28 classification schemes of information sciences

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28 classification schemes of Information Science

Abstract

The field of Information Science is constantly changing. Therefore, information scientists are

required to regularly review - and if necessary - redefine its fundamental building blocks. This

article is one of a group of four articles, which resulted from a Critical Delphi study conducted in

2003-2005 (Zins, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c). The study, Knowledge Map of Information Science, was

aimed at exploring the foundations of information science. The international panel was composed

of 57 leading scholars from 16 countries who represent nearly all the major subfields and

important aspects of the field.

This particular article

documents 28 classification schemes of

Information Science that were compiled by leading scholars in the academic community. This

unique collection of 28 classification schemes portrays and documents the profile of

contemporary Information Science at the beginning of the 21st century.

.

Classification Schemes

Twenty eight panel members contributed their schemes and reflections. Let them speak:

Prof. Aldo de Albuquerque Barreto

, Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and

Technology, Brazil

Prof. Shifra Baruchson–Arbib

, Bar Ilan University, Israel

Prof. Clare Beghtol

, University of Toronto, Canada

Prof. Maria Teresa Biagetti

, University of Rome 1, Italy

Manfred Bundschuh

, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany

Dr. Paola Capitani

, Working Group Semantic Web, Italy

Prof. Rafael Capurro

, Udddniversity of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany

Prof. Thomas A. Childers

, Drexel University, USA

Prof. Charles H. Davis

, Indiana University, USA

Prof. Anthony Debons

, University of Pittsburgh, USA

Prof. Nicolae Dragulanescu

, Polytechnics University of Bucharest, Romania

Prof. Hamid Ekbia

, University of Redlands, USA

Alan Gilchrist

, Cura Consortium and TFPL, UK

Prof. Glynn Harmon

, University of Texas at Austin, USA

Dr. Donald Hawkins

, Information Today, USA

Ken Herold

, Hamilton College, USA

Prof. Birger Hjorland

, Royal School of Library and Information Science, Denmark

Michal Lorenz

, Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic

Prof. Ia McIlwaine

, University College London, UK

Prof. Michel J. Menou

, Knowledge and ICT management consultant, France

Prof. Haidar Moukdad

, Dalhousie University, Canada

Dennis Nicholson

, Strathclyde University, UK

Prof. Lena Vania Pinheiro

, Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and Technology,

Brazil

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Prof. Carol Tenopir

, University of Tennessee, USA

Dr. Joanne Twining

, Intertwining.org, a virtual information consultancy, USA

Prof. Irene Wormell

, Swedish School of Library and Information Science in Borås, Sweden

All the 28 schemes

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Aldo de Albuquerque Barreto

1. Information Production and Organization 1.1 Information Nature, qualities & value 1.2 Production of stocks of information 1.3 Information management & control 1.4 Technologies & practices of information

2. Information Distribution 2.1 Users & information communities 2.2 Communication of information 2.3 Information sources

2.4 Channels of information & its flow

3. Information consumption and use 3.1 Information availability & access 3.2 Information Uses & Applications 3.3 Cognition Aspects of Information 3.4 Assimilation of information 3.5 The production of knowledge

4. History, Philosophy, Legal, Ethics, and Ancillary Aspects of Information 4.1 Legal Structure of Information (e.g., Copyright)

4.2 Ethics of Information 4.3 Policy & Politics 4.4 Globalization aspects

4.5 History, Philosophy, Environment

(4)

Shifra Baruchson–Arbib

8. User studies

8.1 Human Information Behavior 8.2 Information seeking Behavior 8.3 Information Needs

8.4 Reference interview 8.5 User- information

scientist-interaction

9. Diffusion studies

9.1 Information Dissemination 9.2 Communication Theory 9.3 Message Theory

9.4 Information centres & Libraries

10. Social information Science 10.1Information needs of Different cultures

10.2 Information Education, Power & ethics

10.3 Social information Banks 10.4 Social information sections in school & public Libraries 10.5 Self help sources-printed Electronic

10.6 The social information scientist 10.7 Community Information. 10.8 Information diffusion in multi cultural societies

10.9 Health information centres 5. Data organization &

Retrieval

5.1 Classification Schemes 5.2 Metadata

5.3 Indexing 5.4 Abstracting

5.5 Knowledge organization 5.6 Taxonomies

5.7 Thesauri 5.8 Ontology

5.9 Vocabulary Control

5.10 Online Searching techniques 5.11 Reference work

5.12 The semantic web

6. Information industry Economic & Management 6.1 Competitive Intelligence 6.2 Databases

6.3 Digital Libraries 6.4 Electronic publishing 6.5 Information Industry Market 6.6 Information Management 6.7 Information Manipulation 6.8 Knowledge Management 6.9 Information centers & Libraries management. 6.10 Collection management 6.11 Electronic comers

7. Information Ethic and Law 7.1 Copyright

7.2 Digital Security 7.3 Digital divide 7.4 Censorship 7.5 Internet crime

7.6 Free Access to Information 7.7 Information Policies 1. Foundations of IS

1.1 History of IS

1.2 History of Librarianship 1.3 Archival Science

1.4 History of knowledge Formats: Manuscripts, Print & digital 1.5 IS Epistemology

2. Methodology

2.1 Quantitative & qualitative research

2.2 Bibliometrics, Informatics 2.3 Bibliology

2.4 Domain Analysis 2.5 Webometrics

3. Information/Learning Society 3.1 Social & cultural aspects in the information society 3.2 Sociology of Knowledge 3.3 Social Communication 3.4 Scientific Communication 3.5 E-learning

3.6 Information Literacy 3.7 IS Education 3.8 Lifelong Learning

4. Information Technology 4.1 Communication & Computer networks. 4.2 Document Delivery Systems 4.3 Structure of Computerized Systems

4.4 Programming languages 4.5 Multimedia

4.6 Information retrieval Systems 4.7 Systems Analysis

4.8 Artificial Intelligence 4.9 Human Computer Interaction 4.10 Information Architecture 4.11 digital security systems 4.12 websites construction 4.13 Net works technologies 4.14 Knowledge Representation 4.15 search tools

(5)

Clare Beghtol

1. People

1.1 By group: Community Culture Domain User group

1.2 By individual: Researcher User

2. Object of Study 2.1 By element:

Data Information Knowledge Message

2.2 By conceptual foundation: Epistemology

History Philosophy Practice(s) Theory

2.3 By purpose: Communication Creation Discipline area Dissemination Evaluation Management Organization Representation Retrieval Search Storage

2.4 By methodology: Qualitative Quantitative

3. Systems

3.1 By cultural factor: Economic aspects Education Ethical aspects Legal aspects Professions Societal aspects

3.2 By technology: Electronic Manual Mechanical

4. Space

[by Universal Decimal Classification]

