Contents
Preface
1 Botany: An Introduction Evolution of Plants
Evolution of Communities
Appearance of Human Beings
SECTION 1 Biology of the Plant Cell
14
2 The Molecular Composition
of Plant Cells 15
Organic Molecules 15
Carbohydrates 16
Lipids 19
~~M n
Nucleic Acids 26
Secondary Metabolites 27
ESSAY: Vegetarians,Amino Acids,
and Nitrogen 28
3
The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
ESSAY: Cel/ Theory versus Organismal Theory Prokaryotes and EukaryotesThe Plant Cell: An Overview Nucleus
Chloroplasts and Other Plastids Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
35
36
37
38
39
41
44
46
v
Vacuo les
Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Cytoskeleton
ESSAY: Cytoplasmic Streaming in Giant Algal Cel/s
Flagella and Cilia Cell Wall
The Cell Cycle Interphase
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
52 52 52 58 59 60 46 47
48 50
1 1 6 9
4 The Movement of Substances
into and out of Cells 71
PrincipIesof Water Movement 72
Cells and Diffusion 74
Osmosis and Living Organisms 75
ESSAY: 1mbibition 76
Structure of Cellular Membranes 77
Transport of Solutes across Membranes 78 ESSAY: Patch-Clamp Recording in the Study
oflon Channe~ 80
Vesicle-Mediated Transport 81
Cell-to-Cell Communication 83
SECTION 2
Energetics
88
5
The Flow
of
Energy
The Laws of Thermodynamics Oxidation-Reduction
Enzymes
Cofactors in Enzyme Action Metabolic Pathways
Regulation of Enzyme Activity The Energy Factor: ATP
6
Respiration
An Overview of Glucose Oxidation Glycolysis
The Aerobic Pathway
Other Substrates for Respiration Anaerobic Pathways
The Strategy of Energy Metabolism
7
Photosynthesis, Light, and Life
Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective The Nature of LightThe Role of Pigments
The Reactions of Photosynthesis ESSAY: The Fitness of Light The Carbon-Fixation Reactions
ESSAY: The Carbon Cycle, Greenhouse Gases, and Global Warming
95 96 97 98 102 102 103 105 112 112 113
115 115 117 118 121 122 127
136
SECTION 3 Genetics and Evolution
8
Sexual Reproduction and Heredity
Sexual ReproductionThe Eukaryotic Chromosome The Process of Meiosis
How Characteristics Are Inherited Mendel's Two Principies
140
141 141 142 143 148 151
Contents xi Linkage
Mutations
Broadening the Concept of the Gene Asexual Reproduction: An Alternative
Strategy
ESSAY: Vegetative Reproduction: Some Ways and Means
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
9
The Chemistry of Heredity
and Gene Expression
The Structure of DNA DNA ReplicationFrom DNA to Protein: The Role of RNA The Genetic Code
Protein Synthesis
Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
The DNA of the Eukaryotic Chromosome Transcription and Processing of mRNA
in Eukaryotes
10 Recombinant DNA Technology,
Plant Biotechnology,
and Genomics
Recombinant DNA Technology
ESSAY: Model Plants: Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa
Plant Biotechnology ESSAY: Totipotency Genomics
11 The Process of Evolution
Darwin's TheoryThe Concept of the Gene Pool The Behavior of Genes in Populations:
The Hardy-Weinberg Law The Agents of Change
Responses to Selection
The Result of Natural Selection: Adaptation
The Origin of Species How Does Speciation Occur?
ESSA Y: Adaptive Radiation in Hawaiian Tarweeds
The Origin of Major Groups of Organisms
152 153 155
158
159 159
163 164 166 167 169 169
175 176
177
180 180
187 188 192 194
198 198 200
SECTION 4 Diversity
12
Systematics: The Science
oí Biological Diversity
Taxonomy: Nomenclature and Classification ESSA Y: Convergent Evolution
Cladistics
Molecular Systematics
The Major Groups oí Organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Origin of the Eukaryotes
The Eukaryotic Kingdoms Life Cycles and Diploidy
13 Prokaryotes and Viruses
Characteristics of the Prokaryotic Cell Diversity of Form
Reproduction and Gene Exchange Endospores
Metabolic Diversity Bacteria
Archaea Viruses
Viroids: Other Infectious Particles Origin oí Viruses
14
Fungi
The Importance of Fungi Characteristics oí Fungi
ESSAY: Phototropism in a Fungus Chytrids: Phylum Chytridiomycota Zygomycetes: Phylum Zygomycota Ascomycetes: Phylum Ascomycota
218
219
219 224 225 226
227 229 231 235
238 239 241 241 242 243 244 250 252 257 257
260 260 262 265 266 268 269
)1
Basidiomycetes,Teliomycetes,Ustomycetes: Phylum Basidiomycota
Yeasts
Conidial Fungi
ESSA Y: Predaceous Fungi
SymbioticRelationshipsofFungi ESSAY: From Pathogen to Symbiont:
Fungal Endophytes
15
Protista: Algae and Heterotrophic
Protists
Ecologyof the Algae
ESSAY: Algae and Human Affairs ESSAY: Red Tides/Toxic Blooms
Dinoflagellates: Phylum Dinophyta Euglenoids: Phylum Euglenophyta Cryptomonads: Phylum Cryptophyta Haptophytes: Phylum Haptophyta The Heterokonts
Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophyta Green Algae: Phylum Chlorophyta The Slime Molds
16 Bryophytes
