Platelet Poor and Platelet Rich Plasma Stimulate Bone Lineage Differentiation in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

Texto completo

(1)Volume 87 • Number 2. Platelet-Poor and Platelet-Rich Plasma Stimulate Bone Lineage Differentiation in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Constanza E. Martı́nez,*† Sergio A. González,*‡ Verónica Palma,‡ and Patricio C. Smith*. Background: Plasma-derived fractions have been used as an autologous source of growth factors; however, limited knowledge concerning their biologic effects has hampered their clinical application. In this study, the authors analyze the content and specific effect of both platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) on osteoblastic differentiation using primary cultures of human periodontal ligament stem cells (HPLSCs). Methods: The authors evaluated the growth factor content of PRP and PPP using a proteome profiler array and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. HPLSCs were characterized by flow cytometry and differentiation assays. The effect of PRP and PPP on HPLSC bone differentiation was analyzed by quantifying calcium deposition after 14 and 21 days of treatment. Results: Albeit at different concentrations, the two fractions had similar profiles of growth factors, the most representative being platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms (PDGFAA, -BB, and -AB), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-6. Both formulations exerted a comparable stimulus on osteoblastic differentiation even at low doses (2.5%), increasing calcium deposits in HPLSCs. Conclusions: PRP and PPP showed a similar protein profile and exerted comparable effects on bone differentiation. Further studies are needed to characterize and compare the effects of PPP and PRP on bone healing in vivo. J Periodontol 2016;87:e18-e26. KEY WORDS Calcification, physiologic; cell differentiation; mesenchymal stromal cells; periodontal ligament; platelet-rich plasma; regeneration. * Laboratory of Periodontal Biology and Regeneration, Dentistry Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. † Dentistry Academic Unit, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. ‡ FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Development, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.. S. everal regenerative approaches have been proposed for the treatment of periodontal lesions, including the use of recombinant growth factors that may stimulate signaling cascades in a wide range of cells, promoting proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration.1,2 These responses may include the recruitment of stem or progenitor cells to the damaged area to achieve periodontal regeneration.1,3-7 In recent years, human blood–derived fractions have been used to improve wound healing as an autologous source of growth factors, using platelets as therapeutic tools.8-13 Platelets contribute to hemostasis by preventing blood loss at sites of vascular injury, since their a-granules contain growth factors and cytokines that play a key role in inflammation and tissue repair.13-15 Distinct platelet-derived fractions have been designed.14,16 These include platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and platelet-rich fibrin, among others.16,17 At the clinical level, they may be applied in the form of a gel on surgical wounds as an autologous source of biomolecules for the treatment of a wide range of tissue injuries.13,17-19 However, conflicting results regarding the clinical effectiveness of PRP in periodontal regeneration have been reported in the literature, probably because of wide variations in the protocols used to generate PRP, heterogeneity among clinical studies that evaluate different types of defects, and the absence of a biologic rationale to define the doi: 10.1902/jop.2015.150360. e18.

