶✵
✸✳✷✳✶✳ ❉❛t♦s ❞❡ ❊♥tr❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✷✳✷✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✸✳✷✳✸✳ ❙✉❜♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡s❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✸✳✷✳✹✳ ❙✉❜♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❜❛rr✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✸✳✷✳✺✳ ❙✉❜♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❜❛rr✐❞♦❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✸✳✷✳✻✳ ❙✉❜♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ■♠♣r✐♠❡❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✸✳✸✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✹✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✲❘❡❞ ▼♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛ ✾✹
✹✳✶✳ ❘❡❞ s✐♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✶✳✶✳ ❈❛r❣❛ ◆♦ ▲✐♥❡❛❧ ❛❧ 25 % ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✹✳✶✳✶✳✶✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❍✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✹✳✶✳✶✳✷✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❍✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✹✳✶✳✷✳ ❈❛r❣❛ ◆♦ ▲✐♥❡❛❧ ❛❧ 75 % ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✹✳✶✳✷✳✶✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❍✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✹✳✶✳✷✳✷✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❍✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✹✳✷✳ ❘❡❞ ❝♦♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✷✳✶✳ ❈❛r❣❛ ◆♦ ▲✐♥❡❛❧ ❛❧ 25 % ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸
✹✳✷✳✶✳✶✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲❍✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸
✹✳✷✳✶✳✷✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲❍✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✹✳✷✳✷✳ ❈❛r❣❛ ◆♦ ▲✐♥❡❛❧ ❛❧ 75 % ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✹✳✷✳✷✳✶✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❍✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✹✳✷✳✷✳✷✳ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺ ✭❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❍✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
✹✳✸✳ ❈❛s♦s ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✺✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✲❘❡❞❡s ❚r✐❢ás✐❝❛s✳ ✶✷✼
❮◆❉■❈❊ ●❊◆❊❘❆▲ ✶✶
✻✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s ② ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ✶✺✸
✻✳✶✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✸ ✻✳✷✳ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛❢í❛ ✶✺✺
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶✳✶✳❇❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♥♦❞♦ ❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✶✳✷✳❘❡❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t✐❡rr❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✶✳✸✳❇❧♦q✉❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✶✳✹✳❘❡❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❥❡r❛rq✉✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✷✳✶✳❙❡ñ❛❧ P❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✹✳✶✳●r❛❢♦ s✐♥ ❛r❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✹✳✷✳●r❛❢♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❛r❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✹✳✸✳●r❛❢♦ ❝♦♥ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✹✳✹✳●r❛❢♦✲❘❡❞ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✺✳✶✳▲í♥❡❛ ❡❧é❝tr✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ s✉❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ♥♦ ♣❡r❢❡❝t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✺✳✷✳❉✐st❛♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r❡s ❛ s✉s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s r❡❛❧❡s ② ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✳✻✳✶✳▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❧✐♥❡❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✷✳✻✳✷✳❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✸✳✶✳✶✳❊sq✉❡♠❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡❧ ▼ét♦❞♦ Pr♦♣✉❡st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✶✳✷✳❇❧♦q✉❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ r❡❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✳✶✳✸✳❘❡❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❥❡r❛rq✉✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✳✶✳✹✳❘✉t❛ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✸✳✷✳✶✳❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉❥♦ ❞❡❧ r❛❞✐✢✉①❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✸✳✶✳❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡❧ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✭❝♦♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦rt❡sí❛ ❘✳❖✳ ▼♦t❛ P❛❧♦♠✐♥♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
❮◆❉■❈❊ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✶✸
✸✳✸✳✷✳■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✭❝♦rt❡sí❛ ❘✳❖✳ ▼♦t❛ P❛❧♦♠✐♥♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✸✳✸✳✸✳■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ② r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❋❧✉❥♦s ❞❡ P♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ✭❝♦rt❡sí❛
❘✳❖✳ ▼♦t❛ P❛❧♦♠✐♥♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✹✳✵✳✶✳❘❡❞ r❛❞✐❛❧ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✽ ♥♦❞♦s ✭❘❘▼✽◆✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✶✳✶✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✹✳✶✳✷✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✹✳✶✳✸✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✹✳✶✳✹✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾
✹✳✷✳✶✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✹✳✷✳✷✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
✹✳✷✳✸✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
✹✳✷✳✹✳❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷
