Search for a W
0or Techni- Decaying into WZ in pp Collisions at ffiffiffi p s
¼ 7 TeV
S. Chatrchyan et al.*
(CMS Collaboration)
(Received 3 June 2012; published 2 October 2012) A search is performed inpp collisions at ffiffiffi
ps
¼ 7 TeV for exotic particles decaying via WZ to final states with electrons and muons. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approxi- mately 5 fb1. No significant excess is observed in the data above the expected standard model background. Upper bounds at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section of theW0 boson described by the sequential standard model and on theW0 WZ coupling. W0bosons with masses below 1143 GeV are excluded. Limits are also set in the context of low-scale technicolor models, under a range of assumptions concerning the model parameters.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.141801 PACS numbers: 13.85.Rm, 12.60.Cn, 14.80.Rt, 14.80.Tt
The standard model (SM) of particle physics has passed many rigorous tests, and its predictions have often been matched by experimental data with amazing precision.
However, it is widely accepted that the SM cannot be the ultimate theory of fundamental particles and their interac- tions since it has a number of shortcomings; e.g., it fails to incorporate gravity and has no explanation for the domi- nance of matter over antimatter in the Universe. Various extensions of the SM have been proposed to address these problems and to explain the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking. Many of these models predict the existence of a new heavy charged gauge boson, generically known asW0, that decays into a pair of W and Z bosons [1–6]. PreviousW0searches have typically interpreted their results in terms of the sequential standard model (SSM) [7–12], a simple extension of the SM in which the cou- plings of theW0to fermions are identical to those of theW.
Many of these searches have been conducted in leptonic final states and assume that theW0! WZ decay mode is suppressed. Searches for exotic particles that decay into WZ pairs are thus complementary to searches in the lep- tonic channels. Moreover, there are other models in which the W0 couplings to SM fermions are suppressed, giving rise to a fermiophobicW0with an enhanced coupling toW andZ bosons [13,14]. It is therefore important to search for W0 bosons also in theWZ final state.
Another model predicting a new heavy boson decaying into WZ is technicolor (TC): a gauge theory modeled on QCD with no elementary scalar particles [15,16].
TC provides a dynamical explanation of electroweak symmetry breaking by generating masses of theW and Z bosons through the binding energy of techni-fermions.
Furthermore, it predicts a series of techni-hadrons that are bound states of the new strong interaction. By analogy with QCD, the techni-hadrons with IGðJPCÞ ¼ 1ð0þÞ, 1þð1Þ, and 1ð1þþÞ are called TC, TC, and aTC, respectively. In low-scale technicolor (LSTC) [17,18], the lightest techni-hadrons are expected to have masses below 700 GeV, with the chargedTC andaTC able to decay to WZ boson pairs. Since these two states are expected to be nearly mass-degenerate [18], they would appear as a single feature in theWZ invariant mass spectrum, and we here- after refer to them collectively as TC. The relationship between the masses ofTCandTC,MðTCÞ and MðTCÞ, significantly affects the TC branching fractions [19]. If MðTCÞ<2MðTCÞ, the decay TC! TCþW dominates, such that the branching fraction BðTC! WZÞ < 10%.
However, if this decay is kinematically inaccessible, BðTC! WZÞ approaches 100%.
This Letter presents a search for new particles decaying via aWZ pair with W ! ‘ and Z ! ‘‘ in the final state, where ‘ ¼ e; . The results are interpreted in the context of a SSMW0 boson and a LSTCTCparticle. A previous search in this channel performed by the D0 experiment excludes W0 bosons with masses between 188 and 520 GeV at 95% confidence level (C.L.) [9]. Their result also excludesTCbetween 208 and 409 GeV at 95% C.L., under the assumption that MðTCÞ < MðTCÞ þ MðWÞ.
The analysis presented here considers the case where the relations between parameters are those of Ref. [19], MðTCÞ ¼34MðTCÞ 25 GeV, and also investigates the results of varying theTC andTC masses.
This study uses data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4:98 0:11 fb1of proton-proton collisions at ffiffiffi
ps
¼ 7 TeV, recorded by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2011. The central feature of the apparatus is a supercon- ducting solenoid, of 6 m internal diameter, providing a field of 3.8 T. Inside the magnet coil are the silicon pixel and strip tracker, the lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, and the brass-scintillator hadron calorimeter.
*Full author list given at the end of the article.
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distri- bution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.
Muons are measured in gas-ionization detectors embedded in the steel return yoke. In addition to the barrel and end cap detectors, CMS has extensive forward calorimetry. The trigger system, composed of a custom hardware layer feeding into a commercial processor farm, reduces the event rate to approximately 300 Hz for storage and further analysis. A detailed description of the CMS apparatus may be found elsewhere [20].
TheWZ ! 3‘ decay under study is characterized by a pair of same-flavor, opposite-charge, isolated leptons with high transverse momentum (pT), having an invariant mass consistent with that of the Z boson, along with a third, high-pT, isolated lepton, and missing transverse energy (EmissT ) associated with the escaping neutrino. Other sources of events with three leptons, genuine or misidenti- fied, constitute the background, and can be grouped into the following classes: (1) The irreducible SM WZ back- ground. (2) Nonresonant events with no genuineZ boson in the final state, including top pair (tt), multijet, W þ jet, W, and WW þ jet production. Only the first of these makes a significant background contribution, and the others are therefore not considered in this analysis.