(2) Martı́nez, González, Palma, Smith. J Periodontol • February 2016. adequate concentrations of growth factors and other components present in platelet-derived fractions.18-23 PPP, the blood fraction with reduced counts of platelets, appears to promote wound healing–associated cell function and improves the migration and proliferation of gingival fibroblasts in vitro.8,9,24 Recently, a clinical study demonstrated similar results for PRP and PPP in intrabony periodontal defects in humans.25 Similarly, a study in dogs showed a positive effect on bone healing of extraction sockets in dogs.26 Given the studies above, there is a need to characterize the composition and biologic effects exerted by PRP and PPP. In the present study, the authors evaluate and compare the growth factor composition of PRP and PPP obtained from the same donors and assay the effects of these formulations on the differentiation potential of human periodontal ligament stem cells (HPLSCs) to the osteoblastic phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPLSC Cultures Healthy human impacted third molars were collected from four young adult females, aged 18 to 24 years, under approved guidelines set by the Ethical Committee of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile [12-117]), Santiago, Chile. Written informed consent was obtained from all donors. Explants, obtained from the middle third of the root, were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and a mix of antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin) and antimicotics (0.25 mg/mL amphotericin B), according to a previously described protocol.27 All HPLSC cultures were used in passages 2 to 5. Flow Cytometry Cells were characterized according to the International Society for Cellular Therapy’s minimal criteria for defining mesenchymal stem cells.28 Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for positive mesenchymal stromal cell markers with antibodies against cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73)-V450,§ peridinin chlorophyll and cyanine 5.5–conjugated CD105,i and phycoerythrin and cyanine 7–conjugated CD90.¶ The authors also analyzed the presence of negative markers, using antibodies to detect CD11b, CD79a, CD14, CD45, and CD34 coupled with phycoerythrin.# After antibody incubation, cells were sorted in a flow cytometer** with all antibodies in the same sample.29 Immunofluorescence Cells were grown on coverslips, fixed with paraformaldehyde 4%, blocked, and incubated with primary antibodies overnight. Primary antibodies used were mouse monoclonal anti-STRO-1†† (1:20) and rabbit monoclonal anti-CD146‡‡ (1:50). Subsequently, cells were incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies§§. (1:400) and counterstained with 49,6-diamidino-2phenylindole as previously reported.30 Differentiation Potential of HPLSCs The ability to differentiate into adipose, cartilage, or bone/cementum lineages was evaluated by treating cells for 21 days with specific culture media: adipogenic media (DMEM supplemented with FBS 10% and adipogenic factors [1 mM dexamethasone, 100 mM indomethacin, 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine, 10 mg/mL insulin]); chondrogenic media;ii or osteogenic media (DMEM, FBS 10%, 0.1 mM dexamethasone, 10 mM b-glycerophosphate, 50 mg/mL ascorbic acid 2phosphate). Medium was changed every 2 to 3 days. After incubation, cells were fixed with buffered formalin and stained for cartilage (alcian blue), adipose tissue (oil red O), or bone/cementum tissue (alizarin red) as previously reported.29,31 PRP and PPP Collection PRP and PPP were obtained from four healthy male volunteers, aged 20 to 22 years, using a kit¶¶ after obtaining written informed consent from the donors. PRP was prepared from 60-mL blood samples following the manufacturer’s instructions. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3,200 rpm for 15 minutes. To induce platelet activation, PPP and PRP fractions were incubated for 1 hour at 37C with 1% CaCl2 and autologous thrombin (10% of final volume) obtained from each patient. After activation, both PPP and PRP were agitated in a vortex for 1 minute and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3,200 rpm. Platelet-released supernatants were filtered, aliquoted, frozen, and maintained at -80C until experiments were performed.9 Proteome Profiler Array Studies Both PRP and PPP were evaluated using a semiquantitative, sandwich-based proteome profile array## including 44 proteins. Briefly, plasma fractions were incubated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Spots were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence and quantified by densitometry analysis, with respect to internal positive controls, using software.***32 Growth Factor Quantification PRP and PPP were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits to quantify the following growth factors: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB, fibroblast growth § i ¶ # ** †† ‡‡ §§ ii ¶¶ ## ***. BD Horizon San Jose, CA. BD Pharmingen, San Jose, CA. BD Pharmingen. Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ. AbCam, Cambridge MA. AbCam. Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA. Stem-Pro, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA. GPS III, Biomet Biologics, Warsaw, IN. RayBiotech, Norcross, GA. ImageJ, NIH, Bethesda, MD.. e19.