5. Time

[by Universal Decimal Classification]

(6)

Maria Teresa Biagetti

1. Foundations of Information & Library Science 1.1 Information Science Epistemology

1.2 Information Theory 1.3 Cognition Theory 1.4 Semantics

2. Knowledge Organization 2.1 Theoretical foundations 2.1.1 Knowledge Representation 2.1.2 Categorization & Classification 2.1.3 Classification Theory

2.1.4 Subject Analysis 2.1.5 Indexing

2.2 Tools for Knowledge Organization and Library Science 2.2.1 Classification Systems

2.2.2 Ontologies 2.2.3 Thesauri

2.2.4 Vocabulary Control 2.2.5 Information Processing 2.2.6 Information Retrieval

2.2.7 Information Science Technology 2.2.8 Online searching

2.2.9 Search Engines

3. Measuring & Evaluation 3.1 Information Quality Evaluation 3.2 Bibliometrics

3.3 Informetrics 3.4 Webometrics

4. Social aspects

4.1 Information use and user 4.2 Readership Studies 4.3 Scientific Communication 4.4 Research Evaluation

"Rationale and structure. The scheme is divided into four sections:

1) Foundations. This section relates to Information Science as well as Library

Science, since Information Science has its own foundations in the concept of

"information" that needs reference to a cognitive system or a knowing subject.

"Information" starts when signs are in connection with an interpreter. Similarly,

Library Science relates to theories of mediating human knowledge and elaborating

methodologies in order to connect external memories (books and documents) with

human cognitive ability.

2) Knowledge Organization. This section is the core of the scheme. It has two

subsections, without hierarchical structure. One subsection is concerned with

theoretical foundations and methodological problems, the other subsection concerns

the tools created in the field of Information and Library Science in order to organize

the knowledge.

3) Measuring and Evaluation. This section accommodates the procedures

elaborated to measure the realization and the use of bibliographical entities,

electronic resources in the WEB, and to evaluate them.

(7)

Manfred Bundschuh

1. Concepts 1.1 Abstracting

1.2 Artificial intelligence

1.3 Categorization & classification 1.4 Classification theory

1.5 Cognition 1.6 Communication

1.7 Competitive Intelligence 1.8 Digital preservation 1.9 Digital security

1.10 Human information behavior 1.11 Information Architecture 1.12 Information ethics

1.13 Information Science Epistemology 1.14 Informetrics

1.15 Library Science 1.16 Memetics 1.17 Message theory 1.18 Ontology

1.19 Operations Research

1.20 Philosophy of Information science

1.21 Semiotics, Social, legal, & ethical aspects of information

1.22 Taxonomies

2. History

2.1 Foundations of information science 2.2 History of information science 2.3 Indexing

3. Information System development 3.1 Domain Analysis

3.2 Evaluation

3.3 Information need Evaluation 3.4 Knowledge representation

3.5 Knowledge structures Organization of Information 3.6 Readership studies

3.7 Subject analysis 3.8 Systems analysis 3.9 Thesauri

3.10 Vocabulary control

3.11 Estimation of Info Tech projects 3.12 Sizing of Software

4. Information Processing

4.1 High-Density Book Storage Systems 4.2 Information manipulation

4.3 Information processing 4.4 Information retrieval

4.5 Information storing 4.6 Information structures 4.7 Information use and user 4.8 Knowledge management 4.9 Metadata

4.10 Online searching 4.11 Publishing

4.12 Scientific Communication

5. Information System Implementation 5.1 Data bases

5.2 Information dissémination,

6. Quality assurance of Information 6.1 Information Quality

6.2 Information Science Education 6.3 Research evaluation

6.4 Testing of Software

6.5 Quality assurance of Software

7. Applications 7.1 Access systems 7.2 Archival Science 7.3 Aviation informatics 7.4 Bibliometrics

7.5 Community Informatics 7.6 Diffusion of info studies 7.7 Digital libraries

7.8 Distributed networked environments 7.9 Document Delivery Systems 7.10 Economics of information 7.11 Electronic Information Industry 7.12 E-journals

7.13 E-learning

7.14 Health/Biomedical Informatics 7.15 Information industry

7.16 Information technology 7.17 Internet

7.18 Labor in information systems 7.19 Music-information-retrieval 7.20 Philosophy of Librarianship 7.21 Public Information Policies

7.22 Social information/Social Informatics 7.23 Information in traditional & User 7.24 Web

7.25 Webometrics

8. Information project management 8.1 Information management

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Paola Capitani

1. Thematic information

Biomedical information, Copyright, e-government, Economic information, Ethical aspects of information, Health & safety information, Legal information, Media information, Social information

2. Methodology

Knowledge representation, Organization of Information, Publishing, Search methods, Social Informatics, Standards, Team work, Terminology, Translation, methods, User needs, User satisfaction, Working group

3. Training

(9)

Rafael Capurro

1. Foundations of Information Science* 1.1 Philosophy of Information

1.2 The Concept of Information (Information Theory) 1.3 The Concept of Media (Media Theory)

1.4 The Concept of Message (Message Theory) 1.5 The Concept of Sign (Semiotics)

1.6 The Concept of Communication (Communication Theory)

1.7 Second-Order Cybernetics 1.8 System Theory

1.9 Cognition Theory (Social Epistemology) 1.10 Interpretation Theory (Hermeneutics)

2. History of Information Science

3. History of Media

4. Information Societies 4.1 Information Cultures 4.2 Information Behavior 4.3 Information Needs 4.4 Social Informatics 4.5 Scientific Communication

5. Information Systems 5.1 Information Architecture 5.2 Information Design 5.3 Multimedia Systems 5.4 Image Retrieval 5.5 Sound Retrieval 5.6 Mobile Computing 5.7 Ubiquitous Computing 5.8 Distributed Networks 5.9 Information Retrieval 5.10 System Analysis 5.11 System Evaluation 5.12 Library Systems

5.13 Public Media Repositories 5.14 Streaming Media

5.15 Mass Media 5.16 Archival Systems

5.17 Document Delivery Systems 5.18 Evaluation of Information Systems 5.19 Search Engines

6. Subject Analysis 6.1 Domain Analysis 6.2 Taxonomy Theory 6.3 Ontologies

7. Content Management 7.1 Knowledge Organization 7.2 Community Informatics 7.3 Competitive Intelligence

7.4 Computer mediated communication

8. Information Measurement 8.1 Informetrics

8.2 Bibliometrics 8.3 Webometrics 8.4 Scientometrics

8.5 Indicators for Research Evaluation

9. Economics of Information 9.1 Information Industry

9.2 Information & Media Products 9.3 E-Economy

9.4 Labor and Information

10. Information Ethics, Media Ethics 10.1 Theories of Information Ethics

10.2 Ethical Dilemmas in Information Society 10.3 Codes of Practice

10.4 Intercultural Information Ethics

11. Legal Aspects 11.1 Copyright 11.2 Censorship 11.3 Access

12. Information Policies 12.1 E-Government 12.2 E-Democracy

13. Education and Training 13.1 E-Learning

13.2 Information Science Education 13.3 User Education

13.4 Continuing professional education 13.5 Corporate Universities

13.6 Consultancy 13.7 Coaching

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Thomas A. Childers

Group 1:

Abstracting, Indexing, Knowledge representation, Metadata, Semiotics

Group 2:

Bibliometrics, Information diffusion, Human information behavior, Media use & users, Information need, Information use & users

Group 3:

Competitive Intelligence, Information dissemination, Information retrieval, Online searching, Knowledge management

Group 4:

Copyright, Publishing

Group 5:

Information systems analysis, Database creation, Human-computer interaction, Artificial intelligence

Group 6:

Information storage, Information structures, Information technology, Digital libraries, Distributed networked environments, Informatics

Group 7:

Document Delivery Systems, Information industry, Information management, Information processing

Group 8:

Economics of information, Information ethics, information policy

Group 9:

Management of Information Organizations, Operations Research, Evaluation of information systems

Group 10:

Information theory, Library Science

[8] (Thomas A. Childers)

Charles H. Davis

1. Abstracting (subsuming extracting)

2. Classification and categorization (subsuming ontology, taxonomy, domain analysis and similar terms) 3. Indexing (subsuming other terms implying in-depth content analysis)

4. Cognition (subsuming artificial intelligence and the like) 5. Communication

6. Database management 7. Document delivery 8. Education & training 9. Ethics

10. Evaluation

11. History & foundations 12. Information theory 13. Legal aspects 14. Library science 15. Operations research 16. Publishing

17. Semiotics

(11)

Anthony Debons

1. Event

1.1 Subject Analysis (e.g. weather, medical diagnostics, market fluctuations, etc.)

2. Acquisition

2.1 Sensor systems (Optics, Radar, and Hearing aids could also be included under processing) 2.2 Classification, Categorization (of events) 2.3 Indexing (of events; examples: clouds, storms,

crime, etc) 2.4 Access system

3. Transmission 3.1 Electronics 3.2 Cable

3.3 Wireless telephony

3.4 Electronic information industry 3.5 transmission

3.6 Distributed Networks

4. Processing 4.1 Biblimetrics 4.2 Data bases 4.3 Digital libraries 4.4 Domain analysis

4.4 High density book storage systems 4.5 Information manipulation

4.6 Information Processing 4.7 Information storage 4.8 Information structures

4.9 Operations research

4.10 Programization of Information 4.11 Philosophy of computers 4.12 Webmetrics

4.13 Abstracting

4.14 Electronic information industry

5. Utilization

5.1 Artificial intelligence 5.2 Cognition

5.3 E learning

5.4 Human Information Behavior 5.5 Information ethics

5.6 Information management 5.7 Information need 5.8 Information use & user 5.9 Aviation Informatics

5.10 Social, legal, ethical aspects of information

6. Transfer (communication) 6.1 Computer related communication 6.2 Librarianship

6.3 Document delivery system 6.4 E Journals

6.5 Metalibrarianship 6.6 Scientific communication 6.7 Readership studies

6.8 Social, legal, ethical aspects of information 6.9 Archival science

6.10 Community informatics

"Rationale. The rationale of the model is based on three basic premises. First, all

organisms are data, information, knowledge systems. They could not deal with the

external world without them. Second, information is a state of consciousness (i.e.,

awareness). Thus, information is a cognitive/affective process and the products of

that process (Miller, 1978). The focus is on the product and management of these

processes (Drucker, 2001). Third, technology augments

the human capacities and

the products there from. (Englebart,1962).

Based on these premises, ontology of human organisms cam provide a map of the

various relationships between an event (i.e., state of the world), the sensory

mechanism that receive energy from the outside world, the movement (transmission)

of these sensory impulses (transmission) to the brain (processors). The knowledge

component of the augmented data information knowledge (ADIK) systems has

reference to the formulation of judgment (i.e., decision/action) (Newell, 1972) that

follows the processing of data-information. Decision incorporates an application of

understanding, analysis, synthesis and evaluation (Bloom, 1956), the products of

these processes are transferred (i.e., communicated) to others (e.g., cells, person,

social entities) responding to various states of an event. The main role of the ADIK

system is to respond to various states of the event world.

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Nicolae Dragulanescu

1. General

Economics of information, Foundations of IS, History of IS, Information ethics, Information management, Information Quality Management, IS Education, IS Epistemology, Information systems, Information technology, Social, legal, & ethical aspects of information

2. Information Generation Process

Databases, Information Architecture, Information structures, Informetrics, Organization of Information, Philosophy of Information science, Thesauri,

3. Information Processing, Storing & Communication Processes

Abstracting, Artificial intelligence, Categorization & classification, Communication, Indexing, Information processing, Information storing, Taxonomies

4. Information Use Process

Bibliometrics, Cognition, Decision making, Information dissemination, Information retrieval, Information use & user, Knowledge management, Problem Solving, Social information/Social Informatics, Subject analysis, Webometrics

"Rationale.

The scheme represents the conception of information science as the

science of information society (focusing on information systems); it studies the

information and its five basic sub-processes – generation, processing,

communication, storage and use - in order to optimize them. These processes are

related to information as immaterial product and are representing the information

cycle (within a research system). It is similar to the well known product cycle

(within an economic system) with its three basic processes: production, distribution,

and consumption. This is a managerial and pragmatic approach (Dragulanescu,

1999

)" [11] (Nicolae Dragulanescu)

Hamid Ekbia

Actors

People, institutions, professional organizations, research groups, funding agencies, and so on.

Practices

The activities that actors engage in when they use, categorize, mobilize, share, store, information

Methods

The moments or strategies that actors use when they engage in the above practices (some of which are already known and well-understood in science and elsewhere, and others of which will arise through the emerging practices and technologies)

Technologies

The reified objects that actors utilize in carrying out their activities (including, but not limited to, digital hardware, computer software, and so on)

Inscriptions: all kinds of representations that mediate among actors – e.g., references, citations, digital libraries, web pages (and any similar medium that may emerge).