✹✳✸✳✶✳❆❝❡r❝á♥❞♦s❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✹✳✸✳✷✳❆❝❡r❝á♥❞♦s❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✳✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❞r♦s
✹✳✶✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❉❛t♦s ❞❡ ▲í♥❡❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✷✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲❈❛r❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✸✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✹✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✺✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡
[V❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✹✳✻✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡
[p.u.❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✹✳✼✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✹✳✽✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✹✳✾✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✹✳✶✵✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✹✳✶✶✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✹✳✶✷✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✹✳✶✸✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✹✳✶✹✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✹✳✶✺✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✹✳✶✻✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✹✳✶✼✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
✹✳✶✽✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❙❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
❮◆❉■❈❊ ❉❊ ❈❯❆❉❘❖❙ ✶✺
✹✳✶✾✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲❈❛r❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✷✵✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲ P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✷✶✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✷✷✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡[V]✳✶✶✷
✹✳✷✸✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡[p.u.]✳✶✶✷
✹✳✷✹✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸
✹✳✷✺✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✹✳✷✻✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✹✳✷✼✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✹✳✷✽✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✹✳✷✾✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β25✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✹✳✸✵✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✹✳✸✶✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
✹✳✸✷✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
✹✳✸✸✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
✹✳✸✹✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❉❡s❣❧♦s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ◆♦❞❛❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✹✳✸✺✳ ❘❘▼✽◆✲❈❈✲β75✲❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✺✲ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❱♦❧t❛❥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
❮◆❉■❈❊ ❉❊ ❈❯❆❉❘❖❙ ✶✻
✺✳✶✵✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✱ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✺✳✶✶✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✺✳✶✷✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ✺✳✶✸✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ✺✳✶✹✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ✺✳✶✺✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ✺✳✶✻✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✺✳✶✼✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷ ✺✳✶✽✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸ ✺✳✶✾✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❈❛r❣❛s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✹ ✺✳✷✵✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺ ✺✳✷✶✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✶ ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻ ✺✳✷✷✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✷ ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ✺✳✷✸✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ P✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✸ ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✽ ✺✳✷✹✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾ ✺✳✷✺✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✶ ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵ ✺✳✷✻✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✶ ✺✳✷✼✳ ❘❘❚✶✷✹◆✲ ❆r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ✸✱ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ✭❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✷
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥✳
✶✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
▲❛ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ② ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠✐❡♥③♦s ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛✲ rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❡❧é❝tr✐❝❛ ② ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❡♥ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❙✉ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉❡ ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❬✶❪✳ ❊♥ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦s t✐❡♠♣♦s✱ ❧❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❡r❛♥ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♥ s❛t✉r❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ② ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡❝t✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❜❛♥ t✉❜♦s ❞❡ ✈❛❝í♦✱ ❝✉②❛ ♣♦❜❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ ❡r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡q✉✐♣♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❧♦s ❡❢❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ② ❧❛s ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s s♦❧í❛ ❞❡s♣r❡❝✐❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❡♥ ❡st❛❞♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ r❡❛❧✐③á♥❞♦s❡ ❡st♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❍♦② ❡♥ ❞í❛ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥t❡✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❜❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛♥t❡s✱ ❡♥ s✉ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❝♦♥ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ só❧✐❞♦✱ ❤❛ ❝r❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❤❛❝❡ tr❡✐♥t❛ ❛ñ♦s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡❀ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❧♦s ❡❢❡❝t♦s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡❛❞♦s ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦s✶ s♦♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠ás ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ② ♥♦t♦r✐♦s ❬✷❪✳ ❉✐❝❤♦s ❡❢❡❝t♦s✱ ❛❧ r❡♣❡r❝✉t✐r ❡♥ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ② ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦s✱ ❤❛♥ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞♦ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ❧❛s ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ② ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❬✸✱ ✹❪ ② ❝♦♥ ❡st♦✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❧❛s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛ ❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛r ✉♥❛ r❡❞ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛❞❛✳
❉❡ ❧♦s ❡❢❡❝t♦s ♠ás ❝rít✐❝♦s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧♦s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❛❝t✐✈❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡♥ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❬✺✱ ✻❪✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❝✐ó♥ ② ♣r♦t❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❬✷✱ ✼❪✱ t♦rq✉❡s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡❛❞♦s ❡♥ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s r♦t❛t♦r✐❛s ❬✽❪✱ ② s♦❜r❡❝❛❧❡♥t❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡♥
✶❚r❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ② ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❈■Ó◆✳ ✶✽
❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r❡s ② tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ ② ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st♦✱ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❬✾❪✳
❆❤♦r❛ ❜✐❡♥✱ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ② ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❤❛♥ t❡♥✐❞♦ ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ ② ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❬✸✱ ✹✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✶❪✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✱ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ s♦♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s✱ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛♥t❡s✳ ❯♥ ❝❛s♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❡s ❧❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ á♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦r❡s ❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❜❛s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥✲❘❛♣❤s♦♥ ❬✶✷✱ ✶✸❪✳ P♦r ♦tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✱ ❡s ❝♦♠ú♥ r❡❝✉rr✐r ❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ ✷ ❬✶✹✱ ✶✺❪✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧✱ ❜❛❥♦ ❝✐❡rt❛s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❧❧❡✈❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ♣ér❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡①❛❝t✐t✉❞ ❡♥ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❜❧❡ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♥ ♣♦❝❛ ♣♦❜❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ② ❡q✉✐♣♦s ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❬✶✻❪✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ r❡❝✉rr❡ ❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✶❪ ② ❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛s ♣♦r ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❬✶✶❪✳
❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐✲ ❝♦✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ s❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❧❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣í❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ② ❧❛s ❜❛❥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s x
r ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
♣❛s✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s t✐♣♦ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ② ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s t✐♣♦ ●❛✉ss ♣r❡s❡♥t❡♥ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✼✱ ✶✽❪✱ ✐♠♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ s✉ ✉s♦ ❡♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ s✉ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ♠❛②♦r❡s ❬✶✷❪✳ ❉❛❞♦ ❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❡s q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥tó ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ❛r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❞✐s❡ñ❛✲ ❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s t♦♠❛r❛♥ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r❡s ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✳ ❍♦② ❡♥ ❞í❛✱ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ❧♦s ❞❡ ♠❛②♦r ❛❝❡♣t❛❝✐ó♥ s♦♥ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❬✶✾❪✱ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s✱ ❛❧ ❡st❛r s✉st❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧❡②❡s ❞❡ ❑✐r❝❤✲ ❤♦✛ ❬✶✽✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✶❪✱ ♦❢r❡❝❡♥ ❜✉❡♥❛s ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡①t❡♥❞❡r❧♦s ❛ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ② ♦❜t❡♥❡r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛ ❧♦s ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊st♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❛❞❡♠ás ❞❡ s✉s ❜✉❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❛❧ tr❛t❛r ❝♦♥ t♦♣♦❧♦❣í❛s ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ r❛❞✐❛❧❡s ❬✶✽❪✱ ♣♦s❡❡♥ ❧❛ ❛tr❛❝t✐✈❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❝✐♥❞✐r ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❛♥❝✐❛ ② ❛❞♠✐t❛♥❝✐❛ ♥♦❞❛❧✱ q✉❡