(3) Plasmatic Fractions Induce Bone Differentiation in Periodontal Cells. Volume 87 • Number 2. factor (FGF)-2, and epidermal growth factor (EGF).††† Briefly, samples were incubated according to the manufacturer’s instructions and quantified by absorbance at 450 nm, including a standard curve.. PPP Has a Protein Profile Similar to That of PRP The current authors first aimed to determine the relative expression of 44 proteins in both PPP and PRP plasma fractions by using a protein profiler array. Surprisingly, a similar pattern of growth factors was observed in both plasma fractions using this proteomic tool (Figs. 2A and 2B). High expression of growth factors was detected in cell proliferation or differentiation of mesenchymal cells.7,34 The authors estimated an increase of almost two-fold in PPP and three times in PRP of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 relative to internal control expression in this array (Figs. 2C and 2D). Also noted was a three-fold increase of EGF in PRP and only onefold in PPP. In addition, the authors identified an increase in both fractions of one-fold in proteins involved in periodontal tissue repair such as IGFBP-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, and EGF receptor (EGF-R) (Figs. 2C and 2D). Finally, less than one-fold expression was observed in both fractions of other proteins such as heparin binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF); hepatocyte growth factor (HGF); PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-a and PDGFR-b; insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II; IGF binding protein IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-4; IGF1 receptor (IGFR); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); VEFG-D and its receptors (VEGFR-3); bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and BMP-7; placental growth factor (PlGF); transforming growth factor (TGF)-a and three isoforms (TGF-b1, -b2, and -b3); granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); granulocytemacrophage CSF (GM-CSF); M-CSF; M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR); stem cell factor (SCF); SCF receptor (SCFR); amphiregulin (AR); fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, FGF-4, FGF-6 and FGF-7; basic nerve growth factor (bNGF); neurotrophin (NT)-3 and NT-4; and glial cell–derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) (Figs. 2C and 2D). These results allow the authors to suggest for the first time that PPP has a protein expression pattern very similar to that of PRP, including biomolecules involved in wound healing and tissue repair.34-36 To further quantify differences between growth factors in PRP and PPP, the protein levels of three PDGF isoforms and EGF and FGF-2 were analyzed by ELISA. Statistically significant differences were observed between PPP and PRP in all PDGF isoforms and EGF levels. A 10-fold increase in PDGF isoforms in PRP fractions was found compared to PPP (PDGF-AA [pg/mL]: 21,266 versus 2,419; PDGF-AB: 28,834 versus 2,713; PDGF-BB: 20,245 versus 3,425) (Figs. 3A through 3C). At the same time, an increase of almost 100 times of EFG amounts in PRP fractions was observed compared. PPP and PRP Treatments Cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS on 2-cm2 cell culture vessels at 1.5 · 103 cells/mL or on a 96-well plate at 3.2 · 103 cells/mL. At 80% confluence, cells were incubated with DMEM plus PPP or PRP (2.5%, 5%, or 10%) and supplemented with osteogenic factors (0.1 mM dexamethasone, 10 mM b-glycerophosphate, 50 mg/mL ascorbic acid 2-phosphate). Quantities of DMEM supplemented with FBS (2.5%, 5%, or 10%) with or without osteogenic factors were used as controls. Medium was changed every 2 days. At the same time, the Saos-2 cell line‡‡‡ from human osteosarcoma was used as a control. After 14 or 21 days of culture, cells were incubated overnight with 2N HCl to extract calcium deposits. The calcium ions in each sample were quantitated by the o-cresolphthalein complexone method with a calcium kit.33§§§ Statistical Analyses All experiments were done in triplicate. Significance was determined through one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test to evaluate multiple comparisons. Student t test was used to evaluate significance when only two conditions were analyzed, and significance was set at P <0.05. RESULTS HPLSC Characterization According to criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy,28 human cells obtained from the middle third of the root were plastic adherent and expressed the positive mesenchymal stem cell markers STRO-1 and CD146 as evaluated by immunofluorescence (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, >95% of the cell population expressed mesenchymal stromal cell markers CD105, CD73, and CD90 as measured by flow cytometry (Figs. 1B and 1C). In addition, these cells lacked the expression of CD45, CD34, CD14, CD11b, and CD79 (2% to 3%) (Figs. 1B and 1C). Cell cultures were able to differentiate into adipose, cartilage, and bone lineages on treatment with specific differentiation media. After 21 days of incubation with chondrogenic media, cultures revealed clusters of brilliant blue cells positive for alcian blue stain, typically found in chondrocytes (Fig. 1D). The cell cultures enriched in HPLSCs incubated with osteogenic media for the same time frame were able to deposit calcium as evaluated by alizarin red stain detected in mineralization nodules (Fig. 1E). Finally, the cells were able to form lipid droplets in the presence of adipogenic media after 21 days of incubation, as evidenced by oil red O stain (Fig. 1F). Thus, it can be concluded that the cell cultures were enriched in HPLSCs. e20. ††† ab100624, ab100622, ab100623, ab99979, and ab100504, AbCam. ‡‡‡ American Type Culture Collection, Manassas VA. §§§ BioVision, San Francisco, CA..