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Alan Gilchrist

1. Foundations of IS 1.1 Classification theory 1.2 Cognition science 1.3 Communication theory 1.4 Foundations & history of IS 1.5 IS epistemology

1.6 Library science

1.7 Philosophy of information 1.8 Museology

1.9 Archive science

2. Technology

2.1 Buildings & equipment 2.2 Multimedia

2.3 Internet, intranets, extranets 2.4 “High tech”

2.5 ICT

2.6 Information processing tools 2.6.1 Classification schemes 2.6.2 Structured vocabularies 2.6.3 Metadata & schema 2.6.4 Information & data models 2.7 Information workers

3. Activities

3.1 Systems analysis & design

3.1.1 Information (& knowledge) architecture 3.1.2 Information (& knowledge) audit 3.1.3 Website design

3.1.4 Typology & graphic design 3.1.5 Standardisation

3.2 Knowledge management 3.3 Information management 3.3.1 Library management

3.3.2 Records & archives management 3.3.3 Document management

3.4 Museum documentation 3.5 Information processing 3.5.1 Information analysis 3.5.2 Writing and journalism 3.5.3 Collection management 3.5.4 Indexing

3.5.5 Abstracting 3.5.6 Cataloguing

3.5.7 Classification & categorisation 3.5.8 Information storage

3.5.9 Information curation 3.5.10Information retrieval 3.5.11Information dissemination

4. Metrics, Evaluation & Research 4.1 Evaluation of information systems 4.2 Evaluation of retrieval

4.3 User needs studies 4.4 Usability studies 4.5 Diffusion studies, SNA 4.6 Economics of information 4.7 Evaluation of information quality 4.8 Biblio-, Infor-, Sciento-metrics 4.9 Webometrics

4.10Research methods 4.11Evaluation of research

5. Information use & users 5.1 Information needs & use 5.2 User typologies

5.3 Information behaviour 5.4 Group psychology 5.5 Information usability 5.6 Info & IT literacy

6. Supporting disciplines 6.1 Management

6.1.1 Strategy & planning 6.1.2 Financial management 6.1.3 Human resource mgmt 6.1.4 Facilities management 6.1.5 Operations research 6.1.6 Decision support systems 6.1.7 Management information 6.2 Mathematics & logic 6.2.1 Bayesian probability 6.2.2 Vector space analysis 6.2.3 Information theory 6.2.4 Bradford-Zipf analysis 6.3 Linguistics & logic 6.3.1 NLP

6.3.2 Computational linguistics 6.3.3 Semiotics

6.3.4 Semantics

6.3.5 Speech recognition 6.4 Artificial intelligence 6.5 Psychology

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7. Application areas 7.1 Information industry 7.1.2 Electronic Publishing 7.1.3 Libraries

7.1.4 Digital libraries

7.1.5 Primary Information Services 7.1.6 Secondary Information Services 7.1.7 Tertiary Information services 7.1.8 Intellectual capital

7.1.9 Business intelligence 7.1.10 Geospatial Systems (GIS) 7.1.11 Patent analysis

7.1.12 Market research

7.2 Discipline-oriented systems 7.2.1 Chemical informatics 7.2.2 Medical informatics 7.2.3 Music information retrieval 7.3. Function-oriented systems 7.3.1 Marketing

7.3.2 Finance & accounting 7.3.3 Educational systems 7.3.4 Health informatics 7.3.5 Legal information systems 7.3.6 e-Government

7.3.7 Citizen’s information systems 7.4. Media-based

7.4.1 Text-based systems 7.4.2 Pattern recognition

7.4.3 Content-Based Image Retrieval 7.4.4 Video systems

7.4.5 Audio systems 7.4.6 World Wide Web 7.4.7 Portals and gateways

8. Legal, Ethical & Social issues 8.1 Intellectual property

8.2 Information ethics 8.3 Freedom of Information 8.4 Data privacy, Censorship 8.5 National information policy 8.6 Social exclusion

8.7 Third World problems

9. IS Education 9.1 Training 9.2 e-Learning

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Glynn Harmon

Information Phenomena at the various systems levels: 1. Information at the quantum level

Information processing subsystems: input transducer; internal transducer; channel and net; decoder; associator; memory; decider; encoder; output transducer

2. Information at the cellular level

Information processing subsystems: input transducer; internal transducer; channel & net; decoder; associator; memory; decider; encoder; output transducer

3. Information at the organ level

4. Information at the organism level

5. Information at the group level

6. Information at the organization level

7. Information at the society level

8. Information at the supra-national level

9. Information at the cosmological level

“

Rationale and structure

. The general systems levels and components stated above

are adapted from J. G. Miller’s brilliant synthesis of general systems theory (1995),

but with the addition of a quantum level and a cosmological level. Each level has

an associated subsystem level that processes information (other complementary

subsystems at the different levels process matter and energy). The information

processing subsystems for each level are these: input transducer; internal

transducer; channel and net; decoder; associator; memory; decider; encoder;

output transducer.

(16)

Donald Hawkins

1. Information Science Research 1.1 Concepts, definitions, theories,

methodologies & applications

1.2 Properties, needs, quality, and value of information

1.3 Statistics, measurement

(Bibliometrics, citation analysis, scientometrics, informetrics) 1.4 Information retrieval research

(Searching techniques(Boolean, fuzzy, natural language), the search process, precision/ relevance, ranking/recall, searching models, query formulation, inverted files, updating, database structures) 1.5 User behaviour & uses of

information systems

(Searcher tactics, information overload, user surveys, usability studies)

1.6 Human-computer interface (Human factors, ergonomics, design issues)

1.7 Communication (Editing, writing, linguistics, Internet authoring & design principles)

1.8 Operations research/mathematics (Modeling, Boolean logic, coding, systems analysis, algorithms, compression)

1.9 History of information science, biographies

1.10 Information genres

2. Knowledge Organization 2.1 Thesauri, authority lists

(Taxonomies, ontologies, semantic networks,

nomenclatures, terminologies, vocabularies)

2.2 Cataloging & classification (Tagging, metatags, Dublin Core, DOIs, OPACs, MARC, AACR2, topic maps, cataloging processes & theories)

2.3 Abstracting, indexing, reviewing Automatic indexing & abstracting 2.4 Standards & protocols

(NISO, Z39.5, XML, SGML, HTML, Open Archives Initiative (OAI), Encoded Archival Description (EAD), Open URL, portable document format (PDF)

3. The Information Professions 3.1 Information professionals

(Intermediaries, searchers, reference librarians, information brokers, translators, educators, librarians and librarianship, mentoring, career outlook, future of the profession professional ethics, skills & competencies)

3.2 Organizations & societies

4. Societal Issues 4.1 Information ethics,

plagiarism, credibility 4.2 Information literacy, lifelong

learning

4.3 The Information Society (Universal access &

accessibility, technological & socioeconomic impacts of information, technology forecasts, information flows, futures scenarios,

preservation)

5. The Information Industry 5.1 Information & knowledge

management

(Knowledge transfer in organizations, business strategies)

