UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA
ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION MENCION INGLES
MODALIDAD ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA
A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS
Research done in order to achieve the Bachelor´s Degree in Teaching English as a Foreign Language
AUTHOR:
PARRALES VALDEZ CARLOS ERNESTO
DIRECTOR:
MGS. PAOLA CABRERA
SAN RAFAEL - ECUADOR
CERTIFICATION
MGS. PAOLA CABRERA
CERTIFIES THAT:
This research work has been thoroughly revised by the graduation committee. Therefore, authorizes the presentation of this thesis, which complies with all the norms and internal requirements of the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja.
Loja, September 15TH, 2010
___________________________ MGS. PAOLA CABRERA
CONTRATO DE CESION DE DERECHOS DE TESIS DE GRADO
“Yo, CARLOS ERNESTO PARRALES VALDEZ declaro ser autor del presente trabajo y eximo expresamente a la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja y a sus representantes legales de posibles reclamos o acciones legales.
Adicionalmente declaro conocer y aceptar la disposición del Art. 67 del Estatuto Orgánico de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja que en su parte pertinente textualmente dice: “formar parte del patrimonio de la Universidad la propiedad intelectual de investigaciones, trabajos científicos o técnicos y tesis de grado que se realicen a través, o que el apoyo financiero, académico o institucional (operativo) de la Universidad”.
Sr. CARLOS ERNESTO PARRALES V.
AUTHORSHIP
The thoughts, ideas, opinions and the information obtained through this research are the only responsibility of the author.
Date: September 15TH, 2010
___________________________ Sr. CARLOS E. PARRALES
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate the
following thesis to my father (+)
and my mother, for all the support
they gave me when I was younger
and I couldn´t take any advantage
I will never forget the push
that my two teen girls and
my wife gave me to finish
this important research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
PRELIMINARY PAGES
ABSTRACT………. 1
INTRODUCTION……….. ……… 2
METHODOLOGY………. 6
RESULTS………... ……… 9
CHARTS………. ……… 10
DISCUSSION……….……… 22
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND…….. 22
LANGUAGE……… 23
LINGUISTICS……… ……… 25
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS……… 26
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCEDURES.. 30
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS…. ……… 31
LANGUAGE CHANGE………. 32
LANGUAGE VICE………. 33
NEOLOGISMS……….. ……… 36
BARBARISMS:ANGLICISMS………… 36
FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE 37 NEWSPAPER AND TABLOID………… 41
DESC RIPTION AND ANALYSIS RESULT 44
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS……….. 45
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS……… 69
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS……….. 72
CONCLUSIONS……… ……… 75
BIBLIOGRAPHY……… 77
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ABSTRACT
The title of this research is “A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS”; it was done in the Republic of Ecuador. It was done, taking into consideration the variation in language usage in newspapers, and some expressions that contain anglicisms. There are also social factors taken from foreign languages that influence the Spanish. The city of Quito was the place selected for this research, where we could find a great number of people who like to read newspapers specially tabloids which are very popular, not expensive and very easy to read and understand. It was used the qualitative and quantitative methods, in which the most common anglicisms where collected and counted in order to identify which are the most used by the population and match them with the obtained results.
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INTRODUCTION
At the beginning of this research, I would like to introduce the use of anglicisms in the Spanish written language in our country as a topic that is worth being investigated since it will provide us information about the way English is influencing our native language in terms of anglicisms. The most important motivation for having this research and all the investigation that was carried out, was to obtain clear information about the different ways people talk and write in everyday life and also to carry out a descriptive, linguistic and social analysis of written language in national, local and tabloid Ecuadorian newspapers where we will focus on the lexical terms regarded as anglicisms and in the form they are used in newspapers.
It is also necessary to center this research from a descriptive point of view which will allow us to get linguistic and social data in order to identify and analyze the anglicisms currently used in newspapers.
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selected information and this is one of the reasons people don´t find it as an interesting topic to study.
This would be a great opportunity to give some personal ideas, and to put in consideration different ways of thinking about this great topic. There are people around the world who have done researches and investigations about anglicisms, but not only about them but also about other phenomenon in expressions as spanglish; for instance, in our country this topic has not been studied or put into a lot of consideration. One of the reasons for not giving all the attention to this could be that it is not so important to investigate, or another reason might be, how people use anglicisms and they might sometimes use them without knowing that they are using words which don´t belong to their own language.
In order to know about anglicisms and investigate how people have adapted their expressions and ways of talking, it would be a great advantage to understand the development of languages, in special our own language and because of the evolution of languages that come from many years in the past will allow us to know and analyze what will happen in the future with our own ways of speaking and the dynamic evolution of it.
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The first objective was to determine the level of influence of the English language on the linguistic expressions used in Ecuadorian newspapers.
In this research it was found that there is a great number of anglicisms that are commonly used into our language and take part of our natural way of talking, it means that the level of influence of other languages specially English, are high and people can find these expressions around their own environment and on information technologies.
Another objective was to identify syntactic and lexical anglicisms more commonly used in newspaper material in Ecuador.
People think that anglicisms are a way of improving their use of polite or informal expressions. This is the principal reason why people write or read anglicisms without taking care if they have mistakes or errors on their expressions. Therefore, it wasn’t difficult to obtain information to reach this important objective.
Another objective was to determine the written sections of Ecuadorian newspapers in which anglicisms are mostly used.
Most of the newspapers that are printed in Ecuador contain anglicisms but with this research it was established that the most popular are the ones that use anglicisms.
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newspapers or any written material and the reason how they got them and how they use them.
- 6 -
METHODOLOGY
At the beginning of this investigation, some national, local and tabloid newspapers were collected for seven days; then, the different newspapers were divided, taking into consideration the following sub-variables: news, ads, reports, social pages, and sports; the acquired information was very huge, but the most important was to know that anglicisms exist and the idea was to identify which ones were the most used by Ecuadorians. Therefore, it was very simple to identify which anglicisms were the most used by people, because this information was collected in quantitative charts, which show the most frequently used anglicisms.
The investigation was held in Quito in a local region, where the participants have a medium social status and medium-high level of knowledge and the level of language used in the newspapers comes from informal to formal expressions.
The applied methodology represents a description and analysis on the field of investigation and also a statistical analysis from the results. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used and some techniques such as a survey, questionnaires, these were asked to people who like reading newspapers and magazines and the material used for the investigation as national, local and tabloid newspapers which were divided into sub-variables.