(3) Events with a genuine Z boson decaying to leptons and a third misidentified or nonisolated lepton that is reconstructed as isolated. These events include Z þ jets (both light and heavy flavor) andZ processes. (4) Events with a genuine Z boson decaying to leptons and a third genuine isolated lepton, dominated byZZ ! 4‘ decays in which one of the four leptons is undetected. Although irreducible, this contribution is small because of the low ZZ production cross section and dilepton decay branching fraction.
The background was modeled using samples produced with a full GEANT4[21] simulation of the CMS detector.
The primary SM background arises from theWZ ! 3‘
process, which was generated using theMADGRAPH5.1[22]
generator, interfaced to PYTHIA 6.4.22 [23] for parton showering, hadronization, and simulation of the underlying event. The CTEQ6L1 [24] parton distribution functions (PDFs) were used withPYTHIAtune Z2 [25]. Higher-order effects were estimated using next-to-leading-order (NLO) K-factor corrections, obtained using MCFM6.1 [26]. The other background processes were also generated with
MADGRAPH in combination withPYTHIA, with the excep- tion of theZZ process, which was generated usingPOWHEG 1.1 [27]. The signal was simulated using PYTHIA 6.4.22 with mass-dependent next-to-next-to-leading-order cross sections obtained using the simulation code FEWZ
2.0 [28]. Characteristic signal widths are in the range 50–150 GeV for theW0and 50–70 GeV for theTCmasses examined. These are dominated by the detector resolution, as the natural widths are approximately 10 and 2 GeV, respectively.
Candidate events were triggered using a double-electron or double-muon requirement, withpTthresholds of 17 and
8 GeV, respectively, for the highest-pT and second- highest-pT leptons. In the offline selection, events were required to have at least three reconstructed leptons within the tracking acceptance of jj < 2:5 (2.4) for electrons (muons), where ln½tanð=2Þ, and is the polar angle with respect to the counterclockwise proton beam.
To reduce background from jets misidentified as leptons, all lepton candidates were required to satisfy a series of identification and isolation criteria. In calculating isolation variables, the track momenta and energy deposits, exc- luding those associated with the lepton itself, were summed in a cone of R < 0:3 around the lepton direction, where R ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðÞ2þ ðÞ2
p , and divided by the lepton transverse momentum. These sums were corrected for additional proton-proton interactions in each bunch cross- ing (pileup) using the fast jet energy density technique [29,30]. For simulated samples, pileup was modeled by superimposing generated minimum-bias interactions onto simulated events, weighted such that the interaction multi- plicity agreed with the luminosity profile of the data set used. An additional scale factor (equal to one within 5%) derived from ‘‘tag-and-probe’’ [31] studies was applied to simulated events to correct for differences in lepton
M(WZ) (GeV)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Events / 50 GeV
10-1
1 10 102
103
104
CMS 2011
= 7 TeV s L dt = 4.98 fb-1
∫
W' (600 GeV)Data WZ Z+Jets
t t γ ZZ/Z
M(WZ) (GeV)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Events / 50 GeV
10-1
1 10 102
103
CMS 2011
= 7 TeV s L dt = 4.98 fb-1
∫
W' (600 GeV)Data WZ Z+Jets
t t γ ZZ/Z
FIG. 1 (color online). Distribution of the WZ invariant mass (top) before application of theLTrequirement and (bottom) after applying the LT requirement (LT> 290 GeV) for the W0 mass point at 600 GeV.
selection efficiency measured in recorded and simulated event samples.
Z boson candidates were reconstructed from pairs of opposite-sign, same-flavor leptons with the highest and second-highest lepton pT greater than 20 and 10 GeV, respectively, and with an invariant mass between 60 and 120 GeV. In events where more than one such pair was found, the one with invariant mass closest to the nominalZ mass was selected. If four leptons compatible with two distinctZ candidates were present, the event was rejected in order to suppressZZ background. The candidate for the W boson decay product was required to pass tighter iso- lation and identification requirements. If multiple lepton candidates existed, the highest-pTremaining lepton, with pT greater than 20 GeV, was chosen. Finally, candidate events were required to haveEmissT > 30 GeV, as measured with a particle-flow algorithm [32], in order to discriminate againstZ þ jets events with high-pT jets misidentified as leptons and againstZ events with converted photons.
As the momentum component of the neutrino along the beam direction is unknown, the invariant mass of WZ candidates cannot be uniquely determined. However, by assuming theW to have its nominal mass, the value of the neutrino longitudinal momentum is constrained to one of the two solutions of a quadratic equation. Owing to detec- tor resolution effects, the reconstructed transverse mass was found to lie above the invariant W mass, MðWÞ, in 20% of events, leading to complex solutions for the neu- trino longitudinal momentum. In these cases, a real solu- tion was recovered by settingMðWÞ equal to the measured transverse mass. This results in two identical solutions for the neutrino longitudinal momentum. In simulated events with two unique solutions, the smaller-magnitude solution was found to be correct in approximately 75% of the cases,
and this solution was therefore chosen for all events. The observed invariant mass distribution of WZ candidates, MðWZÞ, is shown on the upper panel of Fig.1.
