TECHNICAL SYSTEM HISTORY AND HERITAGE: A CASE STUDY OF A THERMAL POWER STATION IN ITALY

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LÓPEZ, M.; YÁÑEZ, A.; GOMES DA COSTA, S.; AVELLÀ, L., (Coord.). Actas del Congreso Internacional de Eficiencia Energética y Edificación Histórica / Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings (Madrid, 29-30 Sep. 2014). Madrid: Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares y Fundación Ars Civilis, 2014. ISBN: 978-84-617-3440-5

Edited by

Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Fundación Ars Civilis

Coordinated by

Mónica López Sánchez. Fundación Ars Civilis

Ana Yáñez Vega. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Sofia Gomes da Costa. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Lourdes Avellà Delgado. Fundación Ars Civilis

© Copyright

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PRESENTACIÓN ... 11

Eficiencia energética y edificación histórica: un reto del presente... 13

-Cristina Gutiérrez-Cortines y Mónica López Sánchez. Fundación Ars Civilis Eficiencia energética y edificación histórica: un reto del futuro ... 14

-Ana Yáñez Vega. Fundación de Casas Históricas y Singulares Committees ... 15

Programme ... 16

Governance, management, participation and mediation... 21

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ACTION FOR WORLD HERITAGE MANAGEMENT ... 22

-RONCHINI, C.; POLETTO, D. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND URBAN RENEWAL OF A UNESCO-LISTED HISTORICAL CENTER: THE CASE OF PORTO ... 38

-SANTOS, Á.; VALENÇA, P.; SEQUEIRA, J. HISTORICAL HERITAGE: FROM ENERGY CONSUMER TO ENERGY PRODUCER. THE CASE STUDY OF THE ‘ALBERGO DEI POVERI’ OF GENOA, ITALY ... 45

-FRANCO, G.; GUERRINI, M.; CARTESEGNA, M. IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC CORNISH BUILDINGS – GRANT FUNDING, MONITORING AND GUIDANCE ... 61

-RICHARDS, A. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BUILDINGS WITH HERITAGE VALUES: REFLECTION, CONFLICTS AND SOLUTIONS ... 75

-GIANCOLA, E.; HERAS, M. R. PROPUESTA METODOLÓGICA PARA LA REHABILITACIÓN SOSTENIBLE DEL PATRIMONIO CONTEXTUAL EDIFICADO. EL CASO DEL CENTRO HISTÓRICO DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉRIDA, YUCATÁN / Methodological proposal for the sustainable rehabilitation of context heritage building. The case of the historic downtown of Merida, Yucatan ... 82

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International Conference

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS

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Traditional and technological knowledge: concepts, techniques, practices, uses,

materials, methodologies ... 99

-SUSTAINABLE REFURBISHMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: RISKS, SOLUTIONS AND

BEST PRACTICE ... 100

-HEATH, N.

EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA Y VALORES PATRIMONIALES. LECCIONES DE UNA

INVESTIGACIÓN Y UN SEMINARIO / Energy efficiency and heritage values. Lessons of

a Research and a Seminar ... 110

-GONZÁLEZ MORENO-NAVARRO, J. L.

ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS IN HISTORIC DISTRICTS.

THE CASE STUDY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA ... 118

-LUCCHI, E.; GAREGNANI, G.; MATURI, L.; MOSER, D.

HISTORIC BUILDING ENERGY ASSESSMENT BY MEANS OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES ... 135

-SOUTULLO, S.; ENRIQUEZ, R.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. R.

DESIGN OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A WALL-HEATED

CHURCH: SANTA MARIA ODIGITRIA IN ROME ... 145

-MANFREDI, C.; FRATERNALI, D.; ALBERICI, A.

EXEMPLARY ENERGETICAL REFURBISHMENT OF THE GERMAN ACADEMY IN ROME

"VILLA MASSIMO" ... 160

-ENDRES, E.; SANTUCCI, D.