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results; an important tool I used was a laptop in which I got into the Internet and I could find essential information in order to identify anglicisms properly. Some dictionaries were used, one of them was the “LONGMAN Active Study Dictionary”, which used some multimedia information to get clear meanings. Other resources as THE MERRIAM-WEBSTER dictionary and THE ROYAL ACADEMY SPANISH LANGUAGE dictionary were used to identify topics as the background to find anglicisms and their development. This research was possible due to the support provided and the interest shown by the university regarding the present program. Then, it was very important for me to work on this investigation to reach a better knowledge into this language field and therefore, later in the future I would spread the acquired knowledge to students from schools or universities and be able to answer all of their questions.
The information obtained was written in different charts, in which there were taken into consideration the anglicisms found in each newspaper as well as the number of times that a word was repeated, the title of the article, and the date.
- 8 -
- 9 -
RESULTS
The results of this research work were gathered from three different newspapers published in Ecuador; “El Comercio”, “La Hora” and “El Extra”. Also, I would like to consider that the information was taken during the second week of December.
There are nineteen charts contained in this research: fifteen charts for the qualitative section, three charts for the quantitative section and one chart for the most frequent anglicisms.
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CHARTS
QUALITATIVE TABLE CHART: ONE
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: NEWS
CHART: TWO
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: ADS
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
DVD … Wikipedia será compilada en DVD para repartir a las escuelas argentinas…
3 WIKIPEDIA LLEGARÁ EN DVD A ESCUELAS ARGENTINAS SIN INTERNET
12-12-09
SUBWAY En realidad no hay otra palabra que cobije mejor al ‘subway’ (metro) de Nueva York, Estados Unidos.
4 EL ‘SUBWAY’ DE NY ESTÁ
ACHACOSO PERO ÚTIL 13-12-09
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
UP GRADE Reciben un up grade a habitación vista al mar
1 3x2 EN ESTA NAVIDAD BARCELÓ TE REGALA EN ESTA NAVIDAD
07-12-09
SUITE BATAN, suite
amoblada, $335. 1 BIENES RAICES 08-12-09 CHIP IMPORTADOR
celulares doble chip televisión,
1 COMUNICACIÓN, IMAGEN
Y SONIDO 11-12-09
WATTS GENERADORES eléctricos nuevos gasolina 1.200 watts,…
3 REPARACIONES Y
MANTENIMIENTO 12-12-09
OVERLOKS CONFECCIONISTAS vendo overloks rectas recubridora
elasticadora tiradora 099686533
1 REPARACIONES Y MANTENIMIENTO
- 11 - CHART: THREE
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: SOCIAL PAGES
CHART: FOUR
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: REPORTS
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
FILMES ..supervisor musical de filmes como “Titanic”…
1 CURTIS HANSON SE PRESENTO EN EL
FESTIVAL DE LA HABANA
07-12-09
FILME El filme es una realización propuesta para público joven…
2 EL PUBLICO VIO JUVENTUD, SEXO Y DROGAS EN “MENTIRAS Y GORDAS”
08-12-09
FILME También calificó el filme como apreciable debido al contenido…
2 UN DOCUMENTAL DE LA VIDA DE FITO PAEZ SE MOSTRO EN LA HABANA
10-12-09
FANS … y los fans deben mantener el equilibrio…
1 NUEVO ÁLBUM DE ALICIA KEYS EN INTERNET
11-12-09
MISS La gibraltareña Kaiane Aldorino se convirtió hoy en la nueva Miss Mundo 2009,
2 NUEVA MISS MUNDO ES DE GIBRALTAR Y
MEXICANA OCUPÓ EL SEGUNDO LUGAR
12-12-09
MISS La modelo fue coronada ayer Miss Mundo 2009,…
2 KAIANE ALDORINO ES LA PRIMERA MISS MUNDO NACIDA EN GIBRALTAR
13-12-09
SOFTWARE … Wikipedia tiene un jefe de tecnología, desarrolladores de ‘software’,…
1 WIKIPEDIA PIERDE
COLABORADORES 13-12-09
ANGLICI EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
KIT Con la ayuda de un kit, el médico pudo realizar el exámen…
1 LOS BANCOS DE CELULAS MADRE SON UNA
INVERSION SEGURA A FUTURO
07-12-09
REALITY …los participantes se encontraban listos para el reality en Ecuavisa.
2 “HOY, MI MUSICA CRISTIANA ES MI
MINISTERIO, NO LO HAGO POR FAMA”
10-12-09
FACEBOOK …a los sitios virtuales más populares, como Facebook, Hi5 y otros.
1 2 JÓVENES CREARON UNA RED SOCIAL
11-12-09
CHAT. ,…gracias a su imaginación crearon un servicio de chat.
1 2 JÓVENES CREARON
UNA RED SOCIAL 11-12-09
SOFTWARE …un proceso de utilización de software libre y
educación,…
2 2 JÓVENES CREARON UNA RED SOCIAL
11-12-09
WEB … está dispuesto a colocar publicidad en este sitio web.
1 WIKIPEDIA PIERDE
- 12 - CHART: FIVE
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO) SUBVARIABLE: SPORTS
CHART: SIX
VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: NEWS
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
GOL El gol fue de Joao Rojas,…
1 LIGA SIN CUPO PARA LA LIBERTADORES
08-12-09
CLUB …para que el club salga
adelante,… 3 EL TECNICO PINTO CONOCIO A SUS PUPILOS AYER
10-12-09
CLUB ...el club estuvo en quiebra durante el primer semestre del año.
2 LA ADVERSIDAD FORTALECIÓ AL DEP. QUITO
11-12-09
CLUB … una de las filiales del club argentino River Plate.
1 EL FILIAL DE RIVER SUBIÓ EN DOS AÑOS
12-12-09
CLUB El club cementero constató el poder ofensivo de su adversario…
2 WALTER AYOVÍ BUSCA HOY SU PRIMER TÍTULO CON EL MONTERREY
13-12-09
GOL En los cinco juegos de esta liguilla final han marcado, al menos, un gol.