In order to optimize the expected upper limit on the signal cross section, an additional selection requirement was applied on the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of the charged leptons coming from the W and Z bosons (LT). For each W0=TC mass hypothesis considered, an optimized WZ mass search window and a minimum LT
requirement were jointly determined to give the best ex- pected limit. The chosen LT and mass-window require- ments are listed in TableI, and theWZ invariant mass after applying the LT requirement for the W0 mass point at 600 GeV is shown on the lower panel of Fig. 1. There is no excess observed in the data above the expected standard model background.
As a cross-check of the simulation, theZ þ jets and tt backgrounds were estimated from the data by measuring the efficiencies for genuine and misidentified leptons to pass the isolation criteria and applying those efficiencies to a sample of events passing all requirements except for isolation. The total background result agrees with the numbers from simulation, and the uncertainties assigned to the Z þ jets and tt contributions when determining limits were based on the uncertainties in the estimates from data.
Systematic uncertainties affecting the product of accep- tance, reconstruction, and identification efficiencies for the final-state objects were determined from simulation. These include uncertainties stemming from lepton and EmissT en- ergy scales and resolutions, NLO effects, and pileup simu- lation. Following the recommendations of the PDF4LHC group [33], PDF and svariations of the MSTW2008 [34], CTEQ6.6 [35], and NNPDF2.0 [36] PDF sets were taken
TABLE I. Minimum LT requirements and search windows for each W0=ðTCÞ mass point along with the number of expected background events, observed events, and signal efficiency. Indicated uncertainties are statistical and systematic combined in quadrature.
MðW0=TCÞ (GeV) LT(GeV) WZ Mass-Window (GeV) NBkgMC Data Sig (%)
200 0 190–210 50 9 52 8:0 0:4
250 150 230–270 34 6 40 8:8 0:4
300 160 280–320 24 5 23 18 1
400 220 360–440 13 2 7 29 1
500 230 450–550 8 2 9 41 1
600 290 540–660 3:4 0:7 2 45 1
700 360 620–780 1:8 0:4 2 48 1
800 400 710–890 1:0 0:2 1 52 2
900 400 760–1040 1:0 0:2 0 61 2
1000 400 820–1180 0:8 0:2 0 65 2
1100 400 890–1310 0:6 0:1 0 63 1
1200 400 940–1460 0:4 0:1 0 58 1
1300 400 1020–1580 0:3 0:1 0 50 1
1400 400 1110–1690 0:18 0:05 0 36 1
1500 400 1200–1800 0:13 0:04 0 30 1
into account and their impact on the signal cross sections estimated.
The uncertainty on the background simulation is dominated by the 10% uncertainty due to NLO K-factor corrections for the WZ component. Cross section uncer- tainties of 7:5% for ZZ [26], 13% forZ [37], and 17% for WZ [38] were also taken into account, along with a 2:2%
uncertainty on the integrated luminosity [39].
Exclusion limits on the production cross section ðpp ! W0=TC ! WZÞ BðWZ ! 3‘Þ were deter- mined by comparing the number of observed events with the numbers of expected signal and background events in each search window. The calculations were performed using theROOSTATSimplementation [40] of the CLsstatis- tic. The event counts and efficiencies are shown in TableI.
We note that the efficiency drops at highW0mass because of the isolation requirement as the leptons from the boosted Z boson become more collimated. We interpolate between mass points where we have simulated the signal to estab- lish mass limits for each model.
In the SSM, these limits allow the exclusion of W0 bosons with masses below 1143 GeV (Fig. 2). For LSTC, with the chosen parametersMðTCÞ ¼34MðTCÞ 25 GeV, TC hadrons with masses between 167 and 687 GeV are excluded (see Fig. 3). Figure 3 also shows LSTC limits determined as a function of theTCandTC
masses. The lower mass limits are obtained by extrapo- lating below 200 GeV. For the parameters chosen by the D0 experiment, MðTCÞ < MðTCÞ þ MðWÞ, more strin- gent limits are obtained, excluding the range 180 to 938 GeV forMðTCÞ. It can be seen that the LSTC inter- pretation of a deviation from the SM observed by the CDF experiment in the W þ jets channel [41], with proposed
parameters MðTCÞ ¼ 290 GeV and MðTCÞ ¼ 160 GeV [42], is excluded by the 95% C.L. upper bound of 150 GeV on MðTCÞ for the required TC mass. A more recent publication [43] proposes the evaluation of the cross sec- tion for TC! WZ as a function of the LSTC parameter sin . Changes in this parameter impact the decay branch- ing fractions for WZ and WTC (the channel studied in Ref. [42]), among others. Figure 2 shows the predicted cross sections corresponding to sin ¼12and sin ¼14, as well as the value sin ¼13 used to establish the reported limit.
The W0 production cross section and the W0 ! WZ branching fraction are both affected by the strength of the coupling between theW0,W, and Z bosons. Figure4 shows the 95% C.L. upper limit on the coupling as a function of the mass of theW0resonance.
In summary, a search for new exotic particles decaying via WZ to final states with electrons and muons has been performed using pp collisions at ffiffiffi
ps
¼ 7 TeV corres- ponding to an integrated luminosity of 4:98 0:11 fb1, collected by the CMS experiment. No significant excess was observed in the invariant mass distribution of WZ candidates, compared to the expectation from standard model processes. The results have been interpreted in the context of several theoretical models, with the data used to establish bounds at 95% C.L. on the masses of hypo- thetical particles decaying viaWZ. In the framework of the sequential standard model, W0 bosons with masses below 1143 GeV have been excluded. TechnicolorTC hadrons with masses between 167 and 687 GeV have been ex- cluded, assuming MðTCÞ ¼34MðTCÞ 25 GeV. Under the alternative assumption MðTCÞ < MðTCÞ þ MðWÞ,
TC hadrons with masses between 180 and 938 GeV have been excluded. These are the most stringent limits to date in theWZ channel.
