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Ganglio centinela extraaxilar en cáncer de mama

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(1)GANGLIO CENTINELA EXTRAAXILAR EN CÁNCER DE MAMA Javier Encinas Méndez. Introducción En la última década y con el intento de evitar linfadenectomías innecesarias en el cáncer de mama, se ha aplicado la técnica del ganglio centinela (GC). Diferentes reuniones de consenso, han demostrado que el GC predice el estado de la axila al ser el primer ganglio donde metastatiza el tumor y con la aplicación de la linfogammagrafía (LG) nos permite identificar captación de ganglios en territorios no esperados ( hasta un 20-30%) asociados o no a los axilares. Hipotesis El estudio de los GC extraaxilares (EA) ayuda a mejorar el conocimiento de la afectación ganglionar real de un carcinoma mamario y adecuar tratamientos complementarios. Objetivos 1) Conocer la prevalencia de la captación EA utilizando la técnica del GC en nuestro medio. 2) Estudiar la proporción de metástasis en los GC comparando la localización axilar frente a la EA. 3) Determinar los factores que influyen en el aumento de la captación EA. 4) Analizar los casos en que gracias al GC EA, ha variado el tratamiento del cáncer analizado. Material y métodos Periodo de estudio entre enero 2000 a febrero 2008, se incluyen 1660 pacientes afectos de cáncer de mama , con criterios de inclusión para la biopsia del GC. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, prospectivo y multicéntrico ( nueve hospitales y uno con Servicio de Medicina Nuclear propio, siendo éste itinerante al resto de hospitales). Variables analizadas: Dependientes de la captación ganglionar e independientes de la neoplasia de mama y de la técnica del GC. Comparamos diferentes vías de administración y tipo de radiotrazador utilizado. No hemos utilizado colorantes vitales y siempre se ha realizado linfogammagrafía. Resultados La mayor incidencia la encontramos entre los 50 y 63 años, resultando el diagnóstico radiológico el nódulo (66%), siendo la localización mas frecuente el cuadrante supero externo y fueron palpables el 53%.El carcinoma ductal infiltrante ( CDI ) ocupa el 70%.

(2) de la serie. El diámetro medio tumoral fue de 1,82 cm (rango 0,2-8,10 cm). El 83% de los tumores expresaban receptores hormonales y el 30% Herb 2. 89% fueron unifocales. Para la realización de la técnica del GC, el método de inyección fue el intratumoral (60%), la molécula utilizada fue la grande en el 70%, identificándose una media de 1,42 ganglios en la LG. En el 0,24% de la serie no se identificaron ganglios. La media de ganglios identificados en la biopsia fue de 1,44, resultando un 26% positivos (media 0,30). El 16% de los casos existió drenaje en la LG a la cadena de la mamaria interna, por lo que la prevalencia de captación EA fue de un 19% ( 1,93% EA sola y el 17,23 EA + axilar) Las pacientes con captación EA eran más jóvenes (edad media 52 vs 58años) p0.000 El método de inyección (intratumoral ) y el tipo de radiotrazador (molécula grande) fueron estadísticamente significativas con respecto a la captación EA( p 0.009 y p 0.000 respectivamente).. El número de ganglios captados en la gammacámara, como los biopsiados como los que resultaron positivos son mayores en los EA vs axilares ( p 0.000). El 32% de los ganglios EA han resultado metastáticos, mientras que los axilares han sido del 24% En cuanto a la localización, los cuadrantes internos tenían una captación EA del 61% frente a los axilares del 47% (p 0.000) Conclusiones 1) La prevalencia de la captación EA fue del 19% 2) El 32% de los ganglios EA han resultado metastáticos, respecto a los axilares que ha sido del 24% 3) En el análisis multivariado las variables relacionadas con la captación EA ha sido: la edad, localización del tumor, tipo de radiotrazador y en el límite de la significación, el método de inyección del trazador. 4) La utilización de la técnica ha permitido modificar el estadio a 22 pacientes y modificar el tratamiento a 32..

(3) EXTRA AXILLARY SENTINEL LYMPH NODE IN BREAST CANCER Javier Encinas Méndez Introduction Over the last decade and with the aim of preventing unnecessary lymphadenectomies in breast cancer, sentinel lymph node (SLN) technique has been applied. In several Consensus Conferences it has been shown that SLN predicts the axillary lymph node status, since it is the first lymph node where tumor metastasize and the application of lymphoscintigraphy (LS) allows identifying uptake in unexpected territories (until 20-30%) that might be associated or not with the axillary one. Hypothesis The study of extra axillary lymph nodes helps improve understanding of true lymph node involvement in case of breast carcinoma and applying the according additional adjuvant therapies. Objectives 1. To know the prevalence of extra axillary uptake by means of SLN procedure in our environment. 2. To study the rate of metastases in the SLN when comparing axillary in front of extra axillary location. 3. To determine the factors influencing the increased extra axillary uptake. 4. To analyse those cases in which as a result of extra axillary SLN, treatment strategy of analysed breast cancer was modified. Material and Methods The study period lasts from January 2000 to February 2008 and 1660 breast cancer patients were included, according to criteria for SLN biopsy. It is an observational, analytical, prospective and multicenter trial (nine hospitals, one of them with its own Nuclear Medicine Department, while an itinerant device was used in the remaining cases). Analysed variables: dependent on lymph node uptake and independent on breast neoplasm and SLN technique. We compared different routes of administration and type of used radiotracer. We didn’t use vital dye staining substances and in all cases lymphoscintigraphy imaging was performed. Results The main incidence was found between 50 and 63 years, and the radiological diagnosis was finding of nodules (66%). The more frequent location corresponded to upper outer quadrant. As for the tumors, 53% were palpables. There were identified as an infiltrating ductal carcinoma in 70% of the series. The average tumoral diameter was.

(4) 1.82 (0.2-8.10 range). Tumors expressing hormonal receptors were 83%, of which 30% were Her2. In 89% tumors were unifocal. To perform SLN technique, intratumoral route was the injection method in 60% of cases, the biggest molecule was used in 70% and an average of 1.42 lymph nodes was identified by lymphoscintigraphy imaging. In 0.24% of cases lymph nodes were not detected. The average identified lymph nodes by means of biopsy was 1.44. There were found positive in 26% of cases (mean 0.30). Drainage through internal mammary lymph chain was found by LS in 16% of cases, which means a prevalence of extra axillary uptake of 19% (1.93 extra axillary only, and 17.23 both axillary and extra axillary) Patients with extra axillary uptake were younger (mean age 52 vs 58 years) p 0.000.The injection route and the radiotracer type (big molecule) were statistically significant with respect to extra axillary uptake (p 0.009 and p 0.000 respectively). Number of lymph nodes detected by the gamma camera, both biopsied as well as those resulting positive, was higher in case of extra axillary vs axillary (p 0.000). 32% of extra axillary lymph nodes were metastatic, whereas 24% of axillary. Relating to location, inner quadrants had an extra axillary uptake of 61% in front of 47% of axillary one (p 0.000). Conclusions 1. The prevalence of extra axillary uptake was 19%. 2. 32% of extra axillary lymph nodes have been metastatic, when comparing to 24% of axillary. 3. By Multivariate Analysis, variables related to extra axillary uptake were found to be: age, tumor location, radiotracer type and, in the limit of significance, tracer injection method. 4. Performing this technique has allowed to modify staging in 22 patients and to modify treatment in 32..

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