2 WALTER AYOVÍ BUSCA HOY SU PRIMER TÍTULO CON EL MONTERREY
13-12-09
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
CLUB ..ocurrió la noche del viernes en un club nocturno…
7 INCENDIO MORTAL EN CLUB NOCTURNO DE RUSIA
06-12-09
STAND BY Ley de Comunicación en “Stand by”
1 LEY DE COMUNICACIÓN EN “STAND BY”
10-12-09
CELULAR …recibió un llamada a su celular para que prestara sus servicios…
1 ESTRANGULADO EN EL CINTO
- 13 - CHART: SEVEN
VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: ADS
CHART: EIGHT
VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: SOCIAL PAGES
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
CLOSETS ..5 pisos, 28 hab. con baño y closets…
1 OPORTUNIDAD 05-12-09
CLOSETS ..5 pisos, 28 hab. con
baño y closets… 1 OPORTUNIDAD 06-12-09 ONLINE Reserva online en Hilton
con tarifa exclusiva 1 HOTELES HILTON EN QUITO 07-12-09 FIRST CLASS …acompañantes first
class, exclusivo servicio de modelos…
1 SERVICIOS Y ENLACES 09-12-09
FIRST CLASS …acompañantes first class, exclusivo servicio de modelos…
1 SERVICIOS Y ENLACES 10-12-09
TOP MODEL Top Model Dayana ofrece sus servicios…
1 SERVICIOS Y ENLACES 12-12-09
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
SHOWS ..debió cancelar varios shows que tenían planificado…
1 GERARDO MORAN
SUFRE ACCIDENTE 05-12-09
POP …si quería ser una superestrella sexy del pop tenía que vender más discos…
1 LADY GAGA. OBLIGADA A SER SEXY
06-12-09
REMAKE …los productores que planean el remake de “Viaje alucinante…
1 CAMERON PREPARARIA UN REMAKE
07-12-09
LOOK …estilista de la peluquería “Tu look”.
2 EL CABELLO A LA MODA EN ELLOS
09-12-09
GEL …utilizando mucho gel para lograr una imagen prolija…
1 EL CABELLO A LA MODA EN ELLOS
09-12-09
SEX
SYMBOL …calificado como el hombre sex symbol del planeta …
1 SERA PANCHO VILLA 10-12-09
HORROR “Mirar el cuerpo dormido causa horror/allí la cabeza desprevenida…
1 EN BUSQUEDA DE LA
- 14 - CHART: NINE
VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: REPORTS
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE
DATE
SHOW ..El show artístico y
científico… 1 ROBOTS ENSEÑAN EL VALOR DE LAS CIENCIAS
05-12-09
ROBOTS …divertidos robots son la sensación…
7 ROBOTS ENSEÑAN EL VALOR DE LAS
CIENCIAS
05-12-09
CHIP … Doctor chip fue el encargado de hacer lúdica…
3 ROBOTS ENSEÑAN EL VALOR DE LAS
CIENCIAS
05-12-09
SOFÁ …con camas de dos
plazas y sofá cama… 1 “DECA MERON” PALACIEGA MAJESTUOSIDAD
06-12-09
SHOW …sitio especial que brindará shows artísticos todos los días…
2 “DECA MERON” PALACIEGA MAJESTUOSIDAD
06-12-09
MENU …pino y musgo son parte del menú principal…
1 NAVIDAD AMIGABLE CON EL AMBIENTE
09-12-09
BOUTIQUES Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween.
1 EN DEFENSA DEL IDIOMA - MARCO CHIRIBOGA VILLAQUIRAN
10-12-09
STORES Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween.
1 EN DEFENSA DEL IDIOMA - MARCO CHIRIBOGA VILLAQUIRAN
10-12-09
SHOPPING
CENTERS Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween.
1 EN DEFENSA DEL IDIOMA - MARCO CHIRIBOGA VILLAQUIRAN
10-12-09
BIG
DISCOUNTS
Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens, sales, a
1 EN DEFENSA DEL IDIOMA - MARCO CHIRIBOGA VILLAQUIRAN
- 15 - diestra y siniestra y
debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween.
DELICATESENS Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween.
1 EN DEFENSA DEL IDIOMA - MARCO CHIRIBOGA VILLAQUIRAN
10-12-09
HALLOWEEN Nos hemos llenado de boutiques, stores, shopping centers, parkings, big discounts, delicatesens, sales, a diestra y siniestra y debemos irnos preparando para el Halloween.
1 EN DEFENSA DEL IDIOMA - MARCO CHIRIBOGA VILLAQUIRAN
10-12-09
CHART: TEN
VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA) SUBVARIABLE: SPORTS
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
GOL .. era la falta de gol , a que se debía…
1 DIMOS MUCHAS VENTAJAS
05-12-09
SET …en el 5-4 del segundo
set, no tuvo respuesta… 2 BUSTAMANTE CAMPEONA 06-12-09 CLUB … llegó a un acuerdo
con la dirigencia del Club Sport Emelec,…
1 FLEITAS NO VA MAS EN
EMELEC 07-12-09
RÉCORD …un récord para asistir al Gran Premio
Británico…
2 SILVERSTONE ROMPE RECORD EN VENTAS
09-12-09
COUNTRY
CLUB …en las canchas de Liga Country Club de Quito. 1 SE VIENE EL “FUTURO FEMENINO” 10-12-09 SINGLES …los cuadros
principales de singles y dobles.
3 SE VIENE EL “FUTURO FEMENINO”
10-12-09
CLUB …para vincularse a un
- 16 - CHART: ELEVEN
VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: NEWS
CHART: TWELVE
VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: ADS
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
DVD …,13 carcasas, cables, Dvd, 126 pantallas de radios de diferentes modelos y marcas,…
1 CACHINERIAS FUERON DESBARATADAS
08-12-09
MOTEL … serían atrapadas por el hermano de la recepcionista y el propietario de un almacén adjunto al motel.
4 ¡GOLPIZA A
COLOMBIANAS QUE ROBARON MERCADERIA!
09-12-09
CELULAR … mientras filmaba el acto con la cámara de su celular".
2 ¡JORGE TOLEDO ACUSADO DE VIOLACION!
11-12-09
NIGHT CLUB … acribilló en el night club Imperio a los policías nacionales Juan Carlos Gómez Jaramillo y César Augusto Vistín Estrella.
1 ¡POLICIA ACRIBILLADO CUANDO IBA A
REUNIRSE CON AMIGAS!
13-12-09
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
LAPTOP Comercio al por mayor Restaurado Laptop Online Store,…
2 COMPUTADORAS 08-12-09
USB … archivos privados en el USB con tan sólo oprimirlo.