We thank Kenneth Lane for his help with the interpre- tation of the results within the context of low-scale techni- color models. We wish to congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent
) (GeV) ρTC
M(W',
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ) (pb)ν3→WZ→ TCρW', B(×σ
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
CMS 2011
= 7 TeV s L dt = 4.98 fb-1
∫
Obs. Limit Expect. Limit
σ
± 1 Expect.
σ
± 2 Expect.
W'
2 )=1 χ TC sin(
ρ
31 χ)=
TC sin(
ρ
4 )=1 χ TC sin(
ρ
FIG. 2 (color online). Expected and observed 95% C.L. upper limits on BðW0=TC! 3‘Þ as a function of the resonance mass for W0 or TC, along with the 1 and 2 combined statistical and systematic expected variation shown as green (dark) and yellow (light) bands, respectively. The theoretical cross sections, with PDF uncertainties, include a mass-dependent next-to-next-to-leading-orderK factor. The LSTC cross sections assume the relationshipMðTCÞ ¼34MðTCÞ 25 GeV.
) (GeV) ρTC
M(
200 400 600 800 1000
) (GeV)TCπM(
200 400 600
800 Exp. Limit Obs. Limit CDF Anomaly
CMS 2011
= 7 TeV s L dt = 4.98 fb-1
∫
) - M(W) ρTC
) = M(
πTC
M(
) - 25 GeV ρTC
M(4 3 ) = πTC
M(
FIG. 3 (color online). Exclusion region at 95% C.L. for LSTC as a function of theTCandTCmasses.
performance of the LHC machine. We thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and other CMS institutes and acknowledge support from FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland);
CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary);
DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania);
CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MSI (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MON, RosAtom, RAS, and RFBR (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (United Kingdom); and DOE and NSF (USA).
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∫
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J. D’Hondt,5R. Gonzalez Suarez,5A. Kalogeropoulos,5M. Maes,5A. Olbrechts,5W. Van Doninck,5 P. Van Mulders,5G. P. Van Onsem,5I. Villella,5B. Clerbaux,6G. De Lentdecker,6V. Dero,6A. P. R. Gay,6T. Hreus,6 A. Le´onard,6P. E. Marage,6T. Reis,6L. Thomas,6C. Vander Velde,6P. Vanlaer,6J. Wang,6V. Adler,7K. Beernaert,7
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N. Zaganidis,7S. Basegmez,8G. Bruno,8R. Castello,8L. Ceard,8C. Delaere,8T. du Pree,8D. Favart,8 L. Forthomme,8A. Giammanco,8,cJ. Hollar,8V. Lemaitre,8J. Liao,8O. Militaru,8C. Nuttens,8D. Pagano,8A. Pin,8
K. Piotrzkowski,8N. Schul,8J. M. Vizan Garcia,8N. Beliy,9T. Caebergs,9E. Daubie,9G. H. Hammad,9 G. A. Alves,10M. Correa Martins Junior,10D. De Jesus Damiao,10T. Martins,10M. E. Pol,10M. H. G. Souza,10
W. L. Alda´ Ju´nior,11W. Carvalho,11A. Custo´dio,11E. M. Da Costa,11C. De Oliveira Martins,11
S. Fonseca De Souza,11D. Matos Figueiredo,11L. Mundim,11H. Nogima,11V. Oguri,11W. L. Prado Da Silva,11 A. Santoro,11L. Soares Jorge,11A. Sznajder,11T. S. Anjos,12,dC. A. Bernardes,12,dF. A. Dias,12,e
T. R. Fernandez Perez Tomei,12E. M. Gregores,12,dC. Lagana,12F. Marinho,12P. G. Mercadante,12,dS. F. Novaes,12 Sandra S. Padula,12V. Genchev,13,fP. Iaydjiev,13,fS. Piperov,13M. Rodozov,13S. Stoykova,13G. Sultanov,13 V. Tcholakov,13R. Trayanov,13M. Vutova,13A. Dimitrov,14R. Hadjiiska,14V. Kozhuharov,14L. Litov,14B. Pavlov,14