(4) J Periodontol • February 2016. Martı́nez, González, Palma, Smith. Figure 1. Cell cultures obtained from periodontal ligament are mesenchymal stem cells. Cell cultures were immunoassayed against mesenchymal markers and counterstained with 49,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. A) Representative epifluorescence images of immunostaining for CD146 (red), STRO-1 (green). Flow cytometry analyses (B) and quantification (C) of positive and negative mesenchymal stromal cell markers. Cells were treated during 21 days with specific media and were able to differentiate into three lineages. Representative images of alcian blue stain for chondrogenic lineage (D), alizarin red for bone/cementum lineage (E), and oil red O for adipose lineage (F). Scale bar: A, D, F = 20 mm, E = 2 mm.. to PPP (11,696 versus 1,037 pg/mL) (Fig. 3D). However, FGF-2 levels were similar in both fractions (1,141 versus 885 pg/mL) (Fig. 3E). These results suggest that PPP contains a protein profile very similar to that of PRP, but with lower amounts of PDGFs and EGF. PPP or PRP Induces a Similar Effect on Bone Differentiation in HPLSCs To evaluate the effect of PPP on bone differentiation, HPLSCs were incubated for 14 or 21 days in the presence of osteogenic media and PPP, PRP, or FBS (Figs. 4A through 4D). At the end of treatments, calcium. deposits were quantified. At 14 days of incubation, statistical differences were found between PPP 2.5% and PRP 2.5%, showing higher calcium deposits for PRPtreated cells. Also, treatments with PRP 5% or 10% induced higher calcium deposits compared to PPP 2.5% (Fig. 4B). Cells incubated with FBS (2.5%, 5%, or 10%) and osteogenic media also showed calcium deposits (Fig. 4A); however, a lower response was observed compared to PPP or PRP. Furthermore, statistical differences were found between FBS 2.5% and 5% or 10% (Fig. 4A). At 21 days of HPLSC bone/cementum differentiation process, calcium deposits were found in all e21.

(5) Plasmatic Fractions Induce Bone Differentiation in Periodontal Cells. Volume 87 • Number 2. Figure 2.. PPP has a protein profile similar to that of PRP. Both plasma fractions were analyzed using a proteomic profile array. A) Representative images of array membranes of PPP or PRP, each spot corresponding to a protein. Positive control spots are indicated with black boxes. B) Proteomic array membrane distribution summarizes the names of proteins within the assay. Densitometric analyses of PPP (C) or PRP (D) protein profile. Dashed lines represent increases with respect to internal controls: one time (black), two times (blue), and more than two (red). Densitometric analyses were performed with software.. treatments. Statistical differences were found between PPP 2.5% versus PRP 10% and PPP 5% versus PRP 10%, showing more calcium deposits in the cells incubated with PPP (Fig. 4D). No statistical differences were observed among all the other treatments. These observations suggest an evident effect of PPP on bone differentiation of HPLSCs, even at low concentrations of this platelet fraction. Also analyzed were the calcium deposits in all HPLSC monolayers after 21 days of differentiation with alizarin red stain, confirming the presence of calcium deposits after PPP incubation (Figs. 4E and 4F). As a control, bone differentiation was induced in the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2, showing that PPP stimulated e22. the formation of nodules with alizarin red staining (Fig. 4G). These results suggest a positive effect of PPP on bone/cementum differentiation of HPLSCs, inducing calcium deposits even at low PPP concentrations (2.5%). DISCUSSION This study reports the positive effect of PPP and PRP on bone differentiation using HPLSCs. The authors were able to obtain and characterize HPLSCs, satisfying the criteria defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy to establish mesenchymal stem cells.28 The identification of appropriate biomolecules that control migration, proliferation, or differentiation of periodontal.