2 EL USB QUE RESPALDA
ARCHIVOS PRIVADOS 09-12-09
BACKUP … el Ultra Backup, un dispositivo capaz de hacer una copia de respaldo de archivos…
2 EL USB QUE RESPALDA ARCHIVOS PRIVADOS
09-12-09
SPLIT INSTALACIÓN Eléctrica, split, aire
acondicionado.
1 SERVICIOS 10-12-09
DISCJOCKEY CURSOS discjockey, locución.
1 CAPACITACION 11-12-09
FULL FIAT Premio 97 nuevo full equipo $4.300 oportunidad.
1 AUTOMOVILES 12-12-09
SOFTWARE INSTALAMOS programas de Pc, canales de cable,
actualizamos software,…
1 INSTALACION Y MANTENIMIENTO
- 17 - CHART: THIRTEEN
VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: SOCIAL PAGES
CHART: FOURTEEN
VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: REPORTS
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE DATE
COVER “Yo te voy a amar", un cover cantado a su estilo que ya suena en las emisoras del país.
1 NEXO 4 CON BUENA
MUSICA 08-12-09
VIDEOCLIP En enero harán el lanzamiento oficial de su nuevo videoclip…
1 NEXO 4 CON BUENA
MUSICA 08-12-09
DIVAS … es un gusto que el público me haya elegido como una diva”.
2 ¡TODAS UNAS DIVAS! 09-12-09
ROCK … mejor conocido como "El abuelo del rock" o "Negro Acosta",…
3 “EL ABUELO DEL ROCK” REGRESA PARA
MOSTRAR QUIEN MANDA
10-12-09
FANS …aprovechará para ponerse al día con sus fans y con varios medios de comunicación.
1 ¡MIRELLA CESA
GANADORA DE LOS 40 PRINCIPALES!
11-12-09
RECORD … establecer un récord Guinness por la transmisión radial en vivo más larga del mundo.
2 ¡ECUADOR BUSCA ROMPER UN RECORD GUINESS!
12-12-09
SHOW … niños disfrutaron de la entrega de juguetes, el show de la vaca desordeñada de Toni,…
1 ¡REINA DE GUAYAQUIL AGASAJÓ A 500 NIÑOS!
13-12-09
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE
DATE
MARKETING Ellas reciben seminarios de marketing,
contabilidad, derecho y sobre todo del negocio que han emprendido.
1 ¡MUJERES COMUNERAS DE SANTA ELENA, MANTIENEN A SUS MARIDOS
11-12-09
MALL Mariela Viteri llegó a las instalaciones del Mall del Sur para firmar
autógrafos…
1 ¡MARIELA VITERI
- 18 - CHART: FIFTEEN
VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA) SUBVARIABLE: SPORTS
AUTHOR: CARLOS PARRALES
ANGLICISMS EXAMPLES NUMBER OF TIMES
TITLE OF THE ARTICLE
DATE
GOL … Emelec salió con otra consigna, Defender el gol a como dé lugar.
4 ¡TORMENTA
ELECTRICA! EMELEC DEJA SIN COPA A LIGA
08-12-09
GOL ..el gol ocurrió en el minuto 25…
1 EMELEC LE
“EMBARRO” LA CARA A LIGA
09-12-09
RÉCORD … es un verdadero récord, porque ni en primera B hay equipos que consiguieron eso.
1 ¡RIVER…LA TERCERA FUERZA DE GUAYAS!
10-12-09
SPORT Manta Sport, campeón invicto del torneo de la liga en Nueva York,…
2 MANTA SPORT, DE NEW YORK, PIENSA EN EL 2010
11-12-09
MADE IN Noboa recibe las primeras horas de calor “made in” Guayaquil…
1 ¡NOBOA SENTIA QUE
TODOS LO MIRABAN! 12-12-09
JEANS Todo esto lo ha cambiado por las camisetas, jeans y zapatos deportivos.
1 ¡NOBOA SENTIA QUE TODOS LO MIRABAN!
12-12-09
VIDEO GAMES
Jugar video games con mi hijo, descansar, …
1 “COCACHO” ¡UN MANABITA QUE NO PUEDE VIVIR SIN LA SAL PRIETA!
- 19 - QUANTITATIVE TABLE
CHART: SIXTEEN
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER (EL COMERCIO)
SECTION f %
NEWS 0 0
ADS 0 0
CLUB SOCIAL PAGES 0 0
SPORTS 8 100
REPORTS 0 0
TOTAL 8 100
CHART: SEVENTEEN
VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER (LA HORA)
SECTION f %
NEWS 7 77,8
ADS 0 0
CLUB SOCIAL PAGES 0 0
SPORTS 2 22,2
REPORTS 0 0
TOTAL 9 100
CHART: EIGHTEEN
VARIABLE: TABLOID (EL EXTRA)
SECTION f %
NEWS 0 0
ADS 0 0
GOL SOCIAL PAGES 0 0
SPORTS 5 100
REPORTS 0 0
TOTAL 5 100
- 20 -
THE MOST FREQUENT ANGLICISMS
CHART: NINETEEN
ANGLICISMS NUMBER OF TIMES A WORD IS REPEATED
%
CLUB 17 12.9
GOL 8 6.1
ROBOTS 7 5.3
FILME 5 3.8
SHOW 5 3.8
RECORD 5 3.8
SUBWAY 4 3
CHIP 4 3
MISS 4 3
SOFTWARE 4 3
MOTEL 4 3
WATTS 3 2.2
CELULAR 3 2.2
SINGLES 3 2.2
ROCK 3 2.2
FANS 2 1.5
REALITY 2 1.5
CLOSETS 2 1.5
LOOK 2 1.5
SET 2 1.5
LAPTOP 2 1.5
USB 2 1.5
BACKUP 2 1.5
DIVA 2 1.5
SPORT 2 1.5
UPGRADE 1 0.7
SUITE 1 0.7
OVERLOCKS 1 0.7
KIT 1 0.7
CHAT 1 0.7
WEB 1 0.7
STAND BY 1 0.7
ONLINE 1 0.7
FIRST CLASS 1 0.7
TOP MODEL 1 0.7
GEL 1 0.7
SOFA 1 0.7
MENU 1 0.7
BOUTIQUE 1 0.7
STORES 1 0.7
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BIG DISCOUNTS 1 0.7
DELICATESSEN 1 0.7
HALLOWEEN 1 0.7
COUNTRY CLUB 1 0.7
DVD 1 0.7
NIGHT CLUB 1 0.7
SPLIT 1 0.7
DISCJOKEY 1 0.7
FULL 1 0.7
COVER 1 0.7
VIDEOCLIP 1 0.7
MARKETING 1 0.7
MALL 1 0.7
MADE IN 1 0.7
JEANS 1 0.7
VIDEO GAMES 1 0.7
TOTAL: (57) 131 100
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DISCUSSION
In order to carry out this research, it was necessary to identify the scientific contents in an organized and sequential manner. This theoretical background contains important definitions about the human language; a section on linguistics and its definition which is connected to its branches of linguistics that also study the morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics and phonology of every anglicism; the morphological procedure which shows how new words are created; the historical linguistics with its historical and descriptive points of view; the language change and the language vice which shows how the language changes and uses different foreign expressions and how these are adopted into another language; Neologisms, Barbarisms with their definitions and their differences; the foreign language interference and how anglicisms interfere in a positive o negative way into the new language; definitions of newspapers and tabloid and the most important conclusions about this research. All the information contained in this research was necessary to identify properly which anglicisms are used in our mother tongue and the reason about their existence.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
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most of them have been taken from English as a Foreign Language and in many times they are used in our everyday life.