SISTEMA MÓVIL INTEGRADO PARA LA REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS: LÁSER 3D, TERMOGRAFÍA, FOTOGRAFÍA, SENSORES AMBIENTALES Y BIM / Integrated mobile system for building energy rehabilitation: 3D laser, termography, fotography,

environmental sensors and BIM ... 169

-SÁNCHEZ VILLANUEVA, C.; FILGUEIRA LAGO, A.; ROCA BERNÁRDEZ, D.; ARMESTO GONZÁLEZ, J.; DÍAZ VILARIÑO, L.; LAGÜELA LÓPEZ, S.; RODRÍGUEZ VIJANDA, M.; NÚÑEZ SUÁREZ, J.; MARTÍNEZ GÓMEZ, R.

CONSECUENCIAS CONSTRUCTIVAS Y ENERGÉTICAS DE UNA MALA PRÁCTICA. ARQUITECTURAS DESOLLADAS / Energy and constructive consequences of a bad

practice. Skinned architectures ... 186

-DE LUXÁN GARCÍA -DE DIEGO, M.; GÓMEZ MUÑOZ, G.; BARBERO BARRERA, M.; ROMÁN LÓPEZ, E.

EL BIENESTAR TÉRMICO MÁS ALLÁ DE LAS EXIGENCIAS NORMATIVAS. DOS CASOS. DOS ENFOQUES / Thermal comfort beyond legislation. Two examples. Two

approaches ... 201

-DOTOR, A.; ONECHA, B.; GONZÁLEZ, J. L.

LA MONITORIZACIÓN Y SIMULACIÓN HIGROTÉRMICA COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA MEJORA DEL CONFORT, PRESERVACIÓN Y AHORRO ENERGÉTICO DE ESPACIOS

PATRIMONIALES. EL CASO DE LA IGLESIA DE SAN FRANCISCO DE ASIS, MORÓN DE LA FRONTERA / Measurement and hygrothermal simulation model, a tool to enhance thermal comfort, preservation and saving energy of heritage site. Case study: the

church of San Francisco of Asís in Morón de la Frontera ... 210

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TERESE3: HERRAMIENTA INFORMÁTICA PARA LA EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA MEDIANTE LA SIMULACIÓN CALIBRADA DE EDIFICIOS / TERESE3_{: informatic tool for the energetic}

efficiency through the calibrated simulation of buildings ... 226

-GRANADA, E.; EGUÍA, P.; MARTÍNEZ, R.; NÚÑEZ, J.; RODRÍGUEZ, M.

EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA Y ANÁLISIS TÉRMICO PARA SISTEMAS DE AIRE

CENTRALIZADO: UN CASO DE ESTUDIO / Energy Efficiency and thermal analysis for

centralized air heating systems: a case study ... 238

-MARTÍNEZ-GARRIDO, M. I.; GOMEZ-HERAS, M.; FORT, R.; VARAS-MURIEL, M. J.

ANALISIS ENERGETICO DEL MUSEO DE HISTORIA DE VALENCIA MEDIANTE DISTINTAS HERRAMIENTAS DE SIMULACIÓN / Energy assessment of the History Museum of

Valencia using various simulation tools ... 249

-TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.

APROVECHAMIENTO SOLAR PASIVO EN LA RETÍCULA URBANA DE LA CIUDAD HISTÓRICA. EL CASO DE CÁDIZ / Passive solar gains in the urban grid of the historic

city. The case study of Cadiz ... 257

-SÁNCHEZ-MONTAÑÉS, B.; RUBIO-BELLIDO, C.; PULIDO-ARCAS, J. A.

TECHNICAL SYSTEM HISTORY AND HERITAGE: A CASE STUDY OF A THERMAL POWER

STATION IN ITALY ... 275

-PRETELLI, M.; FABBRI, K.

ANALISIS ENERGÉTICO Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE UNA CASA EN REQUENA MEDIANTE PROGRAMAS DE SIMULACIÓN / Energy analysis and improvement

proposal of a house in Requena (Spain) using simulation software ... 281

-TORT-AUSINA, I.; VIVANCOS, J.L.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; MENDOZA, C. M.