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❈■Ó◆✳ ✶✾
s♦♥ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞✐❜❧❡s ❡♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✳ ❊st♦ r❡♣❡r❝✉t❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥✲ t❡ ❡♥ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❛❧ ♦❢r❡❝❡r ❛❤♦rr♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s ❡♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ② t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♥ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♦ ♥✉❧❛ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉s ❧í♥❡❛s ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛ q✉❡✱ ❜❛❥♦ ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣❡rs✐st❛ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✷❪✱ ✐♠♣✐❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡st♦ ❧❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✉♥❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛✳
❉✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❡s❡ ❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❢✉❡r♦♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡st❡ s❡❝t♦r ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛ñ♦s ♦❝❤❡♥t❛ ❬✷✸✱ ✷✹❪✱ ♥♦ s❡ r❡♣♦rt❛♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♥✐ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳ ▲❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ s❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r♦♥ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ② ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛s ✐❞❡❛s s❡ tr❛s❧❛❞❛r♦♥ ❛ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ ② ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡ ✉s❛ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✱ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ❧❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛s✐✈♦s ❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠❛♥❡r❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ✐♥❝❧✉✐rs❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❬✶✺❪✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧❡s✱ ❡s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ú♥ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❛ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✶❪✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ❜✐❡♥✱ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♥ t♦❞♦s s❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝❛s✱ s✉r❣❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♥t❡rr♦❣❛♥t❡ ➽P♦r q✉é✱ s✐ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ s✉r❣✐❡r♦♥ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ♥♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r♦♥ ❡♥ ❡st❡ s❡❝t♦r✱ ② ést❡ ♠✐s♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡ tr❛s❧❛❞ó ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ ② ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ s❡ ❝r❡❛r♦♥ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠ás s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦s✸❄ ▲❛ r❡s♣✉❡st❛✱ t❛❧ ✈❡③ ♣✉❡❞❛ ❞❛rs❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✿
✶✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ s❡ ❤✉❜✐❡r❛ q✉❡r✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛✱ ❧❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❤✉❜✐❡r❛ ✐♠♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐t❛❞♦ s✉ ✉s♦✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❤♦② ❡♥ ❞í❛ s❡ ✉s❛♥ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ✜♥ ♥♦ ❡①✐stí❛♥✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❈■Ó◆✳ ✷✵
❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❡r❛ ② s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✱ ♠✐❧❡s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❝♦♥tr❛ ❝✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳
✸✳ ❙✐ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ s❡ ❤✉❜✐❡r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ s✐♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛✱ s❡❣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❤✉❜✐❡r❛♥ s✐❞♦ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦s ②❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❡♥ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛rs❡ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s♦♥ ❧♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♥❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ② ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✳
✹✳ ▲♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥✱ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r♦♥ ❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥♦s ② ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❞✐s♣✉❡st♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♠❛❞✉r❛s ② ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①t❡♥❞❡r❧❛s ❛❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ♠✉❧t✐❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❬✸✱ ✹❪✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❈■Ó◆✳ ✷✶
✶✳✷✳ ❆♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s✳
❆ ❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛✱ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ s✐❣✉❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧á♥❞♦s❡ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛♠❡♥✲ t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐ó ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦❝❤❡♥t❛ ❬✷✸✱ ✷✹✱ ✷✾❪✱ ❛t❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝✐❛ ② ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❛❝t✐✈❛✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ s✉❡❧❡♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛rs❡ ❧❛s ♠✐s♠❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧❡s ❬✶✵❪✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s❡ r❡♣♦rt❛ ♠✉② ♣♦❝♦ ❛✈❛♥❝❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á✲ ❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❆❧❣✉♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s s♦♥✱ ❡♥ s✉ ♠❛②♦rí❛✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❬✸✵✱ ✸✶❪✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ♦tr♦s r❡❝✉rr❡♥ ❛❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛ ❧❛s r❡♣♦rt❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❬✷✸✱ ✷✹✱ ✷✾❪✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡st♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s✿