5.2 Markets & players (Vendor profiles & interviews, trends) 5.3 Economics & pricing

(Business models, value chain)

5.4 Marketing, e-commerce

6. Publishing & Distribution 6.1 Print

6.2 Electronic

(E-journals, e-books) 6.3 Secondary publishing

(Abstracting & indexing services, directories) 6.4 Scholarly communication

(Peer review process, future of journals, dissertations, grey literature

7. Information Technologies

7.1 Internet

(World Wide Web, Invisible Web, Deep Web, search engines, browsers, hypermedia, Listservs, bulletin boards, portals,

gateways,directories, pathfinders) 7.2 Intranets (private), Web

conferencing 7.3 Software

(Programming languages, operating systems, platforms) 7.4 Hardware

7.5 Multimedia

7.6 Document management (Imaging, scanning, text retrieval, digitization, records management, bookmarking, hypertext systems, preservation technologies, digitization, linking & electronic cross referencing, storage, digital rights management) 7.7 AI, expert systems, intelligent

agents,

(Cybernetics, visualization and mapping, data mining, pattern and character recognition, Search agents and robots)

7.8 Telecommunications

(Networks, wireless & satellite information delivery, Palm Pilots & other PDAs, LANs & WANs) 7.9 Security, access control,

authentication, encryption (Digital watermarking) 7.10 Other

8. Electronic Information Systems & Services

8

.1 Information searching & retrieval systems & services

(Bibliographic, numeric, &image databases; descriptions of online services)

8.2 Customized information systems, alerting, current awareness 8.3 Document delivery systems &

services

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9. Subject-Specific Sources and Applications

9.1 Physical sciences

(Chemistry, physics, engineering, earth sciences, computer science, energy, mathematics)

9.2 Life sciences

(Medicine, biosciences, agriculture, environment) 9.3 Social sciences, humanities,

history, linguistics 9.4 Business

(Management, economics, companies)

9.5 Law, political science, government

Patents & trademarks, intellectual property, case law)

9.6 News

9.7 Education, library & information science, ready reference

9.8 Other/multidisciplinary (Biography & genealogy databases, encyclopedias, databases of theses & dissertations)

9.9 Countries & geographic areas

10. Libraries & Library Services

10.1Library descriptions & types: Special, government, academic, & public libraries, archives, museums, State & National libraries, depository libraries

10.2 Library services 10.3 Library automation &

operations

10.4 Library consortia & networks, coalitions, cooperatives

10.5 Digital & virtual libraries, hybrid libraries

10.6 Education & training (Distance learning, continuing education, bibliographic instruction library schools, courses & curricula)

10.7 Library Management, Planning & Personnel 10.8 Library facilities

11. Government & Legal Information & Issues

11.1 Intellectual property protection (Copyright issues & implications, fair use, trademarks, patent law) 11.2 Legislation, laws, & regulations

(except copyright) 11.3 Contracts & licensing 11.4 Liability issues

(Filtering, censorship, privacy) 11.5 Sources of public information 11.6 Information policies & studies (Security, encryption, privacy, freedom of information, censoring, national & other information policies) 11.7 Systems & infrastructure

(Technology transfer)

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Ken Herold

7. Organizations 7.1 Electronic information

industry

7.2 Information industry 7.3 Publishing

8. Technologies 8.1 Digital libraries 8.2 Digital security 8.3 Distributed networked

environments

8.4 Document delivery systems 8.5 E-journals

8.6 High-density book storage systems

8.7 Information processing 8.8 Information storing

9. Operations & Processes 9.1 Abstracting

9.2 Classification schemes 9.3 Classification systems 9.4 Competitive Intelligence 9.5 Digital preservation 9.6 Indexing

9.7 Information dissemination 9.8 Information management 9.9 Information manipulation 9.10 Informetrics

9.11 Management 9.12 Taxonomies 9.13 Thesauri

10. Users

10.1 Information need 10.2 Information use 10.3 User

3. Research & Evaluation 3.1 Bibliometrics

3.2 Computer-mediated communication 3.3 Diffusion studies 3.4 Evaluation

3.5 Evaluation of information Systems 3.6 Information quality evaluation 3.7 Readership studies

3.8 Research evaluation 3.9 Webometrics

4. Education & History 4.1 Education & training 4.2 E-learning

4.3 Information science education 4.4 Foundations of information science 4.5 History of information science

5. Resources 5.1 Access systems 5.2 Databases 5.3 Internet

5.4 Online searching 5.5 Web

6. Environments/Cultures/ Contents

6.1 Chemical Documentation 6.2 Educational information 6.3 Health/Biomedical informatics 6.4 Labor in information systems 6.5 Music information retrieval 6.6 Social information/social

informatics

6.7 Information in traditional & transitional societies 6.8 Technological information 6.9 Aviation Informatics 6.10 Community Informatics 6.11 Public information policies 1. Conceptions

1.1 Artificial Intelligence

1.2 Categorization & Classification 1.3 Classification theory

1.4 Cognition 1.5 Communication 1.6 Copyright 1.7 Domain analysis 1.8 Information ethics 1.9 Information science

epistemology

1.10 Information structures 1.11 Information theory 1.12 Knowledge organization 1.13 Knowledge representation 1.14 Knowledge structures 1.15 Memetics

1.16 Message theory 1.17 Metadata 1.18 Ontology

1.19 Organization of information 1.20 Scientific communication 1.21 Social, legal &ethics aspects 1.22 Subject analysis

1.23 Systems analysis

2. Disciplines 2.1 Archival Science

2.2 Economics of Information 2.3 Human information behavior 2.4 Information architecture 2.5 Information retrieval 2.6 Knowledge management 2.7 Librarianship

2.8 Library Science 2.9 Metalibrarianship 2.10 Operations research 2.11 Philosophy of computation 2.12 Philosophy of information 2.13 Philosophy of information science 2.14 Philosophy of librarianship 2.15 Semiotics

(19)

Birger Hjorland

6. Processes, entities & Institutions in Information Work

6.1 Communication 6.2 Computer mediated

communicationn 6.3 Databases

6.4 Archieves, libraries, Museeums 6.5 Digital libraries

6.6 Digital preservation 6.7 Distributed networked

environments 6.8 Documents

6.9 Document Delivery Systems 6.10 E-journals

6.11 Evaluation of information systems

6.12 Full-text databases 6.13 Information dissemination 6.14 Information ethics 6.15 Information need 6.16 Information processing

6.17 Information Quality Evaluation 6.18 Information retrieval

6.19 Information sources 6.20 Information storing 6.21 Information use & user 6.22 Internet

6.23 Online searching

6.24 Public Information Policies 6.25 Publishing

6.26 Readership studies 6.27 Reference work 6.28 Reference works 6.29 Research evaluation 6.30 Social information/Social Informatics