UNA REVISIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES EN EDIFICIOS DESDE EL ASPECTO ENERGÉTICO / A

review of papers in buildings from the energetic perspective ... 292

-TORT-AUSINA, I.; MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, A.; VIVANCOS, J.L.

MORTEROS MIXTOS DE CAL Y CEMENTO CON CARACTERÍSTICAS TÉRMICAS Y ACÚSTICAS MEJORADAS PARA REHABILITACIÓN / Lime-cement mixture with

improved thermal and acoustic characteristics for rehabilitation ... 303

-PALOMAR, I.; BARLUENGA, G.; PUENTES, J.

NEAR ZERO ENERGY HISTORIC BUILDING. TOOLS AND CRITERIA FOR ECOCOMPATIBLE

AND ECOEFFICIENT CONSERVATION ... 318

-BAIANI, S.

INTEGRANDO RENOVABLES EN LA CIUDAD HEREDADA: GEOTERMIA URBANA /

Integrating renewable in the inherited city: urban geothermal ... 329

-SACRISTÁN DE MIGUEL, M. J.

ANÁLISIS Y PROPUESTAS DE MEJORA DE LA EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA DE UN EDIFICIO HISTÓRICO DE CARTAGENA: ANTIGUO PALACIO DEL MARQUÉS DE CASA-TILLY / Analysis and proposals for improving the energy efficiency of a historical building in

Cartagena: the former Palace of the Marquis of CasaTilly ... 344

-COLLADO ESPEJO, P. E.; MAESTRE DE SAN JUAN ESCOLAR, C.

REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS DE VIVIENDAS BAJO EL PLAN ESPECIAL DE PROTECCIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO URBANÍSTICO CONSTRUIDO EN DONOSTIA-SAN SEBASTIÁN / Building energy retrofit of dwellings under the special plan of urban

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IS TEMPERIERUNG ENERGY EFFICIENT? THE APPLICATION OF AN OLD-NEW HEATING

SYSTEM TO HERITAGE BUILDINGS ... 366

-DEL CURTO, D.; LUCIANI, A.; MANFREDI, C.; VALISI, L.

TERMOGRAFÍA INFRARROJA Y EDIFICIOS HISTÓRICOS ... 380

-MELGOSA, S.

SIMULATION MODEL CALIBRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF REAL USE HISTORIC

BUILDINGS ... 388

-ENRÍQUEZ, R.; JIMÉNEZ, M.J.; HERAS, M.R.

THE THERMOPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN THE

HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCES IN PALERMO ... 397

-GENOVA, E.; FATTA, G.

ENERGY EVALUATION OF THE HVAC SYSTEM BASED ON SOLAR ENERGY AND

BIOMASS OF THE CEDER RENOVATED BUILDING ... 407

-DÍAZ ANGULO, J. A.; FERRER, J. A.; HERAS, M. H.

Legal and technical regulation and historic buildings ... 419

-OLD BUILDING, NEW BOILERS: THE FUTURE OF HERITAGE IN AN ERA OF ENERGY

EFFICIENCY ... 420

-JANS, E.; ICOMOS, M.; KOPIEVSKY, S.; AIRHA, M.

HISTORIC WINDOWS: CONSERVATION OR REPLACEMENT. WHAT'S THE MOST

SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTION? LEGISLATIVE SITUATION, CASE STUDIES AND CURRENT

RESEARCHES ... 432

-PRACCHI, V.; RAT, N.; VERZEROLI, A.

ENERGY RETROFIT OF A HISTORIC BUILDING IN A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE: AN

INTEGRATED COST OPTIMALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT... 450

-TADEU, S.; RODRIGUES, C.; -TADEU, A.; FREIRE, F.; SIMÕES, N.