P✐❧❧❡❣✐ ❡♥ ✶✾✽✶ ❬✷✸❪ ② ▼❛❤♠♦✉❞ ❡♥ ✶✾✽✷ ❬✷✾❪✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❊♥ ❡st♦s tr❛❜❛❥♦s✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ ❝✐ó♥ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛✱ ② ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s s❡ r❡s✉❡❧✈❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛❧ V = Z I✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ ❧❛s ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛s ❡♥ ❧♦s ♥♦❞♦s s❡ s✉♣♦♥❡♥ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦ ② ❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛s✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ s✉♣♦♥❡ q✉❡ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❧❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡❧ ✈❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❡♥ ❡st♦s tr❛❜❛❥♦s✳ P♦❝♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡s♣✉és✱ ❡♥ ✶✾✽✹✱ ❉❡♥s❡♠ ② ❆rr✐❧❧❛❣❛ ❬✸✷❪ ❡①t✐❡♥❞❡ ❡st♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛s✳ ❚♦rt♦r❡❧❧✐ ❡♥ ✶✾✽✼ ❬✸✸❪ ② ❍♦ss❡✐♥✐ ❡♥ ✶✾✽✽ ❬✸✹❪✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ tr✐❢ás✐❝♦s✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❚♦rt♦✲ r❡❧❧✐✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❬✸✺❪ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ Zbus ■♠♣❧í❝✐t❛✱ t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦
❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❧♦s ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧❡s✱ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ s✐❞♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ❡♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❈■Ó◆✳ ✷✷
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ r❡❛❧❡s✳
❚❡♥❣✱ ② ❈❤❛♥❣ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✼ ❬✸✶❪✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛s✱ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❤✐r♠♦❤❛♠♠❛❞✐ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡①❝❡♣t♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡st❛ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐✈❛s✳ ❆r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♥ ❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s q✉❡✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛s ❛❜s♦r❜✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❧♦s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ❡♥ ❞❡r✐✈❛❝✐ó♥ s♦♥ ❞❡s❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛s✱ ♥♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦✱ ② ❞❛❞❛ ❡st❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥st❛♥❝✐❛✱ r❡❝✉rr❡♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡s✈❡♥t❛❥❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡s q✉❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ✐♥♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s s❡ ❝♦♥str✉②❡♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❞ ② ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❜❛rr✐❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❡s✐✈♦s ② r❡❣r❡s✐✈♦s✱ ❞❡♠❡r✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛sí ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ s✉s ♠❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈❡♥t❛❥❛s ❡❧ ♥♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❞ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ r❛❞✐❛❧❡s✳ ❖tr❛ ❞❡s✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥ ❧❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡❛♥ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐✈❛s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛s✳
❱❛r✐③✱ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✵✾ ❡♥ ❬✸✼❪✱ ❡①t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ t✐♣♦ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❞❡ ✐♥②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦✲ rr✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s tr✐❢ás✐❝♦s ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡♣♦rt❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❬✸✽❪✳ ❊♥ ❞✐❝❤❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ s❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ s♦❧❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❢r❡✲ ❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rés✱ ② ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s r❡♣♦rt❛♥ ❜✉❡♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❧♦s r❡q✉❡r✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ♣❛r❡❝❡♥ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡s ❛❧ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳
✶✳✸✳ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❈■Ó◆✳ ✷✸
r❡q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❡♥ s✉ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦♥❡♥ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐✜❡st♦ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ❧♦s ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ② ❧❛s ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛s ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛❞❛s✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ r❡❞ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ s♦♥✿
✶✳ ▲❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣ér❞✐❞❛s ❡♥ ❧í♥❡❛s ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛s ❬✸✾❪✳
