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Avian Influenza Infection Dynamics in Minor Avian Species

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Figure complexes.shuttingfromNS2(IllustrationFusionproteins.cytoplasmwhere2. Influenza virus cycle. 1. Binding to Sia receptors and entry into the host cell. 2. Endocytosis. 3.  after acidification of the endocytic vesicle. 4. Entry of vRNPs into the nucleus and release of vRNP  5. The (‐) stranded vRNA is copied by virion RNA polymerase into mRNA. 6, 7. Export of mRNA  the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation and production of viral proteins. 8. The mRNA codifying for the viral surface proteins are translated by ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, 12. wherethey experience glycosylation. 10. The PA, PB1, PB2 and NP proteins are imported into the nucleus, 9.  they participate in the synthesis of full length (+) strand RNAs and (‐) strand RNA. 11. The M1 and   are  also  transported  to  the  nucleus.  13.  The  M1  binds  to  the  new  synthesized  (‐)  strand  vRNA,  down the viral mRNA synthesis. M1 and NS2 induce the export of progeny nucleocapsids to the  14, 15. and then to the cell surface in regions of the cell membrane containing NA and HA   16.  When  the  assembly  is  complete,  the  new  virions  are  bud  from  the  plasma  membrane  modified from [63,101]). 
Figure [238]).indicate3. Host range influenza viruses. Wild aquatic birds are the reservoir for all influenza A virus, whichare  transmitted  to  poultry  species,  and  occasionally  to pigs,  horses,  and  sea  mammals.  Rarely,  wild  ordomestic birds transmit influenza A viruses to cats or minks. Pig viruses could be transmitted to humans(and  vice  versa),  and  sporadically  poultry  species  transmit  influenza  viruses  to  humans  (dashed  lines sporadic and rare transmission of influenza A virus between species) (Illustration modified from 
Table 2. Free‐living species from which H5N1 HPAIVs have been isolated [217].
Figure modified4. Epidemiology of LPAIVs and HPAIVs between free‐living aquatic birds and poultry (Illustration  from [238]). 
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