The first answer given by any English teacher would be “no way”. Everyone agrees that if you want to learn a language, they should practice in the target language rather than in their native one. We can establish a comparison when we say that if you want to learn how to drive, you should get in a car and practice it. You will never learn to drive a car efficiently by using your computer or riding a bike. If you receive English classes with a person who speaks Italian all the time, it is very likely that you will learn some phrases in Italian and you will still have some problems in communicating in English.
Therefore, anglicisms will turn into a handicap or an obstacle that students will have to learn to get over in order to become efficient English speakers.
Before developing this topic, there are certain things that have to be taken into account as well as several definitions that have to be outlined in order to have a complete idea of the framework where it takes place.
LANGUAGE
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natural way because many people consider it as a way to establish a simple dialogue with another person or with people in general. It is only related to ask questions and receive answers or viceversa.
Moreover Wikipedia explains that “the term language has different manifestations considered as branches, which can be written or spoken and others as systems of visual symbols”. Similarly, The Britannica Concise Encyclopedia holds on that “language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols which are used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other”.
Because of everything mentioned before, people need this important tool to communicate their different thoughts and ideas, but most of the languages around the world vary according to their preferences and they can adopt words according to their needs, most of the time the stronger language can predominant against the weak one.
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“anglicism” and affects most areas of public discourse, and is especially prevalent in the semantic domains of management and information technology.
LINGUISTICS
Linguistics is defined as the “scientific study of the language”, “Collins Essential English Dictionary2nd Edition” (2006), and as The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000). Moreover, Nurnberg (2003), says that “linguistics deals with the study of all aspects of human language regarding the way in which speakers use their language and what they must know in order to use it in a communicative manner”; explains clearly or tries to clarify the importance of linguistics in our everyday life.
Similarly, Richard Jack, “Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics”, Third Edition, Longman; explains that “the complementary fields of linguistics include the language based disciplines such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics”. On the other hand, there are people around the world, who don´t know how to speak clearly or in a formal manner, and because of it, expressions and slangs modify our own language.
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have continue relation and communication with partners from other countries. Thus, Gonzalez Martínez, Adolfo “ Anglicismos En El Léxico Disponible De La Provincia De Cádiz” (España), speaks about “extranjerismo”, and he considers it as “préstamo léxico” which is “la unidad léxica procedente del inglés que está adaptada formal y funcionalmente al español aunque haya entrado a nuestro idioma a través de otra lengua” “lexical unit that comes from English and it has been adopted in a functional and formal manner to Spanish, however, it has come to our language through another language”.
Also, Morales López (1999) calls the “extranjerismos” cited by Gonzalez as “PRESTAMOS CRUDOS”. In other words, Morales López (1999) says that “los anglicismos representan una escasa aportación dentro del léxico disponible”, “anglicisms represent a little contribution in the available lexical”.
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
As all human activities, linguistics cover a broad subject focusing on different aspects of the language as sounds, word formation, structures, meaning and the relation between language and social context. The main branches of linguistics are: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Phonology.
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sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation” (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2003). Some people often confuse phonology with phonetics. The difference is very clear. Phonetics has to do with the production of sounds and phonology studies how these sounds combine and have meaning. When we want to know how to pronounce a certain word, we look up these words in a dictionary. These dictionaries have the phonetic transcription of the word, which is a representation of each speech sound with a specific symbol. All these symbols make up the phonetic alphabet. For example the word “competency” is transcribed
as (k m p -t n-s ).
In my opinion, students should know how to interpret the phonetic symbols in order to be able to pronounce the words correctly. Most people do not like to speak because they are not sure whether or not they pronounce correctly. In English there are 11 vowel sounds while in Spanish there are only 5. This is why sometimes it is difficult to distinguish some words or to pronounce them correctly.
Morphology
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Dictionary of the English Language, 2003). Each language differs in the level of morphology complexity. English has many words with multiple morphemes. For example in the word unhappiness we can distinguish three morphemes: un – happy – ness.
There are two types of morphology: derivational morphology and inflectional morphology. The first one deals with the relationships of different words, and with the ways in which vocabulary items can be built; while the inflectional morphology has to do with the forms of words that take up depending on its grammatical functions in a sentence. This branch of the linguistics helps us understand how words are formed and eventually it will help us to make new words by using affixes and creating compound verbs and nouns.
Semantics
It is ¨the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning¨ (Collins Essential English Dictionary, 2006). This meaning understood taking into account some three important elements: the words, the objects denoted or signs, and the interpreter. In other words semantics studies the signs, symbols and structures that have meaning in words, phrases, and sentences.
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(Collins Essential English Dictionary, 2006). Most people confuse the terms homonym and homophone. They are surely totally different. Homophones are words with different meaning and spelling but same pronunciation as in flew (from fly) and flu (“influenza”). It is easy to deduce that homographs would be those words that have different meaning and pronunciation but same spelling as in wind (air movement or bend).
Pragmatics
It is defined as “a branch of linguistics that is concerned with the relationship of sentences to the environment in which they occur” (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2009); in other words pragmatics studies the relations between language and its users. Therefore this means it studies language use in communication. If we analyze it, we will agree that context plays an important role in this part. We can distinguish conversational and conventional implicatures. Conversational implicatures deal with what is implicated in a context; for example we may say that someone is always listening to romantic music to implicate that he/she is in love. Thus it is a non-literal meaning.