✷✳ ▲❛ ❡✈❛❧✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❧❛s q✉❡ ♣✉❞✐❡r❛♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛rs❡ ❛❧ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ♥✉❡✈♦s ❜❧♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧ ❬✺❪✳
✸✳ ▲❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❝♦rr❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛ñ♦s ② ♠❛❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❬✷❪✳
✹✳ ▲❛ ❝✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛❥❡s ② ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ r❡❞ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦rr❡❝t✐✈❛s ❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥❡r❣í❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❈✉st♦♠ P♦✇❡r ❬✹✵❪✱ ②
✺✳ ▲❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝♦s ❞❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ♥✉❡✈♦s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s t❛r✐❢❛✲ r✐♦s ❬✷✼❪✳
P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥ó ❡♥ ✶✳✷✱ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛s ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛✲ ❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ s♦♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ●❛✉ss ② ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s✱ ❡❧ ❞❡ ❚♦rt♦r❡❧❧✐ ② ❡❧ ❞❡ ❍♦ss❡✐♥✐ ❬✸✸✱ ✸✹❪✱ ❧♦s r❡q✉❡r✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❛❧ tr❛t❛r ❝♦♥ r❡❞❡s tr✐❢ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐✲ ❞❡r❛❜❧❡s✱ ❡♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ② t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉❝✐ó♥ s❡ r❡✜❡r❡✳ ❊♥ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❉❡ ▲✐♠❛ ❚♦st❡s ② ❞❡ ❈♦❧❧✐♥❣s ❬✸✵✱ ✸✻❪✱ q✉❡ s♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❡①t❡♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❧ ♥♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r s✉ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲ t❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s✐♠✉❧tá♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s✳ P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♥❣ ② ❈❤❛♥❣ ❬✸✶❪✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❜❛❥♦ ❧❛ ❛②✉❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✱ ❞❡♠❡r✐t❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ❜♦♥❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ s❡ ❜❛s❛✱ q✉❡ ❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧ ♥♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❞ ❛❧❣✉♥❛✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❝♦♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s r❛❞✐❛❧❡s✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥ t❛♠❛ñ♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❈❈■Ó◆✳ ✷✹
❧❛ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ② ❛ ❧❛ ❝❛r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡♥ s✐♠✉❧tá♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ② ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s❀ s✉r❣❡ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦s ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ q✉❡ ❡♥ ▼é①✐❝♦ s♦♥ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞❡s ❛ér❡❛s ❝♦♥ t♦♣♦❧♦❣í❛ r❛❞✐❛❧✹✳ P❛r❛ ❧♦❣r❛r t❛❧ ✜♥✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ s❡ ❡①t✐❡♥❞❡ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙❤✐r♠♦❤❛♠♠❛❞✐ ❬✶✽❪ ❛❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ♠✉❧t✐❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ s✉s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠ás ❛tr❛❝t✐✈❛s✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ♥♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✱ tr❛tá♥❞♦s❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s r❛❞✐❛❧❡s✱ ② ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ t❛♥t♦ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s✳
✶✳✹✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳
❊❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛ t❡s✐s ❡s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ✉♥❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❛ér❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ t♦♣♦❧♦❣í❛ r❛❞✐❛❧✳ ❉✐❝❤❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛ s❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧ó ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ❛❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ✢✉❥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❝✐♥❞✐r ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✱ ② ♣❡r♠✐t✐❡♥❞♦ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❡❧ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ② ♥♦ ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s✳
✶✳✺✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❚❡s✐s✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝♦♥st❛ ❞❡ ✻ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ② s❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛✿
❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥ ♠❛r❝♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ② ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡♣t✉❛❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡s ② ❡①t❡♥❞❡r❧♦ ❛❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛r♠ó♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ r❡❞❡s ❛ér❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❊♥ ❞✐❝❤♦ ♠❛r❝♦✱ s❡ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐❞♦ ❛ ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ s❡ ♣❧❛♥t❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛s✐✲ ✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦s✱ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s r❛❞✐❛❧❡s✱ s❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ♣✉❡st♦❀ ② ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ s❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡♥ ❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❧✐♥❡❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❛r♠ó♥✐❝♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