P. Petkov,14J. G. Bian,15G. M. Chen,15H. S. Chen,15C. H. Jiang,15D. Liang,15S. Liang,15X. Meng,15J. Tao,15 J. Wang,15X. Wang,15Z. Wang,15H. Xiao,15M. Xu,15J. Zang,15Z. Zhang,15C. Asawatangtrakuldee,16Y. Ban,16 S. Guo,16Y. Guo,16W. Li,16S. Liu,16Y. Mao,16S. J. Qian,16H. Teng,16D. Wang,16L. Zhang,16B. Zhu,16W. Zou,16 C. Avila,17J. P. Gomez,17B. Gomez Moreno,17A. F. Osorio Oliveros,17J. C. Sanabria,17N. Godinovic,18D. Lelas,18
R. Plestina,18,gD. Polic,18I. Puljak,18,fZ. Antunovic,19M. Kovac,19V. Brigljevic,20S. Duric,20K. Kadija,20 J. Luetic,20S. Morovic,20A. Attikis,21M. Galanti,21G. Mavromanolakis,21J. Mousa,21C. Nicolaou,21F. Ptochos,21
P. A. Razis,21M. Finger,22M. Finger, Jr.,22Y. Assran,23,hS. Elgammal,23,iA. Ellithi Kamel,23,jS. Khalil,23,i M. A. Mahmoud,23,kA. Radi,23,lM. Kadastik,24M. Mu¨ntel,24M. Raidal,24L. Rebane,24A. Tiko,24P. Eerola,25 G. Fedi,25M. Voutilainen,25J. Ha¨rko¨nen,26A. Heikkinen,26V. Karima¨ki,26R. Kinnunen,26M. J. Kortelainen,26 T. Lampe´n,26K. Lassila-Perini,26S. Lehti,26T. Linde´n,26P. Luukka,26T. Ma¨enpa¨a¨,26T. Peltola,26E. Tuominen,26
J. Tuominiemi,26E. Tuovinen,26D. Ungaro,26L. Wendland,26K. Banzuzi,27A. Karjalainen,27A. Korpela,27 T. Tuuva,27M. Besancon,28S. Choudhury,28M. Dejardin,28D. Denegri,28B. Fabbro,28J. L. Faure,28F. Ferri,28
S. Ganjour,28A. Givernaud,28P. Gras,28G. Hamel de Monchenault,28P. Jarry,28E. Locci,28J. Malcles,28 L. Millischer,28A. Nayak,28J. Rander,28A. Rosowsky,28I. Shreyber,28M. Titov,28S. Baffioni,29F. Beaudette,29
L. Benhabib,29L. Bianchini,29M. Bluj,29,mC. Broutin,29P. Busson,29C. Charlot,29N. Daci,29T. Dahms,29 L. Dobrzynski,29R. Granier de Cassagnac,29M. Haguenauer,29P. Mine´,29C. Mironov,29M. Nguyen,29 C. Ochando,29P. Paganini,29D. Sabes,29R. Salerno,29Y. Sirois,29C. Veelken,29A. Zabi,29J.-L. Agram,30,n J. Andrea,30D. Bloch,30D. Bodin,30J.-M. Brom,30M. Cardaci,30E. C. Chabert,30C. Collard,30E. Conte,30,n F. Drouhin,30,nC. Ferro,30J.-C. Fontaine,30,nD. Gele´,30U. Goerlach,30P. Juillot,30A.-C. Le Bihan,30P. Van Hove,30 F. Fassi,31D. Mercier,31S. Beauceron,32N. Beaupere,32O. Bondu,32G. Boudoul,32J. Chasserat,32R. Chierici,32,f
D. Contardo,32P. Depasse,32H. El Mamouni,32J. Fay,32S. Gascon,32M. Gouzevitch,32B. Ille,32T. Kurca,32
M. Lethuillier,32L. Mirabito,32S. Perries,32V. Sordini,32Y. Tschudi,32P. Verdier,32S. Viret,32Z. Tsamalaidze,33,y G. Anagnostou,34S. Beranek,34M. Edelhoff,34L. Feld,34N. Heracleous,34O. Hindrichs,34R. Jussen,34K. Klein,34
J. Merz,34A. Ostapchuk,34A. Perieanu,34F. Raupach,34J. Sammet,34S. Schael,34D. Sprenger,34H. Weber,34 B. Wittmer,34V. Zhukov,34,oM. Ata,35J. Caudron,35E. Dietz-Laursonn,35D. Duchardt,35M. Erdmann,35 R. Fischer,35A. Gu¨th,35T. Hebbeker,35C. Heidemann,35K. Hoepfner,35D. Klingebiel,35P. Kreuzer,35C. Magass,35
M. Merschmeyer,35A. Meyer,35M. Olschewski,35P. Papacz,35H. Pieta,35H. Reithler,35S. A. Schmitz,35 L. Sonnenschein,35J. Steggemann,35D. Teyssier,35M. Weber,35M. Bontenackels,36V. Cherepanov,36G. Flu¨gge,36
H. Geenen,36M. Geisler,36W. Haj Ahmad,36F. Hoehle,36B. Kargoll,36T. Kress,36Y. Kuessel,36A. Nowack,36 L. Perchalla,36O. Pooth,36P. Sauerland,36A. Stahl,36M. Aldaya Martin,37J. Behr,37W. Behrenhoff,37U. Behrens,37 M. Bergholz,37,pA. Bethani,37K. Borras,37A. Burgmeier,37A. Cakir,37L. Calligaris,37A. Campbell,37E. Castro,37
