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Transmission Impairments Mitigation and Polarization Control in Ultralong Raman Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers

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Academic year: 2020

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Figure

Figure 2.1: Submarine fiber links across the globe [16].
Figure 2.7: Spectrum of the scattering phenomena in an optical fiber [33] (a) and energy-level diagram of the stimulated Raman scattering process (b).
Figure 2.8: Amplification bands associated with rare-earth elements superimposed on the SMF transmission bandwidth [13].
Figure 2.13: Constellation diagrams for various modulation formats.
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