(6) J Periodontol • February 2016. Martı́nez, González, Palma, Smith. Figure 3.. Growth factor quantification in PPP or PRP. Representative growth factors were quantified by ELISA as indicated. A) PDGF-BB, B) PDGF-AA, C) PDGFAB, D) EFG, and E) FGF-2. Statistical differences were determined by Student t test: * P <0.0007.. ligament stem cells is a very important step in periodontal regeneration.4,7,37-39 In the periodontal regeneration field, platelet concentrates have been used as a source of growth factors to induce cellular responses in a disturbed environment.23,25 It is important to consider that two systematic reviews that included 22 randomized clinical trials have recently reported contradictory results concerning the potential regenerative effect of PRP on periodontal wound healing.23,40 Therefore, it is important to understand the biologic rationale underlying the potential effect of these platelet-derived fractions. Although PRP contains increased amounts of growth factors compared to PPP, these lower quantities were enough to induce bone/cementum differentiation in vitro.41 In the present study, surprisingly, the authors found a similar protein profile for both PRP and PPP plasma fractions, using a proteome profiler antibody array with 44 proteins. PRP and PPP contain proteins related to migration, proliferation, remodeling, and differentiation in several tissues.34 To date, there are few reports related to biomolecules on PPP; therefore the present results are remarkable because they show that platelet-derived fractions could be used as an autologous source of different biomolecules. However, the results of quantitative ELISA analyses are similar to other reports.15 Interestingly, a recent study from Hatakeyama et al.26 showed the use of PPP as an. effective biomaterial for the preservation of sockets with buccal dehiscence in dogs. In this study, PPP demonstrates the best results in terms of bone volume and width retention at the alveolar crest compared to PRP or platelet-rich fibrin.26 In addition, a clinical study performed by Yilmaz et al.25 reported similar clinical and radiographic bone gain in the treatment of intraosseous defects comparing PRP and PPP.25 Moreover, a recent study reported that PPP and PRP may similarly stimulate cell migration, myofibroblast differentiation, collagen remodeling, and type I collagen production in human gingival fibroblasts.8,9 A striking result from the present study is the difference in the magnitude of growth factor levels determined with the proteomic antibody array and the ELISA assays. This difference may be due to distinct strategies used to quantitate in the array system (quantifying fold changes relative to the positive control) and ELISA (using single proteins as calibration curves with known values).42 Scientific evidence from literature reports and the present results suggest that both PPP and PRP may exert a similar effect on periodontal wound healing events. These results may contradict the rationale of obtaining high concentrations of growth factors to obtain the best results in terms of tissue regeneration. Further studies are needed to understand the appropriate concentrations of e23.

(7) Plasmatic Fractions Induce Bone Differentiation in Periodontal Cells. Volume 87 • Number 2. Figure 4. PPP induces bone differentiation even at low concentrations. HPLSCs were incubated for 14 or 21 days in the presence of osteogenic factors and different concentrations of PPP or PRP (2.5%, 5%, 10%). At the end of the treatments, calcium deposits were quantified. As a control, incubations with FBS were used with or without osteogenic factors. Calcium quantification in controls with FBS shows deposits in medium supplemented with osteogenic factors at 14 (A) or 21 (B) days of treatment. C) Calcium deposits at 14 days with PPP or PRP treatment; statistical differences were observed (PPP 2.5% versus PRP 2.5% or PRP 5% or PPP 10%). D) At 21 days of treatment, PPP induced higher calcium deposits; statistical differences were observed (PPP 2.5% versus PRP 10% and PPP 5% versus PRP 10%). Calcium deposits were visualized with alizarin red stain. Representative images of cell culture plates of HPLSCs treated with FBS (E) or PPP (F) at different concentrations. Also analyzed was the effect of PPP on osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 as a control (G). Statistical differences were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test: * P <0.05, † P <0.0005, ‡ P <0.0001. Values are shown as mean – SEM of four independent experiments. O = osteogenic media.. e24.