PARQUE EDIFICADO O PATRIMONIO EDIFICADO: LA PROTECCIÓN FRENTE A LA INTERVENCIÓN ENERGÉTICA. EL CASO DEL BARRIO DE GROS DE SAN SEBASTIÁN / Built Park or Built Heritage: Protection against energy intervention. The case of Gros

district of San Sebastian ... 464

-URANGA, E. J.; ETXEPARE, L.

SIMULTANEOUS HERITAGE COMFORT INDEX (SHCI): QUICK SCAN AIMED AT THE SIMULTANEOUS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT EVALUATION FOR PEOPLE AND ARTWORKS IN HERITAGE BUILDINGS ... 478

-LITTI, G.; FABBRI, K.; AUDENAERT, A.; BRAET, J.

PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA POSIBLE CERTIFICACIÓN ENERGÉTICA CON CE3_{X DEL}

PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTÓNICO: EL CASO DEL ALMUDÍN DE VALENCIA / Difficulties found in the possible energy certification of heritage by using the CE3X software: the

case of El Almudín of Valencia ... 495

-CUARTERO-CASAS, E.; TORT-AUSINA, I.; MONFORT-I-SIGNES, J.; OLIVER-FAUBEL, E. I.

PROTOCOL FOR CHARACTERIZING AND OPTIMIZING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN

PUBLIC BUILDINGS: CASE STUDY OF POZUELO DE ALARCÓN MUNICIPALITY ... 506

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Promotion, training, education ... 513

-THE WORK OF -THE SUSTAINABLE TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS ALLIANCE AND AN

INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDANCE WHEEL FOR RETROFIT ... 514

-MAY, N.; RYE, C.; GRIFFITHS, N.

TRAINING OF EXPERTS FOR ENERGY RETROFIT AT THE FRAUNHOFER CENTRE FOR THE ENERGY-SAVING RENOVATION OF OLD BUILDINGS AND THE PRESERVATION OF

MONUMENTS AT BENEDIKTBEUERN ... 528

-KILIAN, R.; KRUS, M.

SPECIALIZED ENERGY CONSULTANTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE ... 535

-DE BOUW, M.; DUBOIS, S.; HERINCKX, S.; VANHELLEMONT, Y.

RENERPATH: METODOLOGÍA DE REHABILITACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE EDIFICIOS PATRIMONIALES / RENERPATH: Methodology for Energy Rehabilitation of Heritage

Buildings ... 543

-PERÁN, J. R. ; MARTÍN LERONES, P.; BUJEDO, L. A.; OLMEDO, D.; SAMANIEGO, J.; GAUBO, F.; FRECHOSO, F.; ZALAMA, E.; GÓMEZ-GARCÍA BERMEJO, J.; MARTÍN, D.; FRANCISCO, V.; CUNHA, F.; BAIO, A.; XAVIER, G.; DOMÍNGUEZ, P.; GETINO, R.; SÁNCHEZ, J. C.; PASTOR, E.

LEVANTAMIENTOS ARQUITECTÓNICOS EN EL MEDIO RURAL / Architectural surveys in

rural areas ... 553

-HIDALGO, J.M.; MILLÁN, J. A.; MARTÍN, A.; IRIBAR, E.; FLORES, I.; ZUBILLAGA, I.

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PRETELLI, M.; FABBRI, K.

PRETELLI, M.: Associate Professor Department of Architecture, University of Bologna. Bologna - Italy. marco.pretelli@unibo.it

FABBRI, K.: Adjunct Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Bologna. Bologna - Italy. kristian.fabbri@unibo.it

ABSTRACT

Among the less explored aspects of the history of the buildings, with a few honourable exceptions in Anglo-Saxon literature, is the history of technical systems (heating, wiring, lift, artificial lighting, etc.). Yet technical installations are one of the most important aspects of differentiation of traditional architecture from the modern age, along with the introduction of concrete, steel, glass and other products of industrialisation. Technical systems also present a diversification in the manner of use of the building, even old ones, which are equipped with facilities. Finally, the types of systems, because of their transience and the absence of specific historical culture, risk falling into oblivion, on the basis of trends imposed by external factors (energy efficiency or the availability of cheap energy, for example). Therefore, we have taken into consideration a thermal power station built in the 1930s in a rationalist building in Forlì (Italy), with the intention of studying and preserving the approach.