F. Costanza,37D. Dammann,37C. Diez Pardos,37G. Eckerlin,37D. Eckstein,37G. Flucke,37A. Geiser,37 I. Glushkov,37P. Gunnellini,37S. Habib,37J. Hauk,37G. Hellwig,37H. Jung,37M. Kasemann,37P. Katsas,37
C. Kleinwort,37H. Kluge,37A. Knutsson,37M. Kra¨mer,37D. Kru¨cker,37E. Kuznetsova,37W. Lange,37 W. Lohmann,37,pB. Lutz,37R. Mankel,37I. Marfin,37M. Marienfeld,37I.-A. Melzer-Pellmann,37A. B. Meyer,37
J. Mnich,37A. Mussgiller,37S. Naumann-Emme,37J. Olzem,37H. Perrey,37A. Petrukhin,37D. Pitzl,37 A. Raspereza,37P. M. Ribeiro Cipriano,37C. Riedl,37E. Ron,37M. Rosin,37J. Salfeld-Nebgen,37R. Schmidt,37,p
T. Schoerner-Sadenius,37N. Sen,37A. Spiridonov,37M. Stein,37R. Walsh,37C. Wissing,37C. Autermann,38 V. Blobel,38J. Draeger,38H. Enderle,38J. Erfle,38U. Gebbert,38M. Go¨rner,38T. Hermanns,38R. S. Ho¨ing,38 K. Kaschube,38G. Kaussen,38H. Kirschenmann,38R. Klanner,38J. Lange,38B. Mura,38F. Nowak,38T. Peiffer,38 N. Pietsch,38D. Rathjens,38C. Sander,38H. Schettler,38P. Schleper,38E. Schlieckau,38A. Schmidt,38M. Schro¨der,38
T. Schum,38M. Seidel,38V. Sola,38H. Stadie,38G. Steinbru¨ck,38J. Thomsen,38L. Vanelderen,38C. Barth,39 J. Berger,39C. Bo¨ser,39T. Chwalek,39W. De Boer,39A. Descroix,39A. Dierlamm,39M. Feindt,39M. Guthoff,39,f C. Hackstein,39F. Hartmann,39T. Hauth,39,fM. Heinrich,39H. Held,39K. H. Hoffmann,39S. Honc,39I. Katkov,39,o
J. R. Komaragiri,39P. Lobelle Pardo,39D. Martschei,39S. Mueller,39Th. Mu¨ller,39M. Niegel,39A. Nu¨rnberg,39 O. Oberst,39A. Oehler,39J. Ott,39G. Quast,39K. Rabbertz,39F. Ratnikov,39N. Ratnikova,39S. Ro¨cker,39
A. Scheurer,39F.-P. Schilling,39G. Schott,39H. J. Simonis,39F. M. Stober,39D. Troendle,39R. Ulrich,39 J. Wagner-Kuhr,39S. Wayand,39T. Weiler,39M. Zeise,39G. Daskalakis,40T. Geralis,40S. Kesisoglou,40 A. Kyriakis,40D. Loukas,40I. Manolakos,40A. Markou,40C. Markou,40C. Mavrommatis,40E. Ntomari,40 L. Gouskos,41T. J. Mertzimekis,41A. Panagiotou,41N. Saoulidou,41I. Evangelou,42C. Foudas,42,fP. Kokkas,42
N. Manthos,42I. Papadopoulos,42V. Patras,42G. Bencze,43C. Hajdu,43,fP. Hidas,43D. Horvath,43,qF. Sikler,43 V. Veszpremi,43G. Vesztergombi,43,rN. Beni,44S. Czellar,44J. Molnar,44J. Palinkas,44Z. Szillasi,44J. Karancsi,45
P. Raics,45Z. L. Trocsanyi,45B. Ujvari,45S. B. Beri,46V. Bhatnagar,46N. Dhingra,46R. Gupta,46M. Jindal,46 M. Kaur,46M. Z. Mehta,46N. Nishu,46L. K. Saini,46A. Sharma,46J. Singh,46S. Ahuja,47A. Bhardwaj,47
B. C. Choudhary,47A. Kumar,47A. Kumar,47S. Malhotra,47M. Naimuddin,47K. Ranjan,47V. Sharma,47 R. K. Shivpuri,47S. Banerjee,48S. Bhattacharya,48S. Dutta,48B. Gomber,48Sa. Jain,48Sh. Jain,48R. Khurana,48
S. Sarkar,48M. Sharan,48A. Abdulsalam,49R. K. Choudhury,49D. Dutta,49S. Kailas,49V. Kumar,49P. Mehta,49 A. K. Mohanty,49,fL. M. Pant,49P. Shukla,49T. Aziz,50S. Ganguly,50M. Guchait,50,sM. Maity,50,tG. Majumder,50
K. Mazumdar,50G. B. Mohanty,50B. Parida,50K. Sudhakar,50N. Wickramage,50S. Banerjee,51S. Dugad,51 H. Arfaei,52H. Bakhshiansohi,52,uS. M. Etesami,52,vA. Fahim,52,uM. Hashemi,52H. Hesari,52A. Jafari,52,u M. Khakzad,52M. Mohammadi Najafabadi,52S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi,52B. Safarzadeh,52,wM. Zeinali,52,v M. Abbrescia,53a,53bL. Barbone,53a,53bC. Calabria,53a,53b,fS. S. Chhibra,53a,53bA. Colaleo,53aD. Creanza,53a,53c N. De Filippis,53a,53c,fM. De Palma,53a,53bL. Fiore,53aG. Iaselli,53a,53cL. Lusito,53a,53bG. Maggi,53a,53cM. Maggi,53a