6.31 Information in traditional & transitional societies

6.32 Social legal & ethical aspects of information

6.33 Subjects (e.g. Bradfords law) 6.34 User

6.35 Web

6.36 Webometrics 3.15 Metadata

3.16 Ontology

3.17 Organization of Information 3.18 Paradigms

3.19 Semantics & semantic relations 3.20 Semantic tools dictionaries,

thesauri, classification schemes, ontologies etc) 3.21 Subject analysis 3.22 Subject access points 3.23 Taxonomies

3.24 Thesauri

3.25 Vocabulary control 3.26 Words

4. Domains

4.1 Chemical Documentation 4.2 Culture

4.3 Health/Biomedical Informatics

4.4 Geographical information 4.5 Medical information 4.6 Social science Information 4.7 Arts & humanities information 4.8 Legal information

4.9 Music-information-retrieval 4.10 Scientific Communication 4.11 Technological information

5. Meta-issues 5.1 Foundations of IS 5.2 History of IS 5.3 IS Education 5.4 IS Epistemology

5.5 Philosophy of information 5.6 Philosophy of IS

5.7 Philosophy of Librarianship 1. Disciplines & Sub-disciplines

1.1 Archival Science 1.2 Bibliography 1.3 Bibliometrics 1.4 Informetrics

1.5 Information management 1.6 Librarianship/Library Science 1.7 Museology

2. Related fields 2.1 Cognition

2.2 Economics of information (Information management) 2.3 Information theory 2.4 Knowledge management 2.5 Semantics

2.6 Semiotics 2.7 Literature studies 2.8 Sociology of science /

sociology of knowledge 2.9 Science studies

3. Knowledge Organization 3.1 Abstracting

3.2 Categorization & classification

3.3 Classification systems 3.4 Concepts

3.5 Disciplines 3.6 Domain Analysis 3.7 Genres

3.8 Indexing

3.9 Information Architecture / Information structures 3.10 Knowledge

3.11 Knowledge Organizing Systems

3.12 Knowledge production, dissemination & consumption 3.13 Knowledge representation 3.14 Literatures (primary,

secondary, tertiary etc)

(20)

Michal Lorenz

[18] (Michal Lorenz)

1. Foundations of IS 1.1 Philosophy of Information 1.2 Information Theory 1.3 IS Epistemology

1.4 Philosophy of Computation 1.5 Information Ethics

1.6 Metalibrarianship 1.7 Library Science 1.8 Semiotics

2. History of IS

3. Information/Learning Society 3.1 Information Cultures

3.2 Sociology of Knowledge 3.3 Social Communication 3.4 Scientific Communication

4. Information Systems 4.1 Information Architecture 4.2 Information Design 4.3 Information Storing 4.4 Access Systems

4.5 Document Delivery Systems 4.6 High-Density Book Storage

Systems

4.7 Distributed Networked Environments

4.8 Systems Analysis 4.9 Evaluation of Information Systems

5. Information technology 5.1 Technological Information 5.2 Information Processing 5.3 Knowledge representation 5.4 Human Computer Interaction 5.5 Computer Mediated

Communication 5.6 Artificial Intelligence 5.7 Ontologies

5.8 Databases 5.9 Internet

5.10 Community Informatics

6. Knowledge organization 6.1 Categorization & Classification 6.2 Taxonomies

6.3 Classification Systems 6.4 Classification Schemes 6.5 Retireval Languages 6.6 Subject Analysis 6.7 Vocabulary Control 6.8 Indexing

6.9 Thesauri 6.10 Abstracting 6.11 Metadata

6.12 Librarianship Standards

7. Information industry 7.1 Digital Libraries 7.2 Competitive Intelligence 7.3 Knowledge Management 7.4 Information Management 7.5 Content Management 7.6 Economics of Information 7.7 Information Manipulation 7.8 Information Quality Evaluation 7.9 Readership Studies

7.10 E-journals

7.11 Operations Research

8. Information retrieval

8.1 Electronic Information Sources 8.2 Online Searching

8.3 Music-Information-Retrieval

9. Quantitative analysis in IS 9.1 Bibliometrics

9.2 Informetrics 9.3 Webometrics 9.4 Domain Analysis

10. Diffusion studies

10.1 Information Dissemination 10.2 Communication Theory 10.3 Message Theory 10.4 Memetics

11. Public Information Policies 11.1 Free Access to information

(Intellectual Freedom) 11.2 Copyright

11.3 Digital Security 11.4 Publishing

12. User studies

12.1 Human Information Behavior 12.2 Information Needs

12.3 Information Seeking 12.4 Knowledge Structures

13. Information Literacy & Education

13.1 IS Education 13.2 Information Literacy 13.3 Computer Literacy 13.4 Educational Information 13.5 E-learning

13.6 Lifelong Learning

14. Applied Information Science

14.1 Librarianship 14.2 Bioinformatics

14.3 Chemical Documentation 14.4 Health/Biomedical Informatics 14.5 Legal Informatics

(21)

Ia McIlwaine

Group 5: Management

Evaluation of information systems Information management

Group 6: Communication Cognition

Human information behavior Information dissemination Readership studies

Group 7: Copyright

Group 8: Digital preservation & conservation Group 9: Archival Science

Group 1:

History of information science Foundations of information science Philosophy of information science

Group 2: Information science epistemology Artificial intelligence

Information structures Information technology Information theory Informetrics

Knowledge structures Ontologies

Group 3: Librarianship Philosophy of librarianship Public information policies Publishing

Group 4: Information retrieval Databases

Categorization and classification Classification systems

(22)

Michel Menou

1. Meta-IS

1.1 Disciplines & professions 1.1.1 Archival Science

1.1.2 Library Science (or Librarianship) 1.1.3 Documentation

1.1.4 Labor in information systems 1.1.5 IS Education

1.2 Foundations of IS 1.3 Information theory 1.4 Classification theory 1.5 Information ethics 1.6 Philosophy of information 1.7 IS Epistemology

1.8 Philosophy of Computation 1.9 Philosophy of IS

1.10 Philosophy of Librarianship 1.11 History of IS

2. Primary Information Forms 2.1 Data

2.2 Documents 2.3 Images

2.4 Tacit knowledge 2.5 Formal knowledge 2.6 Formal information 2.7 Informal information 2.8 Indigenous knowledge 2.9 Stories