Key words: Historic technical system, historic HVAC, Thermal Power Station,

1. INTRODUCTION

Energy efficiency and sustainability in Heritage Buildings (HB) are closely related to the history of buildings.

On one hand, in terms of heritage, the buildings' technical literature and professional practices adopted, naturally, words and concepts from the history of architecture since the XIX century – wall, soil, floor, structure, windows, etc.; but on the other hand, this does not appear in the case of:

i. the study of Historic Indoor Microclimate (HIM), defined as the non-material part of a building, or, in other words, the “Environmental Building” (EB). The EB includes all the

set-point conditions that throughout guaranteed, and continue to guarantee, indoor comfort (thermal, light, acoustic, air, visual, etc.) of user habits;

ii. a study of technical systems - hydraulic, wiring, HVAC, etc. – whose main role is to guarantee and to satisfy the above indoor comfort set-points.

In this article we would like to pay particular attention to the second point. Based on the above points of view, the history of architecture can be divided in two ages:

a) the pre-Industrial Revolution age, in the case of buildings built before the XVIII century,

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- 276 - b) the post-Industrial Revolution age, for buildings built or refurbished from the XIX century

to today, when technical systems played a main role in guaranteeing EB and indoor comfort, therefore the building envelope did not have a main role.

The energy efficiency in HB now depends on both: the envelope and the technical systems: the old and new technical systems.

Attention to built Heritage - e.g. Viollet Le Duc, Ruskin, Morris, etc. - started not far after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution; yet in spite of this (maybe exactly for this reason, at least in the Ruskin vision of the matter…), Heritage protection hardly considers technical systems as a part of a building's history (and architecture), except in Anglo-Saxon research. Therefore, Heritage Building research relegates technical systems to the background, paying less attention to technical systems in spite of the retrofit of walls, floors, roofs, plasters, vaults, etc.

2. THE STUDY OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

Having proven that research into historical technical systems contributes to its preservation and to the use and energy efficiency of Heritage Buildings, the question is: how to study technical systems?

The study of the technical system framework presents four items:

a) historical items, the historical literature on technical systems could be useful in order to

find out if existing systems have an historic relevance for specific building history and/or History of technology;

b) technical systems surveying, in terms of both building surveys in order to know their network system (e.g. air-conducts, pipelines, etc.), front-end emission (e.g. radiator, light, fan-coil, etc.) or generator (e.g. boiler, alternator, etc.), and also to discover the graphic design of these combined with heritage retrofit surveys;

c) effectiveness of operation of historic technical plant, that depends on a specific technical plant, in spite of a wide variety of technical systems. They could refer to each technical sub-system - generations, distributions or network, front-end emissions – and correlated end-users devices, these could be produced by several factories, in several periods and with countless kinds of technical design;

d) the heritage preservation of technical system as documents, and/or technical system integration in order to guarantee modern-day comfort set-point conditions.

In this brief paper we cannot split up and study each of the above four points in detail [1], but we would like to report a case study about an historical technical system, that unwittingly became a monument of itself, without the above methodological/conceptual frameworks.

The case study is a "leftover" of history, it survived the “rush of innovation” of architects or designers in the case of building retrofit. With technical systems, the first approach is always to remove them as architects deem them inefficient a priori - they are substituted without any attempt to save or improve them.

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3. THE CASE STUDY: THERMAL POWER STATION

In order to support the aforementioned theoretical point of view, we will describe a case study on an Historical Technical System: the Thermal Power Station of ITIS Guglielmo Marconi (Secondary Technical School) located in Forlì in the center-north of Italy. The Thermal power station was built in 1938 and is the same age of building.