Syntax
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sentence have to be logical and meaningful. If we misplace the words in a sentence we may change its meaning. In fact; it is mandatory to follow the rules that govern the language.
Syntax and morphology are the two only aspects of linguistics that have to be taught to elementary school students. Their ability to understand abstract concepts is not totally developed yet. That is why we should use grammar as the mean to acquire a communicative competence level rather than as the main goal of the class.
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
Many new words are created every day by Spanish speakers, because Spanish is not always consistent on how it adopts foreign words. Most often, from what we've seen, it can adopt the English plurals when adopting English words. In “About.com Why so many English words on Spanish web sites” an article by Gerald Erichsen, the plural of módem (or modem) is modems, not módemes. Verbs are
usually put in Spanish form with the suffix of -ear. Thus the verb
form of click (sometimes spelled clic) is cliquear or clickear. Sometimes spelling changes, but not always. For example, both the terms
shampoo and “champú” are used in Spanish.
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perhaps with the first syllable sounding like the first syllable of "sofa"), but jeans can end up sounding more like "yeens," since the English "j" sound is difficult for some Spanish speakers to pronounce.
Guzmán (2002), claims the following, “la influencia ejercida por la lengua inglesa en el terreno del vocabulario (o componente léxico) de una lengua, con variadas manifestaciones (puede incorporar nuevos significados en la lengua receptora, matiza o añade otros ya existentes, calca expresiones en su forma ...” . “the influence shown by the English language on the vocabulary of a language, with some expressions (can incorporate new meanings on the receptive language, introduce and change some others already existed and copy expressions on their form”.
In other words, people can understand why so many expressions and words are adopted to our common sayings and explains how new words are created every day, or how new kind of expressions are created in order to find new ways of communication.
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
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become a battleground in the struggle to define Latin American’s identity”. The simplification of Spanish language in Mexico reveals that various social changes modify language, and language shapes the identity of Mexican people.
Similarly, Mar-Molinero (2000) states, that “Not only does language have an instrumental role as a means of communication, it also has an extremely important symbolic role as marker of identity”. Due to the fact that social identities of Mexican and Spanish people differ, Spanish language of Mexico and Spain is characterized by a rather diverse vocabulary. For instance, the word ‘Okay’ is translated as ‘Sale’ in Mexico, and as ‘Chungo’ – in Madrid; similarly, the word ‘work’ is rendered as ‘chambear’ in Mexico and as ‘currar’ – in Spain. Also, according to Görlach (1994), “most languages of the world have been affected by the expansion of English in the course of the past 100 years.”; in which he tries to explain that anglicisms is just not a recent interference, but over the years they have influenced our vocabulary until the point to become natural.
LANGUAGE CHANGE
The origin of language is of great interest to philosophers because language is such an essential characteristic of human life. “A
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facility of creating and using language; something important to both meanings is the systematic creation and usage of systems of symbols, in order to have expressive meanings. Also Even-Zohar (1978) considers that “a given culture is a 'polysystem', or system of systems”, in which he tries to explain that languages are considered systems and are part of different cultures, and there sometimes are expressions from one system which interfere on another polysystem. Consequently, Even-Zohar (1978) declares, “If one system dominates the other beyond a certain point, the risk arises that the second system will lose its autonomy and become a subsystem of the first.” , in which he tries to explain, it is better not to adopt a language, because it can be risky for native languages.
LANGUAGE VICE
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ineloquent and ineffective creating different style of vices. According to “On Other Stylistic Vices I” an article by Bill Long (3-23-08) who created a list of different kind of vices and I would mention and recognize some of them :
• Battologia
Vain repetition.
• Tautologia
The repetition of the same idea in different words, but (often) in a way that is wearisome or unnecessary.
• Perissologia
Superfluity of speech generally; the vice of wordiness.
• Macrologia
Longwindedness. Using more words than are necessary in an attempt to appear eloquent.
• Parelcon
The addition of a superfluous word.
• Pleonasmus
Use of more words than is necessary semantically. Rhetorical repetition that is grammatically superfluous.
• Homoeoprophoron
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• Paroemion
Alliteration taken to an extreme where nearly every word in a sentence begins with the same consonant.
• Homiologia
Tedious and inane repetition.
• Epenthesis
The addition of a letter, sound, or syllable to the middle of a word. A kind of metaplasm that can be a vice.
• Catachresis
The use of a word in a context that differs from its proper application.
• Periergia
Overuse of words or figures of speech; over-labored.
• Acyrologia
An incorrect use of words, especially the use of words that sound alike but are far in meaning from the speaker’s intentions.
• Hypallage
Shifting the application of words.
• Solecismus
An element of speech or writing that is incorrect grammatically.
• Barbarismus
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NEOLOGISMS
According to Wikipedia, “Neologisms are often created by combining existing words or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes.” Similarly, “Neologisms also can be created through abbreviation or acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words or simply through playing with sounds.” It means that they can be created by word of mouth or by the words used on the internet, including academic discourse in fields recognized by their use of distinctive jargon, and they often become accepted parts of the language.
BARBARISMS: ANGLICISMS
“An anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from
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attractive for them. In addition, CEDRIAN, Juan Luis; explains that “Cualquier adolescente de nuestros días sabe que un "pc" es un ordenador personal, y que esas letras son las iniciales de su nombre en inglés”. (Any adolescent from today knows that a PC is a personal
computer, and those letters are the initials of its English name).
On the other hand, “Barbarism is a language error where a non-standard or an incorrectly formed word or expression is used.” This meaning was taken from Wikipedia, in which they are expressions or words, similar to anglicisms, but they have a little difference; a barbarism is an error of morphology. Barbarisms are
considered errors of the language because they violate the rhetorical style of correct speech while anglicisms are considered borrowing words from English and adopted into our language. Anglicisms may not sound as a natural kind of speaking, but in certain ways, they are considered proper, instead of incorrect kind of expressions, which are written or spoken incorrectly.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE
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position that language acquisition basically results from habits formed by conditioning and drilling. In its most extreme form, language learning is basically the same as any other learning in any other species, human language being essentially the same as communication behaviors seen in other species.
On the other hand, Francois Gouin, M.D. Berlitz, Elime de Sauzé, whose rationalist theories of language acquisition dovetail with linguistic work done by Noam Chomsky and others. These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods from grammar-translation, to Gouin's "series method" or the direct methods of Berlitz and de Sauzé. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules of grammar. This comes from the rationalist position that man is born to think and language use is a uniquely human trait impossible in other species.