The Relationships oí Bryophytesto Other Groups
Comparative Structure and Reproduction
ofBryophytes
Liverworts: Phylum Hepatophyta Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerophyta Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta
17
Seedless Vascular Plants
EvolutionofVascular Plants
Organizationof theVascular PlantBody ESSAY: Coal Age Plants
Reproductive Systems
The Phyla ofSeedless Vascular Plants Phylum Rhyniophyta
Phylum Zosterophyllophyta Phylum Trimerophytophyta Phylum Lycopodiophyta Phylum Pteridophyta
18
Gymnosperms
Evolutionof the Seed Progymnosperms
272 282 283 285 285
286
296 297 300 302 303 305 306 307 309 322 327 340
345
346
347 351 356 358
368 368 369 374 376 377 378 379 379 380 389
Extinct Gymnosperms Living Gymnosperms Phylum Coniferophyta
ESSAY: Wollemia nobilis: A Recently Discovered Living Fossil
Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta
19 Introduction to the Angiosperms
Diversity in the Phylum AnthophytaThe Flower
The Angiosperm Life Cycle ESSAY: Hay Fever
20
Evolution of the Angiosperms
Relationships of the AngiospermsOrigin and Diversif1cation of the Angiosperms Evolution of the Flower
Evolution of Fruits Biochemical Coevolution
21
Plants and People
The Agricultural Revolution ESSAY: The Origin of Maize The Growth of Human Populations Agriculture in the Future412 413 414
425
427
434 434 436 442 447
452 453 453 456 465 471
475 476 481 486 487
SECTION
5 The Angiosperm Plant Body:
Structure and Development
496
22
Early Development of the Plant Body
497
Formation of the Embryo 497
c.:ontents Xlll
The Mature Embryo and Seed ESSAY: Wheat: Bread and Bran
Requirements for Seed Germination From Embryo to Adult Plant
23
Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body
Apical Meristems and Their DerivativesGrowth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation Internal Organization of the Plant Body Ground Tissues
Vascular Tissues Dermal Tissues
24
The
Root: Structure
and Development
Root SystemsOrigin and Growth of Primary Tissues Primary Structure
Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Root
Origin of Lateral Roots Aerial Roots and Air Roots
ESSAY: Getting to the Root of Organ Development
Adaptations forFoodStorage: FleshyRoots
502 502 504 505
510 510 511 512 513 516 523
528 529 530 533
538 540 541
542 544
25
The Shoot: Primary Structure
and Development
547
Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues
of the Stem 548
Primary Structure of the Stem 551 ESSAY: Plants, Air Pollution, the Ozone Layer,
and Acid Rain 552
Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf
Morphology and Structure of the Leaf ESSAY: Leaf Dimorphism in Aquatic Plants Grass Leaves
Development of the Leaf Leaf Abscission
Transition between the Vascular Systems of the Root and Shoot
Development of the Flower Stem and Leaf Modif1cations
26 Secondary Growth in Stems
Annuals, Biennials,and Perennials
558 559 565 566 567 570 570 571 575 580
The Vascular Cambium
Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Stem
Wood: Secondary Xylem ESSA Y: The Truth about Knots
581 583 591 599
SECTI0N (Í
Physiology oí Seed Plants
27 Regulating Growth and Development: The Plant Hormones
Auxins
Cytokinins Ethylene AbscisicAcid Gibberellins
The Molecular Basis of Hormone Action
28
External Factors and Plant
Growth
The Tropisms Circadian Rhythms Photoperiodism
Hormonal Control of Flowering Genetic Control of Flowering Dormancy
Cold and the Flowering Response Nastic Movements and Solar Tracking
29
Plant Nutrition and Soils
Essential ElementsFunctions of Essential Elements
602
603
605
608
611
612
613
616
622 622 627 629 634 636 637 639 639
645
646
647
The Soil Nutrient Cycles
Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle ESSAY: Carnivorous Plants
The Phosphorus Cycle
Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles and Effects of Pollution
Soils and Agriculture Plant Nutrition Research
ESSA Y: Halophytes: A Future Resource? ESSA Y: Compost
649 653 653 655 660
661 662 662 663 664
30
The Movement of Water and Solutes
in Plants
667
Movement of Water and Inorganic Nutrients
through the Plant Body 667
Absorption of Water and Ions by Roots 675 Assimilate Transport: Movement of Substances
through the Phloem 680
SECTION 7
Ecology
On the Web: www.whfreeman.com/raven
31 The Dynamics of Communities
and Ecosystems
Ecosystem Energetics-Trophic Levels Nutrient and Material Cycling
Interactions between Organisms-Beyond Trophic Relationships
Contents xv
32 Global Ecology
Life on the Land Rainforests
Savannas and Deciduous Tropical Forests Deserts
Grasslands
Temperate Deciduous Forests Temperate Mixed and Coniferous Forests
Mediterranean Scrub
The Northernmost Forests-Taiga and Boreal Forest Arctic Tundra
Appendix: Classiflcation of Organisms Suggestions for Further Reading Glossary
Illustration Credits Index
A-1
FR-1
G-1
IC-1