(8) J Periodontol • February 2016. growth factors necessary to achieve the best biologic and clinical responses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PPP and PRP contain a similar profile of growth factors. Although PRP showed increased concentrations of these bioactive molecules, in vitro experiments showed a similar response for PPP and PRP on bone/cementum differentiation. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report that suggests that PRP and PPP may exert a similar response on bone differentiation of HPLSCs. Further studies in preclinical models and well-designed clinical trials are needed to characterize and compare the in vivo effect of PPP and PRP on bone healing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported mainly by the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development of the Chilean Government (FONDECYT) 11121294 (CM), FONDECYT 1130618 (PS), and Financing Fund Research Centers in Priority Areas of the Chilean Government (FONDAP) 15090007 (VP). The authors thank the periodontal ligament and blood donors. The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this study. REFERENCES 1. Hynes K, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Clinical utility of stem cells for periodontal regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2012;59:203-227. 2. Mao JJ, Prockop DJ. Stem cells in the face: Tooth regeneration and beyond. Cell Stem Cell 2012;11:291301. 3. Chen FM, Zhang M, Wu ZF. Toward delivery of multiple growth factors in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010;31:6279-6308. 4. Feng F, Akiyama K, Liu Y, et al. Utility of PDL progenitors for in vivo tissue regeneration: A report of 3 cases. Oral Dis 2010;16:20-28. 5. Yang Y, Rossi FM, Putnins EE. Periodontal regeneration using engineered bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Biomaterials 2010;31:8574-8582. 6. Chen FM, Zhang J, Zhang M, An Y, Chen F, Wu ZF. A review on endogenous regenerative technology in periodontal regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2010;31: 7892-7927. 7. Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration. Aust Dent J 2014;59(Suppl. 1):117-130. 8. Cáceres M, Hidalgo R, Sanz A, Martı́nez J, Riera P, Smith PC. Effect of platelet-rich plasma on cell adhesion, cell migration, and myofibroblastic differentiation in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2008;79: 714-720. 9. Cáceres M, Martı́nez C, Martı́nez J, Smith PC. Effects of platelet-rich and -poor plasma on the reparative response of gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012;23:1104-1111. 10. Intini G. The use of platelet-rich plasma in bone reconstruction therapy. Biomaterials 2009;30:49564966.. Martı́nez, González, Palma, Smith. 11. Wroblewski AP, Mejia H, Wright V. Application of platelet-rich plasma to enhance tissue repair. Oper Tech Orthop 2010;20:98-105. 12. Chen FM, An Y, Zhang R, Zhang M. New insights into and novel applications of release technology for periodontal reconstructive therapies. J Control Release 2011;149:92-110. 13. Anitua E, Orive G. Endogenous regenerative technology using plasma- and platelet-derived growth factors. J Control Release 2012;157:317-320. 14. Anitua E, Prado R, Sanchez M, Orive G. Platelet-rich plasma: Preparation and formulation. Oper Tech Orthop 2012;22:25-32. 15. Amable PR, Carias RB, Teixeira MV, et al. Platelet-rich plasma preparation for regenerative medicine: Optimization and quantification of cytokines and growth factors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013;4:67. 16. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T. Classification of platelet concentrates: From pure plateletrich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends Biotechnol 2009;27:158-167. 17. Eskan MA, Greenwell H. Theoretical and clinical considerations for autologous blood preparations: Plateletrich plasma, fibrin sealants, and plasma-rich growth factors. Clin Adv Periodontics 2011;1:142-153. 18. Davis VL, Abukabda AB, Radio NM, et al. Platelet-rich preparations to improve healing. Part II: Platelet activation and enrichment, leukocyte inclusion, and other selection criteria. J Oral Implantol 2014;40:511-521. 19. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Andia I, Zumstein MA, Zhang CQ, Pinto NR, Bielecki T. Classification of platelet concentrates (platelet-rich plasma-PRP, platelet-rich fibrin-PRF) for topical and infiltrative use in orthopedic and sports medicine: Current consensus, clinical implications and perspectives. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2014;4:3-9. 20. Albanese A, Licata ME, Polizzi B, Campisi G. Plateletrich plasma (PRP) in dental and oral surgery: From the wound healing to bone regeneration. Immun Ageing 2013;10:23. 21. Mazzocca AD, McCarthy MB, Chowaniec DM, et al. Platelet-rich plasma differs according to preparation method and human variability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012;94:308-316. 22. Alsousou J, Ali A, Willett K, Harrison P. The role of platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration. Platelets 2013;24:173-182. 23. Del Fabbro M, Bortolin M, Taschieri S, Weinstein R. Is platelet concentrate advantageous for the surgical treatment of periodontal diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol 2011;82:1100-1111. 24. Creeper F, Ivanovski S. Effect of autologous and allogenic platelet-rich plasma on human gingival fibroblast function. Oral Dis 2012;18:494-500. 25. Yilmaz S, Kabadayi C, Ipci SD, Cakar G, Kuru B. Treatment of intrabony periodontal defects with platelet-rich plasma versus platelet-poor plasma combined with a bovine-derived xenograft: A controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol 2011;82:837-844. 26. Hatakeyama I, Marukawa E, Takahashi Y, Omura K. Effects of platelet-poor plasma, platelet-rich plasma, and platelet-rich fibrin on healing of extraction sockets with buccal dehiscence in dogs. Tissue Eng Part A 2014;20:874-882. 27. Seo BM, Miura M, Gronthos S, et al. Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament. Lancet 2004;364:149-155. e25.