B. Marangelli,53a,53bS. My,53a,53cS. Nuzzo,53a,53bN. Pacifico,53a,53bA. Pompili,53a,53bG. Pugliese,53a,53c G. Selvaggi,53a,53bL. Silvestris,53aG. Singh,53a,53bR. Venditti,53aG. Zito,53aG. Abbiendi,54aA. C. Benvenuti,54a
D. Bonacorsi,54a,54bS. Braibant-Giacomelli,54a,54bL. Brigliadori,54a,54bP. Capiluppi,54a,54bA. Castro,54a,54b F. R. Cavallo,54aM. Cuffiani,54a,54bG. M. Dallavalle,54aF. Fabbri,54aA. Fanfani,54a,54bD. Fasanella,54a,54b,f P. Giacomelli,54aC. Grandi,54aL. Guiducci,54a,54bS. Marcellini,54aG. Masetti,54aM. Meneghelli,54a,54b,f A. Montanari,54aF. L. Navarria,54a,54bF. Odorici,54aA. Perrotta,54aF. Primavera,54a,54bA. M. Rossi,54a,54b T. Rovelli,54a,54bG. Siroli,54a,54bR. Travaglini,54a,54bS. Albergo,55a,55bG. Cappello,55a,55bM. Chiorboli,55a,55b S. Costa,55a,55bR. Potenza,55a,55bA. Tricomi,55a,55bC. Tuve,55a,55bG. Barbagli,56aV. Ciulli,56a,56bC. Civinini,56a R. D’Alessandro,56a,56bE. Focardi,56a,56bS. Frosali,56a,56bE. Gallo,56aS. Gonzi,56a,56bM. Meschini,56aS. Paoletti,56a
G. Sguazzoni,56aA. Tropiano,56a,fL. Benussi,57S. Bianco,57S. Colafranceschi,57,xF. Fabbri,57D. Piccolo,57 P. Fabbricatore,58R. Musenich,58S. Tosi,58A. Benaglia,59a,59b,fF. De Guio,59a,59bL. Di Matteo,59a,59b,f S. Fiorendi,59a,59bS. Gennai,59a,fA. Ghezzi,59a,59bS. Malvezzi,59aR. A. Manzoni,59a,59bA. Martelli,59a,59b
A. Massironi,59a,59b,fD. Menasce,59aL. Moroni,59aM. Paganoni,59a,59bD. Pedrini,59aS. Ragazzi,59a,59b N. Redaelli,59aS. Sala,59aT. Tabarelli de Fatis,59a,59bS. Buontempo,60aC. A. Carrillo Montoya,60a,fN. Cavallo,60a,y
A. De Cosa,60a,60b,fO. Dogangun,60a,60bF. Fabozzi,60a,yA. O. M. Iorio,60aL. Lista,60aS. Meola,60a,z M. Merola,60a,60bP. Paolucci,60a,fP. Azzi,61aN. Bacchetta,61a,fP. Bellan,61a,61bD. Bisello,61a,61bA. Branca,61a,f R. Carlin,61a,61bP. Checchia,61aT. Dorigo,61aU. Dosselli,61aF. Gasparini,61a,61bU. Gasparini,61a,61bA. Gozzelino,61a
K. Kanishchev,61a,61cS. Lacaprara,61aI. Lazzizzera,61a,61cM. Margoni,61a,61bA. T. Meneguzzo,61a,61b M. Nespolo,61a,fJ. Pazzini,61aP. Ronchese,61a,61bF. Simonetto,61a,61bE. Torassa,61aS. Vanini,61a,61bP. Zotto,61a,61b
G. Zumerle,61a,61bM. Gabusi,62a,62bS. P. Ratti,62a,62bC. Riccardi,62a,62bP. Torre,62a,62bP. Vitulo,62a,62b M. Biasini,63a,63bG. M. Bilei,63aL. Fano`,63a,63bP. Lariccia,63a,63bA. Lucaroni,63a,63b,fG. Mantovani,63a,63b
M. Menichelli,63aA. Nappi,63a,63bF. Romeo,63a,63bA. Saha,63aA. Santocchia,63a,63bA. Spiezia,63a,63b S. Taroni,63a,63b,fP. Azzurri,64a,64cG. Bagliesi,64aT. Boccali,64aG. Broccolo,64a,64cR. Castaldi,64a R. T. D’Agnolo,64a,64cR. Dell’Orso,64aF. Fiori,64a,64b,fL. Foa`,64a,64cA. Giassi,64aA. Kraan,64aF. Ligabue,64a,64c T. Lomtadze,64aL. Martini,64a,aaA. Messineo,64a,64bF. Palla,64aA. Rizzi,64a,64bA. T. Serban,64a,bbP. Spagnolo,64a P. Squillacioti,64a,fR. Tenchini,64aG. Tonelli,64a,64b,fA. Venturi,64a,fP. G. Verdini,64aL. Barone,65a,65bF. Cavallari,65a
D. Del Re,65a,65b,fM. Diemoz,65aM. Grassi,65a,65b,fE. Longo,65a,65bP. Meridiani,65a,fF. Micheli,65a,65b S. Nourbakhsh,65a,65bG. Organtini,65a,65bR. Paramatti,65aS. Rahatlou,65a,65bM. Sigamani,65aL. Soffi,65a,65b