2.10 Genres

3. Information Processing 3.1 Contents representation 3.1.1 Abstracting

3.1.2 Indexing

3.1.3 Domain Analysis 3.1.4 Information structures 3.2 Knowledge organization 3.2.1 Knowledge representation 3.2.2. Knowledge structures 3.2.3. Categorization &

classification

3.3 Organization of information 3.3.1 Subject analysis

3.4 Information Architecture 3.5 Representation tools 3.5.1 Classification schemes &

systems 3.5.2 Ontologies 3.5.3 Taxonomies 3.5.4 Thesauri

3.5.5 Vocabulary control 3.5.6 Metadata

3.6 Information storage 3.7 Information retrieval (IR)

3.8 Online searching

3.9 Information dissemination 3.10 Information visualization 3.11 Information Quality Evaluation 3.12 Information consolidation

4. Systems & Products

4.1 Information generation systems (e.g. blogs, Wiki, publishing) 4.2 Information storage & retrieval

systems

4.3 Documents management systems 4.4 Access systems

4.4.1 Web based products

4.5 Document Delivery Systems 4.6 Digital libraries

4.7 Databases

4.8 E-journals & books

4.9 Evaluation of information systems

5. Information & Communication Technologies

5.1 Analog technologies 5.2 Digital technologies 5.2.1 Internet technologies

5.2.2 Distributed networked environments

5.2.3 Digital preservation 5.2.4 Digital security 5.3 Media integration

5.4 Mobile information technologies

6. Human Information Behavior 6.1 Information users

6.2 Information uses 6.3 Information needs 6.4 Information seeking 6.5 Information production 6.6 Information utilization

6.7 Computer-mediated communication 6.8 Information support to learning 6.8.1 By type of learning / learner 6.8.2 E-learning

6.9 Readership studies 6.10 Diffusion studies

7. Societal Dimensions 7.1 Social Informatics

7.1.1 In traditional & transitional societies

7.1.2 In technology intensive societies

7.2 Community Informatics 7.3 Information industries 7.3 Electronic Information

Industry 7.3.2 Publishing 7.3.3 Media industries

(Newspapers, radio, TV) 7.4 Industry applications of IS 7.4.1 Aviation informatics, 7.4.2 Chemical Documentation 7.4.3 Health/Biomedical Informatics

7.4.4 Educational information 7.4.5 Scientific information 7.4.6 Technological information 7.4.7 Bio-informatics

7.5 Knowledge management 7.6 Information management 7.7 Competitive Intelligence 7.8 Research evaluation 7.9 Information policy

7.9.1 Public Information Policies 7.9.2 Corporate information

policies

7.10 Economics of information 7.11 Information Law

7.11. Copyright

7.11.2 Intellectual property rights 7.11.3 Data protection

7.11.4 Privacy

7.11.5 Freedom of information 7.11.6 Information access rights 7.12 Measurements of information 7.12.1 Bibliometrics

7.12.2 Informetrics 7.12.3 Webometrics 7.12.4 Scientometrics

8. Related Disciplines & Tools 8.1 Artificial intelligence 8.2 Cognitive sciences 8.3 Communication 8.4 Evaluation 8.5 Management 8.6 Operations Research 8.7 Semiotics

(23)

Haidar Moukdad

1. Information studies

1.1 Theories & methodologies of IS 1.2 Statistical analysis

1.3 Information Retrieval 1.4 User studies

2. Organization of Information 2.1 Indexing & abstracting 2.2 Cataloging & Classification 2.3 Meta data

3. Information & society 3.1 Information acquisition 3.2 Continuing education 3.3 Communities

4. The Information Market 4.1 Publishers

4.2 Consumers 4.3 Publication media 4.4 marketing & advertising

5. Information Technology 5.1 Online databases

5.2 Artificial intelligence 5.3 Hardware & software 5.4 Programming languages 5.5 Internet technologies 5.6 Data mining

6. Information professionals & services 6.1 Libraries & librarians

6.2 Digital libraries 6.3 OPACs

6.4 Information brokers 6.5 Professional schools 6.6 Trade publications 6.7 Professional associations

7. Legislations 7.1 Copyright laws 7.2 Free speech 7.3 Court decisions 7.4 Digital forensics 7.5 Law enforcement

"

The seven theme areas represent my understanding of how IS encompasses

different areas of scholarships, professional activities, and technologies."

[21]

(Haidar Moukdad.)

Dennis Nicholson

Group 1

1.1 Identification, 1.2 Behavior, 1.3 Characteristics, 1.4 Environmental context, 1.5 Use, 1.6 Management (includes description), 1.7 Impact, 1.8 Study methods (includes education, research, philosophy, information futures).

Group 2

2.1 Assessment and evaluation, 2.2 Control (includes storage, preservation, metadata etc), 2.3 Transmission, 2.4 Utilisation (includes information management aspects of comprehension, intake and retention by both practitioners & users, and also manipulation & processing)

Group 3

3.1 Tools, 3.2 Processes, 3.3 Systems, 3.4 Architectures.

Group 4

4.1 Every form that can be identified in the data – information – knowledge – message continuum

Group 5

5.1 All possible instantiations of each form - electronic data, electronic interactive, human & machine mediated, hardcopy forms etc.

(24)

Lena Vania Pinherio

Group 1: Structural or Basic Disciplines 1.1 Domain analysis

1.2 Foundations of Information Science

1.3 Information Science Education & training (including E-learning)

1.4 Information Science Epistemology 1.5 Inter & transdisciplinarity studies 1.6 Information Theory

1.7 Philosophy of Information Science 1.8 History of Information Science

1.9 Bibliometrics, Informetrics, Webometrics / Netometrics (methodologies)

Group 2: Instrumental Disciplines 2.1 Information architecture

2.2 Knowledge organization ( or information representation)

2.3 Abstracting 2.4 Cataloguing

2.5 Classification (classification schemes, classification systems, classification theory)

2.6 Taxonomy 2.7 Thesauri

2.8 Vocabulary control 2.9 Information processing 2.10 Information storing 2.11 Information structures 2.12 Metadata

2.13 Ontology 2.14 Subject analysis

2.15 Automatic processing of language

Group 3: Management Disciplines 3.1 Competitive intelligence 3.2 Economics of information

3.3 Information dissemination (information products and services: bibliographies, catalogs, publishing) 3.4 Information management

3.5 Information quality evaluation 3.6 Knowledge management 3.7 Marketing Information

Group 4: Technological Disciplines 4.1 Computer mediating communication 4.2 Databases

4.3 Data Mining

4.4 Digital/Virtual libraries 4.5 Digital preservation 4.6 Digital security

4.7 Document delivery systems 4.8 E-journals

4.9 Information Networks

4.10 Information Systems (access system, evaluation for information systems, system analysis)

4.11 Information retrieval systems (on line search) 4.12 Information technology

4.13 Internet / Web technologies

Group 5: Socio – Cultural disciplines 5.1 E-Learning

5.2 Information ethics 5.3 Information need & use 5.4 User Studies

5.5 Scientific communication

5.6 Social information / Information in traditional & transitional societies ( division by culture, e.g. Africa), legal, & ethical aspects of information 5.7 Information policy (copyright, intellectual property

rights, privacy etc.)