Given that human languages share many common traits, the idea is that humans share a universal grammar which is built into our brain structure. This allows us to create sentences that we have never heard before, but can still be immediately understood by anyone who understands the specific language being spoken. The rivalry of the two camps is intense, with little communication or cooperation between them.
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learners' first language on their production of the language they are learning. The effect can be on any aspect of language: grammar, vocabulary, accent, spelling and so on. It is most often discussed as a source of errors (negative transfer), although where the relevant feature of both languages is the same, it results in correct language production (positive transfer). The greater the differences between the two languages, the more negative the effects of interference are likely to be.
In addition, language interference produces distinctive forms of learner English depending on the speaker’s first language. Some well-known examples are:
Chinglish (Chinese)
Engrish or Japlish (Japanese) Franglais (French)
Spanglish (Spanish) Tinglish (Thai).
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On the other hand, Giles & Powesland (1975), Giles & Smith (1979); “Teoría de la Acomodación”, said that
“El hablante varía su habla en relación a la del oyente, bien en sentido convergente (si se pretende ganar la aprobación de éste) o en sentido divergente (si se pretende expresar distancia, desacuerdo o antipatía).” “The speaker changes his way to speak related to his listener, in converging way (pretending to gain his approval) or in diverging way (pretending to express distance, disapproval or antipathy)”.
people can express themselves as the way they feel in order to explain their ideas.
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NEWSPAPER AND TABLOID
When people hear about the word tabloid, they immediately try to establish a relation with things made of wood, but it is not correct. For instance, wikipedia says that,
“A tabloid is an industry term for a smaller newspaper format per spread; to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest stories and entertainment, often distributed free of charge (often in a smaller, tabloid-sized newspaper format); or to a newspaper that tends to sensationalize and emphasize or exaggerate or sensational crime stories, gossip columns repeating scandalous and innuendos about the deeply personal lives of celebrities and sports stars, and other so-called "junk food news" or junk mail (often in a smaller, tabloid-sized newspaper format).
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PREVIOUS STUDIES
McArthur (1998) who thinks that expressions and words can be redundant or “tautologous”, subdivides the world's languages into a number of categories according to extent of use, but significantly places English in a category of its own, a set with a membership of one, distributed more or less equally worldwide, and serving as the primary vehicle of the world's commerce, science, technology, computer activity, electronics, media, popular culture and entertainment.
Also, McArthur (1998) declares, “It is clear that the Anglo-Saxon economic supremacy together with its ever expanding market is also exporting an increasing number of linguistic terms into other languages.” This words allied with its economic consequences, globalization, also impacts on a cultural level, and the Spanish language is no exception. Language is a defining characteristic in the idiosyncrasy and identity of a country. This is a good reason we have preferred Spanish equivalents to avoid excessive English borrowings whose usage implies redundancy, as they coexist with native terms. Next, this happens in the case of , “atachar”, “agenda”, brief, cash-flow,. etc.
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Within the economic scope, although anglicisms are attested almost in every field, it is Marketing where they have the strongest influence. Examples of this are publicitar, merchandising, mailing, DAFO, customizar, etc.
While this tendency is taking place in Iberian Peninsular Spanish, its main effects are observed in South American Spanish, where language contact brings about continuous interference.
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DESCRIPTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
The purpose of this research was to obtain information on how people use anglicisms in order to express their ideas and the history of the words and expressions they use, the frequency of their use and the opinion of people.
This part of the research is divided in three different kinds of analysis. The first part is linguistic in which every selected anglicism is studied from its etymology, syntactic-semantic and morphology.
The second part is a comparative analysis taken from the subvariables (news, ads, social pages, sports and reports) and variables (national newspapers, local newspapers and tabloids), in which the frequency and percentage of anglicisms are mentioned.
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LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: CLUB
The word CLUB is considered in the Spanish Royal Academy language dictionary, and also in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from the Middle English “clubbe”, from Old Norse klubba and from Old High German kolbo club that has been dated from the 13th century.
This word is considered as a noun and transitive or intransitive verb, example: ….el club estuvo en quiebra durante el primer
semestre del año……. El club cementero constató el poder ofensivo de su adversario…. This word was found in the sports section and it is used as a noun in these two examples. The meaning refers to an association of people for some common object that are usually jointly supported and meet periodically. Another meaning refers to a place where people drink, dance and enjoy themselves.
This word has not suffered changes in Spanish and it is used as a noun. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. It is a useful word because people in general use it when they want to talk about association.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: CHIP
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comes from the Middle English and from the Old English -cippian
that has been dated from the 14th century.
This word is considered as a noun and transitive or intransitive verb, example: IMPORTADOR celulares doble chip, televisión,….. This word was found in the ads section and it is used as a noun. The meaning refers to a small wafer of semiconductor material that forms the base for an integrated circuit. Another meaning refers to cut or break (a small piece) from something.
This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language because it is used as when it appeared. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. This is a very important word, people use it when they want to talk about an electrical device or a part that is necessary to use in a cellular for example.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: MISS
The word MISS is considered in the Spanish Royal Academy language dictionary, and also in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from the Middle English from Old English missan and from the
Old High German missan to miss from the 12th century.
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verb the meaning is to fail, escape, avoid something or to leave out, which can be understood as omit; as a noun it is used as a title prefixed to the name of an unmarried woman or girl.
This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language and has existed in our language for a long time. It doesn’t have any other equivalence. It is a very important word that is used just as a noun in beauty contests.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: FILM
The word film is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but it exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from the Middle English from Old English filmen; from Greek
pelma sole of the foot from Old English fell skin before the 12th century.
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In the Spanish language this word has suffered the change from “film” that is the original word to “filme” or “filmes”. This word is very well used in special by people from movies or people who like to watch movies. This word is written this way in Spanish because of its pronunciation.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: SOFTWARE
The word SOFTWARE is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, and also in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It appeared in the year 1958.
This word is used as a noun, example: …un proceso de utilización de software libre y educación,… This word was found in the report section and it is used as a noun. The meaning refers to something used or associated with and usually contrasted with the word hardware, and also related to an entire set of programs, procedures, and related documentation which is associated with a system and especially a computer system.
This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence. This word is very useful in special for people from the informatic´s field; people use it when they want to talk about computer programs or things related to it.