The ITIS Building is an Education Building included in the ATRIUM catalogue. ATRIUM is acronym of Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the XX century in Urban Management [2], and an International Project with the objective of better understanding and promoting objects of heritage related to the totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century.

As reported in the ATRIUM catalogue: the technical institute was expressly commissioned by Benito Mussolini in order to give the city of Forlì a new educational centre whose importance would extend beyond the local territory; it was designed to serve a basin of about 1,000 students providing a place where they could study and work in fully-equipped workshops, based on a new model of theoretical-practical learning.

The city of Forlì, very close to Predappio, the hometown of Benito Mussolini, was the subject of several transformations and new buildings during Italy's fascist regime period.

The building, which houses the Thermal Power Station, was built in 1938, and is an example of rationalism architecture in Italy during Mussolini's dictatorship.

The building was originally destined as a Technical School, a secondary grade institute to train manual workers, and it has retained the very same purpose over the years, with some extension work carried out after the Second World War, such as a new gymnasium and some refurbishment (plaster, paint, lighting).

The main part of the building - the classrooms, hall, auditorium, workshops and personal offices are original, their space and material have not been modified; that confirms a good design of building in order to hold several generations of students and craftsmen.

On the contrary, all the technical systems have been replaced, especially the heating, the domestic hot water and the wiring systems. After WWII the Thermal Heating Station had been replaced by a new central heating system, and with citizen electric grid.

Therefore, the Thermal Heating Station is in a new building, in the courtyard of ITIS, and ironically, this thermal heating station will be replaced by a new District Heating system of Forlì.

The Historic Thermal Power Station - a museum in itself – is a small Rankine Cycle, with a boiler with a horizontal Babcock-&-Wilcox water-duct, produced by Officine Breda Elettromeccanica e Locomotive spa, an industry with a major role in the Italian industrial history during the XIX and XX centuries.

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- 278 - The duct leaves the boiler and brings the high temperature vapour to a turbine, in order to

convert energy to electricity with an alternator. There is a turbine under the condenser to complete the Rankine Cycle.

Image 1: Boiler with horizontal Babcock-&-Wilcox water-duct

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- 279 - Image 3: Turbine (left) and Alternator (right)

Image 4: Condenser (under turbine)

During the 60s, with the extension of the national electric grid and natural gas pipeline, this Thermal Power Station fell into disuse.

This little piece of Industrial Archeology is fascinating, for these reasons:

- it is a document of a Rankine Cycle and Babcock-&-Wilcox technologies in Italy. Furthermore,

it is unusual to adopt a Thermal Power Station in order to heat and provide energy to a school and neighbourhood;

- the educational role for Technical Institute students, they in turn would perhaps have been able to construct or to manage similar power stations;

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- 280 - Image 5: Electric Control Panel to submit energy to city electric grid

We wonder if the same care would have been given to Thermal Power Station conservation if it were in another building, e.g. not in a technical institute such as ITIS G. Marconi; and we ask to ourselves how many of the not many Thermal Power Stations of this type are still surviving in our Country (and not only): probably, this is the last one… (give us informations, if you have).

4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, as described in paragraph 2, the Thermal Power Station could not be used today. In spite of this, its presence in the building documents the age of the building and is a testimony to the age of the city of Forlì, because it was a part of the energy management history of city and neighbourhood.

Ironically the same building houses a sub-station of the Forlì District Heating system that shows the main role of the place in the city's energy management.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge Gabriele Mengozzi and Maicol Bartolini for their support during the research, and ITIS G.Marconi of Forlì. This research has not received any financial support.

5. REFERENCES

[1]. We already did it, in truth; or, at least, we tried to do; see M. Pretelli, A. Ugolini , K. Fabbri, Historic plants as monuments” preserving, rethinking and re-using historic plants, Journal of Cultural Heritage 14S (2013) S38–S43; M. Pretelli, K. Fabbri, Conservazione degli impianti storici in D. Concas (ed.), Innovazione tecnologica e restauro. L’inserimento del moderno nell’antico (in press).

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