5.8 Public information policies 5.9 Information Literacy 5.10 Digital inclusion

Group 6: Information Applications

6.1 Scientific information (all fields of knowledge) 6.2 Technological information

6.3 Industrial information 6.4 Information in Art 6.4 Archives information 6.5 Library information 6.6 Museums information

(25)

Maria Pinto

1. Epistemological

Archival Science, Classification Theory, Information Science Theory (Foundations, History, Epistemology, Education, Philosophy), Librarianship.

2. Systemic

Information Systems, Information Management, Knowledge Management, Information Policies, Systems Analysis.

3. Cognitive

Domain Analysis, Abstracting, Indexing, Classifications (Ontology, Taxonomies, Thesauri), Databases, Metadata.

4. Psychological

Economics of Information, Evaluation of Information Systems, Human information Behaviour, Information Quality.

5. Communicative

Communication, Copyright, Information Dissemination, Information retrieval, Message Theory.

6. Technological

Artificial Intelligence, Digital Security, Digital Libraries, Information Industry, Internet, Publishing, Web.

"Reflections. It is almost impossible to elaborate an Information Science tree with

clearly defined branches, because Information Science, as many others fields, does

not have a tree structure, but rather a network structure. Therefore, dependencies

and overlapping are an essential constituent of this multi-paradigmatic domain.

"

[24] (Maria Pinto)

Richard Smiraglia

2. Knowledge organization 2.1 Knowledge representation 2.2 Metadata

2.3 Knowledge structures 2.4 Ontology: classification 2.5 Taxonomy: epistemology

3. Information retrieval (i.e. message) 3.1 Information processing

3.2 Document delivery

4. Information management 4.1 Competitive intelligence 4.3 Information dissemination 4.3.1 Economics of information 4.3.2 Publishing

4.3.3 Librarianship 4.4 Information industry 4.4.1 Information technology 1. Information (UF ‘Information Science’)

1.1 Information use & user 1.1.1 Memetics

1.1.2 Social informatics 1.2 Information need 1.2.1 Applied informatics 1.3 Information architecture 1.3.1 Information structures 1.4 Philosophy of information 1.4.1 Ontology

1.4.2 Epistemology 1.5 Information policy 1.5.1 Ethics

1.6 Information theory

(26)

Carol Tenopir

4. Storage of information & knowledge 4.1 Archives

4.2 Copyright

4.3 Digital preservation 4.4 Digital security

4.5 Distributed networked environments 4.6 Document Delivery Systems

4.7 Information storage 4.8 Preservation

5. Information content & publishing 5.1 Databases

5.2 Digital libraries

5.3 Economics of information 5.4 Electronic Information Industry 5.5 E-journals

5.6 Information industry 5.7 Publishing

6. History & philosophy of IS 6.1 Foundations of information science 6.2 History of information science 6.3 Information ethics

6.4 Information Science Education 6.5 Information Science Epistemology 6.6 Information technology

6.7 Information theory

6.8 Philosophy of Computation 6.9 Philosophy of information 6.10 Philosophy of Information science 6.11 Philosophy of Librarianship 6.12 Public Information Policies 6.13 Message theory

6.14 Research evaluation

6.15 Information in traditional & transitional Societies 6.16 Social, legal, & ethical aspects of information

7. Managing information Organizations 7.1 Information management

7.2 Knowledge management 7.3 Knowledge organizations 7.4 Librarianship

7.5 Library Science 7.6 Management 7.7 Operations Research 1. Organization of Information & Knowledge

1.1 Abstracting

1.2 Categorization & classification 1.3 Classification schemes & systems 1.4 Classification theory

1.5 Indexing

1.6 Information Architecture 1.7 Information processing 1.8 Information structures 1.9 Knowledge representation 1.10 Knowledge structures 1.11 Metadata

1.12 Ontology

1.13 Organization of Information 1.14 Subject analysis

1.15 Systems analysis 1.16 Taxonomies 1.17 Thesauri

2. Retrieval and use of Information &Knowledge

2.1 Access systems 2.2 Artificial intelligence 2.3 Domain Analysis 2.4 E-learning

2.5 Evaluation of information systems 2.6 Information dissemination 2.7 Information manipulation 2.8 Information needs

2.9 Information Quality Evaluation 2.10 Information retrieval

2.11 Online searching 2.12 Readership studies

3. Understanding users of information & knowledge

3.1 Bibliometrics 3.2 Cognition 3.3 Communication 3.4 Community Informatics 3.5 Competitive Intelligence

3.6 Computer-mediated communication 3.7 Diffusion studies

3.8 Human information behavior 3.9 Information use & user 3.10 Informetrics

3.11 Scientific Communication 3.12 Semiotics

3.13 Social information/Social Informatics 3.14 User Webometrics

(27)

Joanne Twining

Cultural, social, ethical, legal, economic, methodological, political, philosophical, theoretical, & technological processes & aspects of:

1. Education for Library Information Science

2. Metalibrarianship

2.1 Foundations, History, Theory, Philosophy of: 2.2 Information Science

2.3 Knowledge 2.4 Librarianship 2.5 Library Science

3. Human Aspects 3.1 Cognition 3.2 Communication 3.3 Transfer 3.4 Education 3.5 Training 3.6 Uses 3.7 Behaviors

4. Information

4.1 Architecture & Design 4.2 Documentation & Publishing 4.3 Preservation & Archiving 4.4 Organization & Representation 4.5 Abstracting & Indexing 4.6 Categorization & classification 4.7 Storage & Retrieval

4.8 Management 4.9 Systems & Networks

5. Knowledge

5.1 Architecture & Design 5.2 Documentation & Publishing 5.3 Preservation & Archiving 5.4 Organization & Representation 5.5 Abstracting & Indexing 5.6 Categorization & classification 5.7 Storage & Retrieval

5.8 Management 5.9 Systems & Networks

6. Research & evaluation 6.1 Bibliometrics

(28)

Irene Wormell

1. Information Analysis

Quantitative analysis of information, Citation analysis, Informetrics, Bibliometrics, Webometrics, Subject & domain analysis, Publication analysis, Trend analysis, Innovation studies, (Databases), Diffusion studies, Information dissemination, Information manipulation, Research evaluation, Scientific Communication

.

2. Knowledge Organization

Abstracting, Access systems, Categorization & classification, Classification schemes, Classification systems, Classification theory, Domain Analysis, Indexing, Knowledge representation, Knowledge structures, Information structures, Ontology, Organization of Information, , Subject analysis, Systems analysis, Taxonomies, Thesauri, Vocabulary control.