• No se han encontrado resultados

Presentation Unit 4

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "Presentation Unit 4"

Copied!
43
0
0

Texto completo

(1)

BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3º DE E.S.O.

Chapter 4: THE INTERACTION

(2)

1. The interaction function

(3)

The interaction function

are perceived thanks to the

which send

The receptors Stimuli

Messages to

The nervous system

Stimulus: any change that results in a change in the organism.

(4)

The interaction function

The nervous system

it produces

Responses

transmitted by

Nerve impulses

That are sent to

Effectors (muscles)

Response: any action resulting from a stimulus.

contraction of muscle cells

(5)

UNIT

4

The interaction function

it produces Responses transmitted by Hormones through Chemical reactions

that are sent to

Effectors (glands)

Response: any action resulting from a stimulus.

contraction of muscle cells secretion by a gland

(6)
(7)
(8)

6. NERVOUS COORDINATION

This communication

system controls and

coordinates functions

throughout the body and

(9)

6.1 NEURONS AND NERVOUS

IMPULSE

A

nerve

is an organ

containing a lot of

nerve cells called

neurons.

Neurons carry

electrical messages

called

impulses

throughout the

(10)

6.1 NEURONS AND NERVOUS

IMPULSE

Each neuron

Each neuron

consists of:

consists of:

The cell body.

The cell body.

Dendrites.

Dendrites.

The axon.

(11)

Cell body consists of nucleus

Cell body consists of nucleus

Dendrites consist of nerve fibers that carry impulses toward

Dendrites consist of nerve fibers that carry impulses toward

the cell body

the cell body

Axon is a single nerve fiber that carries impulses away

Axon is a single nerve fiber that carries impulses away

from the cell body

from the cell body

(12)

Myelin covers the axon (fat covering) that insulates

Myelin covers the axon (fat covering) that insulates

and maintains the axon

and maintains the axon

Nodes of Ranvier are areas where no myelin is present

Nodes of Ranvier are areas where no myelin is present

(13)
(14)

Because neurons

never touch,

chemical signals

called

neurotransmitters

must travel

through the

space called

synapse between

two neurons.

(15)

The axon of one neuron lies next

The axon of one neuron lies next

to the dendrites of another

to the dendrites of another

neuron

neuron

The spaces between them are

The spaces between them are

called synapses

called synapses

Impulses coming from one axon

Impulses coming from one axon

“jump” the synapse to get to the

“jump” the synapse to get to the

dendrite of another neuron which

dendrite of another neuron which

carry it in the right direction

carry it in the right direction

Special chemicals,

Special chemicals,

neurotransmitters, found at the

neurotransmitters, found at the

end of each neuron allow

end of each neuron allow

impulses to pass from one

impulses to pass from one

neuron to another so impulses

neuron to another so impulses

can follow many different routes

can follow many different routes

(16)

6.2 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

This communication

system controls and

coordinates functions

throughout the body and

(17)

6.2 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

There are two main parts:

Central nervous system (CNS): consists of

Brain

Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS): consists of

Nerves

(18)

The CNS is the control center of

the body:

Receives information

Processes and coordinates

information

Elaborates responses

(19)

6.3 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

brain

Spinal Cord

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Brain stem: Medulla Oblongata

(20)

Cerebrum

Voluntary or conscious activities

of the body (learning, thinking)

Cerebellum

Coordinates and balances the

actions of the muscles and helps

us keep our balnce.

Brain stem:

Medulla

Oblongata

Controls involuntary actions like

blood pressure, heart rate,

breathing, and swallowing

Spinal Cord

between the brain and the rest of

The main communications link

the body. Control reflexes

(21)

Spinal Cord

• Links communication

between the brain and the rest of the body

• 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord connecting brain to body

• Reflexes = quick, automatic responses to stimuli are

processed directly in the spinal cord

(22)

Spinal Cord

Receptors in the skin send information to the spinal cord through the spinal nerves. The

nerve fibers enter the spinal cord through the sensory root. Some

fibers make synapses with other neurons and continue up to the brain. After that the response travels through the

motor root to muscles to control movement.

(23)

6.4 Peripheral Nervous

System

• Consists of nerves and associated

cells that are not part of the brain or spinal cord

• Receives information from the

environment and relays commands from the CNS to organs and glands

• Divided into two parts:

• Sensory division: transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS

• Motor division: transmits impulses from the CNS to the muscles or glands

PNS animation (Pain receptor) :

http://pennhealth.com/encyclopedia/e m_DisplayAnimation.aspx?

(24)

Somatic System

Part of motor division that

(25)

Autonomic System

• Part of the motor division that regulates activities that are

automatic or involuntary (heart beat and smooth muscle in digestive

system and blood vessels)

• Two parts that have opposite effects on the organs they control:

• Sympathetic (“gas pedal”)

(26)
(27)

Concept Map

which consists of is divided into

that make up

which is divided into

(28)
(29)
(30)

Reflexes (reflex action) = quick,

automatic responses to stimuli are processed directly in the spinal cord

6.5.1 Reflex action

(31)

6.5.1 Reflex arc

The pathway that an

impulse travels:

• 1. from the sensory receptor

• 2. up the sensory neuron

• 3. over the synapse

• 4. to the spinal cord (interneuron)

• 5. over another synapse

• 6. back down the motor neuron

(32)
(33)

8.1 The endocrine system

• Main Function:

It releases hormones into the blood to

signal other cells to behave in certain

ways. It is a slow form of communication.

(34)

Endocrine glands

Release hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones are chemicals released in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and

affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body.

Consists of:

8.1 The endocrine system

(35)

8.1 The endocrine system

(36)

The hypothalamus is

located in the

brain

and controls the

release of hormones

from the

pituitary

gland. It is an

important link

between the

endocrine and

nervous systems

.

(37)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNLsXKkLSTs

(38)
(39)
(40)

Functions

:

-The adrenal glands

release Adrenaline in

the body that helps

prepare for and deal

with stress.

-Also regulates kidney

function.

(41)

Function: The Insulin

and Glycogen in the Pancreas help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable.

Disorders: When the

Pancreas fails to

produce or properly use Insulin, it can cause a condition known as Diabetes Mellitus.

(42)

Functions:

Pair of

reproductive glands that

produces sperm.

Also secrete Testosterone to give

the body its masculine

characteristics.

(43)

4,3 OVARIES

Functions

:

Pair of reproductive organs found in

women that produce eggs.

Also secrete estrogen and

Referencias

Documento similar

The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationships between psychological factors (the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale and Self-Efficacy Scale) and

Our objective was to determine potential drug interactions (DI) be- tween pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals (pDAA) and concomitant central nervous system (CNS) medication

All fetuses showed absence of accelerations (Fig. This was most likely secondary to the depression of the fetal somatic nervous system by in flammatory mediators or due to

Otherwise, Fas supresses immune status in normal brain (Choi and Benveniste 2004). Cells of nervous system also exhibit a different susceptibility to Fas-induced cell

The pathways through the stress influence in IBS include the following: (a) activation of mast cells and the sympathetic nervous system, (b) vagus nerve inhibition on

Samples were obtained from the commercial Brain Medulloblastoma tissue microarray (CC17-01-002). Cryostat sections of human brain tumor tissue from medulloblastomas,

Va generated in A2-A4 segments express the Capa neuropeptide, whereas the Va born in A1 express the pro-neurose- cretory transcription factor Dimmed (Dimm); it is nonetheless

Mercury exists in several forms: inorganic mercury, among which There have been the metallic mercury and mercury vapor (Hg 0 ) and mercurous mercury (Hg + ) or mercuric mercury (Hg ++