(9) Plasmatic Fractions Induce Bone Differentiation in Periodontal Cells. Volume 87 • Number 2. 28. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006;8: 315-317. 29. Yang H, Gao LN, An Y, et al. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells derived from gingival tissue and periodontal ligament in different incubation conditions. Biomaterials 2013;34:7033-7047. 30. Martı́nez C, Smith PC, Rodriguez JP, Palma V. Sonic hedgehog stimulates proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Dent Res 2011;90: 483-488. 31. Zhang W, Walboomers XF, Shi S, Fan M, Jansen JA. Multilineage differentiation potential of stem cells derived from human dental pulp after cryopreservation. Tissue Eng 2006;12:2813-2823. 32. Hilkens P, Fanton Y, Martens W, et al. Pro-angiogenic impact of dental stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Res (Amst) 2014;12:778-790. 33. Hiruma Y, Inoue A, Shiohama A, et al. Endothelins inhibit the mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells through the A-type endothelin receptor. Am J Physiol 1998;275:R1099-R1105. 34. Roubelakis MG, Trohatou O, Roubelakis A, et al. Plateletrich plasma (PRP) promotes fetal mesenchymal stem/ stromal cell migration and wound healing process. Stem Cell Rev 2014;10:417-428. 35. Smith PC, Martı́nez C, Cáceres M, Martı́nez J. Research on growth factors in periodontology. Periodontol 2000 2015;67:234-250.. 36. Cooke JW, Sarment DP, Whitesman LA, et al. Effect of rhPDGF-BB delivery on mediators of periodontal wound repair. Tissue Eng 2006;12:1441-1450. 37. Kim JH, Park CH, Perez RA, et al. Advanced biomatrix designs for regenerative therapy of periodontal tissues. J Dent Res 2014;93:1203-1211. 38. Ramseier CA, Rasperini G, Batia S, Giannobile WV. Advanced reconstructive technologies for periodontal tissue repair. Periodontol 2000 2012;59:185-202. 39. Sarment DP, Cooke JW, Miller SE, et al. Effect of rhPDGFBB on bone turnover during periodontal repair. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:135-140. 40. Kotsovilis S, Markou N, Pepelassi E, Nikolidakis D. The adjunctive use of platelet-rich plasma in the therapy of periodontal intraosseous defects: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2010;45:428-443. 41. Lee JY, Nam H, Park YJ, et al. The effects of plateletrich plasma derived from human umbilical cord blood on the osteogenic differentiation of human dental stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011;47:157-164. 42. Kingsmore SF. Multiplexed protein measurement: Technologies and applications of protein and antibody arrays. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5:310-320.. e26. Correspondence: Dr. Constanza Martı́nez, Laboratory of Periodontal Biology and Regeneration, Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Marcoleta 391, Región Metropolitana, 8330024 Santiago, Chile. E-mail: cmartiner@uc.cl. Submitted June 12, 2015; accepted for publication September 4, 2015..

(10)