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The word GOL is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but not in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Middle English and it appeared in the year 1531.
This word is used as a noun, example: El gol fue de Joao Rojas,… En los cinco juegos de esta liguilla final han marcado, al menos, un gol. This word is used as a noun and it was found in the sports section. The meaning refers to a terminal point of a race or an area that is supposed to be reached safely, and it also refers to an area or object toward which players in various games attempt to advance a ball or puck and usually through or into which it must go to score points, the act or action of causing a ball or puck to go through or into is a goal.
The real word that exists in English is “goal” and it has changed until the word “gol” because of its pronunciation in Spanish. This word has replaced the word “anotación” in Spanish. It is a useful word and it is used most by people who like to play or watch sports in special soccer.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: WEB
The word WEB is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, and it also exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from the Middle English, from the Old English
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It has two different uses, one as a verb and another as a noun, example: …el usuario quien está dispuesto a colocar publicidad en este sitio web. This word is used as a noun in this sentence and it
was found in the report section. The meaning as a noun, refers to a network of silken thread spun especially by the larvae of various insects (as a tent caterpillar) and usually serving as a nest or shelter and an intricate pattern or structure suggestive of something woven. As a verb the word can be intransitive whose meaning indicates the construction or form of a web, and transitive refers to be covered with a web or network.
This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn`t have any other equivalence. In Spanish this word is used as an informatics term whose meaning is “red informática”. This is a useful word in special for people who like to be in the advance with new technology.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: SUITE
The word SUITE is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, and it also exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Old French siute, dated in the year 1673.
This word is considered a noun, an adjective or an adverb, example: BATAN, suite amoblada, $335. This word is used as a
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collection or as a group of rooms occupied as a unit. As an adverb or an adjective, it refers as to make a matching set.
This word has not suffered changes in the Spanish language. It doesn’t have any other equivalence. This is a very useful word because people use it to talk about an elegant place that is considered comfortable and very elegant with some luxuries for important people.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: CHAT
The word CHAT is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but it appears in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Middle English chatten, short for chatteren
and appeared in the 15th century.
This word is considered as a noun and as a transitive or intransitive verb, example: ,…..gracias a su imaginación crearon un servicio de chat. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the report section. The meaning as a verb refers to take part in an online discussion in a chat room, or to talk lightly, glibly, or flirtatiously. As a noun it refers to a small talk, a light informal or familiar talk.
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have computers around the world use it to communicate themselves with relatives or friends.
VARIABLE: NATIONAL NEWSPAPER WORD: FANS
The word FANS is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary because the word that appears is in singular FAN, but it exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. It comes from Middle English, from Old English fann, from Latin
vannus and appeared before the 12th century.
This word is considered as a noun or as a verb, example: ….y los FANS deben mantener el equilibrio …. This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the social section. It has two different meanings, as a noun it refers to an enthusiastic devotee usually as a spectator or an ardent admirer or enthusiast. As a verb it is transitive or intransitive whose meaning is to drive away the chaff of (grain) by means of a current of air, another meaning is to stir up to activity as if by fanning or to fire a series of shots from (a single-action revolver) by holding the trigger back and successively striking the hammer to the rear with the free hand.
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The word CELULAR is considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but not in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word comes from new New Latin cellularis, from
cellula living cell, from Latin, diminutive of cella small room dated around the year 1739.
This word is considered a noun or as a verb, example: …recibió una llamada a su celular para que prestara sus servicios… This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the news section. It has two different meanings. As an adjective it can refer to cells containing cavities or having a porous texture, nowadays, as a noun it is related to a radiotelephone system in which a geographical area (as a city) is divided into small sections each served by a transmitter of limited range (cellular phones).
In the English Language the word that appears is cellphone but in Spanish this word changes to expressions as : “celu”, “mobil”. The real word is “CELLULAR” with a double “l”, but it has changed to “celular” in Spanish. This word is used by most of the people around the world because this is a globalize word when they want to talk about communication. Teenagers and people in general use this kind of products because they need to be communicated.
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The word CLOSET is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, because the word that appears in the dictionary is “clóset” with punctuation on the letter “o”, on the other side this exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word comes from Middle English from Anglo-French closett, diminutive of clos and appears around the 14th century.
This word is considered a noun, a transitive verb and an adjective, example: ..5 pisos, 28 hab. con baño y closets… This word is used as a noun in this example and it was found in the ad section. It has three different meanings as a noun, as an adjective or as a transitive verb. As a noun, it refers to an apartment or small room for privacy or a cabinet or recess for especially china, household utensils, or clothing. As a transitive verb it refers to take into a closet for a secret interview. And as an adjective the meaning is closely private or a working in or suited to the closet as the place of seclusion or study.
In the Spanish language exists the word “clóset” with an accent on the letter “o”. In the past people used to talk about “armario empotrado”. but they use the word closet nowadays. This word is very useful because people find it easy to say when they want to talk about clothes that are in a certain part of the house.
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The word ONLINE is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but on the other side this exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared around the year 1950.
This word is considered an adjective, example: Reserva online
en Hilton con tarifa exclusiva. This word is used as an adjective in this example and it was found in the ad section. It refers to a connection or something available through a system and especially a computer or telecommunications system (as the Internet).
In Spanish is understood as “encendido en línea”, but instead of that people use the word online. It doesn’t have any other change. This word is very useful because people use it when they want to talk about a connection or to be connected in order to obtain information. VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER
WORD: GEL
The word GEL is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, because that appears in the dictionary as “gelatina”, being “gel” a derivation of it, but on the other side this exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1899.
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used over a stage light to color it, or a gelatinous preparation used in styling hair. On the other side it is used as an intransitive verb, whose meaning is to change into or take on the form of a gel.
This word has not suffered changes, because it is used with the same meaning in Spanish, but there exist another word related to it that is “gelatina”, whose meaning in the Spanish language is different because people use it when they talk about something to eat or drink. This is a very useful word in special for hairdressers because they use it when they talk about cosmetic products.
VARIABLE: LOCAL NEWSPAPER WORD: REMAKE
The word REMAKE is not considered in the Royal Spanish Academy language dictionary, but on the other side this exists in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This word appeared in the year 1635.
This word is considered as a transitive verb and as a noun, example: …los productores que planean el remake de “Viaje alucinante… This word is used as a noun and it was found in the social section. Its definition refers to something that is remade or to make something in a new different form, another meaning refers to something that is or will be new in order to have appeared before.