N. Amapane,66a,66bR. Arcidiacono,66a,66cS. Argiro,66a,66bM. Arneodo,66a,66cC. Biino,66aN. Cartiglia,66a M. Costa,66a,66bN. Demaria,66aC. Mariotti,66a,fS. Maselli,66aE. Migliore,66a,66bV. Monaco,66a,66bM. Musich,66a,f
M. M. Obertino,66a,66cN. Pastrone,66aM. Pelliccioni,66aA. Potenza,66a,66bA. Romero,66a,66bM. Ruspa,66a,66c R. Sacchi,66a,66bA. Solano,66a,66bA. Staiano,66aA. Vilela Pereira,66aS. Belforte,67aV. Candelise,67a,67b F. Cossutti,67aG. Della Ricca,67a,67bB. Gobbo,67aM. Marone,67a,67b,fD. Montanino,67a,67b,fA. Penzo,67a A. Schizzi,67a,67bS. G. Heo,68T. Y. Kim,68S. K. Nam,68S. Chang,69D. H. Kim,69G. N. Kim,69D. J. Kong,69 H. Park,69S. R. Ro,69D. C. Son,69T. Son,69J. Y. Kim,70Zero J. Kim,70S. Song,70S. Choi,71D. Gyun,71B. Hong,71
M. Jo,71H. Kim,71T. J. Kim,71K. S. Lee,71D. H. Moon,71S. K. Park,71M. Choi,72J. H. Kim,72C. Park,72 I. C. Park,72S. Park,72G. Ryu,72Y. Cho,73Y. Choi,73Y. K. Choi,73J. Goh,73M. S. Kim,73E. Kwon,73B. Lee,73
J. Lee,73S. Lee,73H. Seo,73I. Yu,73M. J. Bilinskas,74I. Grigelionis,74M. Janulis,74A. Juodagalvis,74 H. Castilla-Valdez,75E. De La Cruz-Burelo,75I. Heredia-de La Cruz,75R. Lopez-Fernandez,75R. Magan˜a Villalba,75
J. Martı´nez-Ortega,75A. Sa´nchez-Herna´ndez,75L. M. Villasenor-Cendejas,75S. Carrillo Moreno,76 F. Vazquez Valencia,76H. A. Salazar Ibarguen,77E. Casimiro Linares,78A. Morelos Pineda,78M. A. Reyes-Santos,78
D. Krofcheck,79A. J. Bell,80P. H. Butler,80R. Doesburg,80S. Reucroft,80H. Silverwood,80M. Ahmad,81 M. I. Asghar,81H. R. Hoorani,81S. Khalid,81W. A. Khan,81T. Khurshid,81S. Qazi,81M. A. Shah,81M. Shoaib,81
G. Brona,82K. Bunkowski,82M. Cwiok,82W. Dominik,82K. Doroba,82A. Kalinowski,82M. Konecki,82 J. Krolikowski,82H. Bialkowska,83B. Boimska,83T. Frueboes,83R. Gokieli,83M. Go´rski,83M. Kazana,83
K. Nawrocki,83K. Romanowska-Rybinska,83M. Szleper,83G. Wrochna,83P. Zalewski,83N. Almeida,84 P. Bargassa,84A. David,84P. Faccioli,84P. G. Ferreira Parracho,84M. Gallinaro,84J. Seixas,84J. Varela,84 P. Vischia,84I. Belotelov,85P. Bunin,85M. Gavrilenko,85I. Golutvin,85I. Gorbunov,85A. Kamenev,85V. Karjavin,85
G. Kozlov,85A. Lanev,85A. Malakhov,85P. Moisenz,85V. Palichik,85V. Perelygin,85S. Shmatov,85V. Smirnov,85 A. Volodko,85A. Zarubin,85S. Evstyukhin,86V. Golovtsov,86Y. Ivanov,86V. Kim,86P. Levchenko,86V. Murzin,86 V. Oreshkin,86I. Smirnov,86V. Sulimov,86L. Uvarov,86S. Vavilov,86A. Vorobyev,86An. Vorobyev,86Yu. Andreev,87
A. Dermenev,87S. Gninenko,87N. Golubev,87M. Kirsanov,87N. Krasnikov,87V. Matveev,87A. Pashenkov,87 D. Tlisov,87A. Toropin,87V. Epshteyn,88M. Erofeeva,88V. Gavrilov,88M. Kossov,88,fN. Lychkovskaya,88
V. Popov,88G. Safronov,88S. Semenov,88V. Stolin,88E. Vlasov,88A. Zhokin,88A. Belyaev,89E. Boos,89 M. Dubinin,89,eL. Dudko,89A. Ershov,89A. Gribushin,89V. Klyukhin,89O. Kodolova,89I. Lokhtin,89A. Markina,89
S. Obraztsov,89M. Perfilov,89S. Petrushanko,89A. Popov,89L. Sarycheva,89,aV. Savrin,89A. Snigirev,89 V. Andreev,90M. Azarkin,90I. Dremin,90M. Kirakosyan,90A. Leonidov,90G. Mesyats,90S. V. Rusakov,90 A. Vinogradov,90I. Azhgirey,91I. Bayshev,91S. Bitioukov,91V. Grishin,91,fV. Kachanov,91D. Konstantinov,91 A. Korablev,91V. Krychkine,91V. Petrov,91R. Ryutin,91A. Sobol,91L. Tourtchanovitch,91S. Troshin,91N. Tyurin,91
A. Uzunian,91A. Volkov,91P. Adzic,92,ccM. Djordjevic,92M. Ekmedzic,92D. Krpic,92,ccJ. Milosevic,92
